Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. ...
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This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a ‘Behavioural Inhibition System’, has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct — goal conflict — that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures — from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray — that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia.Less
This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a ‘Behavioural Inhibition System’, has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct — goal conflict — that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures — from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray — that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter looks at the social brain hypothesis. The term social brain has come to stand for the argument that the human brain, and indeed that of some other animals, is specialized for a ...
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This chapter looks at the social brain hypothesis. The term social brain has come to stand for the argument that the human brain, and indeed that of some other animals, is specialized for a collective form of life. One part of this argument is evolutionary: that the size and complexity of the brains of primates, including humans, are related to the size and complexity of their characteristic social groups. However, the social brain hypothesis is more than a general account of the role of brain size: for in this thesis, the capacities for sociality are neurally located in a specific set of brain regions shaped by evolution, notably the amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, and temporal cortex—regions that have the function of facilitating an understanding of what one might call the “mental life” of others.Less
This chapter looks at the social brain hypothesis. The term social brain has come to stand for the argument that the human brain, and indeed that of some other animals, is specialized for a collective form of life. One part of this argument is evolutionary: that the size and complexity of the brains of primates, including humans, are related to the size and complexity of their characteristic social groups. However, the social brain hypothesis is more than a general account of the role of brain size: for in this thesis, the capacities for sociality are neurally located in a specific set of brain regions shaped by evolution, notably the amygdala, orbital frontal cortex, and temporal cortex—regions that have the function of facilitating an understanding of what one might call the “mental life” of others.
Edmund T. Rolls
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199659890
- eISBN:
- 9780191772078
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659890.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Development
What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? What is the relation between emotion, and reward value, and subjective feelings ...
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What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? What is the relation between emotion, and reward value, and subjective feelings of pleasure? How is the value of a good represented in the brain? Will neuroeconomics replace classical microeconomics? How does the brain implement decision-making? Are gene-defined rewards and emotions in the interests of the genes, and does rational multistep planning enable us to go beyond selfish genes to long-term plans and social contracts in the interests of the individual? This book seeks explanations of emotion and decision-making by considering these questions.Less
What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions? Why do emotional states feel like something? What is the relation between emotion, and reward value, and subjective feelings of pleasure? How is the value of a good represented in the brain? Will neuroeconomics replace classical microeconomics? How does the brain implement decision-making? Are gene-defined rewards and emotions in the interests of the genes, and does rational multistep planning enable us to go beyond selfish genes to long-term plans and social contracts in the interests of the individual? This book seeks explanations of emotion and decision-making by considering these questions.
Richard Sorabji
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199256600
- eISBN:
- 9780191712609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199256600.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
What is the missing element in the analysis of emotion as value judgement which Posidonius tried to fill with his movements of soul capacities? Perhaps the bodily reactions, only sometimes noticed, ...
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What is the missing element in the analysis of emotion as value judgement which Posidonius tried to fill with his movements of soul capacities? Perhaps the bodily reactions, only sometimes noticed, set up by the amygdala or other parts of the brain. Joseph LeDoux has argued that in fear these can occur independently of, and even before, the judgement of danger. They may be triggered by perception of something that we do not recognize as having been associated with a past danger, so that our bodies are a-tremble without our knowing why, or continue even after we have disowned judgements of danger. They may also correspond to Seneca's first movements before any judgement of danger, and to William James' being sad because we cry. Stoic therapy for emotions is cognitive, and attacks judgements very effectively. But we can see why in some cases a physical therapy may be needed.Less
What is the missing element in the analysis of emotion as value judgement which Posidonius tried to fill with his movements of soul capacities? Perhaps the bodily reactions, only sometimes noticed, set up by the amygdala or other parts of the brain. Joseph LeDoux has argued that in fear these can occur independently of, and even before, the judgement of danger. They may be triggered by perception of something that we do not recognize as having been associated with a past danger, so that our bodies are a-tremble without our knowing why, or continue even after we have disowned judgements of danger. They may also correspond to Seneca's first movements before any judgement of danger, and to William James' being sad because we cry. Stoic therapy for emotions is cognitive, and attacks judgements very effectively. But we can see why in some cases a physical therapy may be needed.
F. Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523475
- eISBN:
- 9780191712678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523475.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by ...
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Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.Less
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.
Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter reviews data from a range of disciplines and, in particular, the comparison of lesion effects with those of anti-anxiety drugs. It presents an essentially two-dimensional picture of the ...
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This chapter reviews data from a range of disciplines and, in particular, the comparison of lesion effects with those of anti-anxiety drugs. It presents an essentially two-dimensional picture of the neurology of defense that matches the two ethological dimensions described in Chapter 2. Small defensive distances are dealt with by lower neural levels and large ones by higher neural levels following the hierarchy: periaqueductal gray; hypothalamus; amygdala/hippocampus; cingulate cortex; prefrontal cortex. Different streams within these levels control fear and anxiety, respectively.Less
This chapter reviews data from a range of disciplines and, in particular, the comparison of lesion effects with those of anti-anxiety drugs. It presents an essentially two-dimensional picture of the neurology of defense that matches the two ethological dimensions described in Chapter 2. Small defensive distances are dealt with by lower neural levels and large ones by higher neural levels following the hierarchy: periaqueductal gray; hypothalamus; amygdala/hippocampus; cingulate cortex; prefrontal cortex. Different streams within these levels control fear and anxiety, respectively.
Timothy Schroeder and Carl Matheson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275731
- eISBN:
- 9780191706103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a ...
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Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a fiction, daydreaming, contemplating, etc.), one tokens a representation that P, and this representation plays the functional role that is distinctive of imagining. In particular, this representation plays a role that is distinct from the role of belief, but that also triggers the kinds of strong feelings (emotions) that beliefs trigger. This chapter begins by surveying this trend to convergence and the evidence presented for it, and then turns to adding a further piece of evidence. The claim imagining that P can cause strong feelings is, at bottom, a causal claim amenable to neuroscientific investigation. But philosophers have not yet paid much attention to the available evidence from neuroscience. This chapter rectifies this omission, tracing the causal network between tokenings of representations that P, on the one hand, and strong feelings, on the other. It concludes that there is all but decisive evidence in favour of the view that imagining is a propositional attitude, distinct from belief, and capable of causing the strong feelings associated with its exercise.Less
Theorists in the philosophy of art and philosophy of psychology are converging on the view that imagining is a distinct propositional attitude. When one imagines that P (while engaging with a fiction, daydreaming, contemplating, etc.), one tokens a representation that P, and this representation plays the functional role that is distinctive of imagining. In particular, this representation plays a role that is distinct from the role of belief, but that also triggers the kinds of strong feelings (emotions) that beliefs trigger. This chapter begins by surveying this trend to convergence and the evidence presented for it, and then turns to adding a further piece of evidence. The claim imagining that P can cause strong feelings is, at bottom, a causal claim amenable to neuroscientific investigation. But philosophers have not yet paid much attention to the available evidence from neuroscience. This chapter rectifies this omission, tracing the causal network between tokenings of representations that P, on the one hand, and strong feelings, on the other. It concludes that there is all but decisive evidence in favour of the view that imagining is a propositional attitude, distinct from belief, and capable of causing the strong feelings associated with its exercise.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The origin of each of the major memory systems of the brain is the vast expanse of the cerebral cortex, in particular on the highest stages of the several distinct sensory and motor processing ...
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The origin of each of the major memory systems of the brain is the vast expanse of the cerebral cortex, in particular on the highest stages of the several distinct sensory and motor processing hierarchies — the cortical association areas. The cerebral cortex provides major inputs to each of three main pathways associated with distinct memory functions as shown in studies that employ double dissociation of their functions. One pathway is to the hippocampus, which supports the relational memory and flexibility in memory expression. Another major system involves the amygdala as a nodal stage in the association of exteroceptive sensory inputs to emotional outputs, which is essential for emotional memory. The third system involves the neostriatum as a nodal stage in the association of sensory and motor cortical information with voluntary responses, and this pathway plays a critical role in habit memory or procedural memory.Less
The origin of each of the major memory systems of the brain is the vast expanse of the cerebral cortex, in particular on the highest stages of the several distinct sensory and motor processing hierarchies — the cortical association areas. The cerebral cortex provides major inputs to each of three main pathways associated with distinct memory functions as shown in studies that employ double dissociation of their functions. One pathway is to the hippocampus, which supports the relational memory and flexibility in memory expression. Another major system involves the amygdala as a nodal stage in the association of exteroceptive sensory inputs to emotional outputs, which is essential for emotional memory. The third system involves the neostriatum as a nodal stage in the association of sensory and motor cortical information with voluntary responses, and this pathway plays a critical role in habit memory or procedural memory.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews behavioral and anatomical studies showing that areas in the temporal lobe are involved in the appreciation of emotional cues and in the expression of emotional behaviors. Also ...
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This chapter reviews behavioral and anatomical studies showing that areas in the temporal lobe are involved in the appreciation of emotional cues and in the expression of emotional behaviors. Also reviewed are studies showing that there is a specific memory system that mediates the learning and expression of emotional responses to stimuli of learned significance, even in the absence of conscious memory for the events of the learning experience. These studies provide evidence that plasticity in the amygdala plays a critical role in the acquisition of conditioned fear, and the same brain system mediates the acquisition and expression of a broad range of affective associations. In addition, the amygdala is also involved in the modulation of memory by emotional experiences. These influences operate indirectly by influencing a broad range of perceptual and motivational systems that provide the contents of new memories, and directly by influencing the memory consolidation process.Less
This chapter reviews behavioral and anatomical studies showing that areas in the temporal lobe are involved in the appreciation of emotional cues and in the expression of emotional behaviors. Also reviewed are studies showing that there is a specific memory system that mediates the learning and expression of emotional responses to stimuli of learned significance, even in the absence of conscious memory for the events of the learning experience. These studies provide evidence that plasticity in the amygdala plays a critical role in the acquisition of conditioned fear, and the same brain system mediates the acquisition and expression of a broad range of affective associations. In addition, the amygdala is also involved in the modulation of memory by emotional experiences. These influences operate indirectly by influencing a broad range of perceptual and motivational systems that provide the contents of new memories, and directly by influencing the memory consolidation process.
Hannah S. Locke and Todd S. Braver
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391381
- eISBN:
- 9780199776894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology
Motivation is an important component of self-regulation that helps set the effort level an organism is willing to expend to achieve a desired goal. However, motivation is an elusive concept in ...
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Motivation is an important component of self-regulation that helps set the effort level an organism is willing to expend to achieve a desired goal. However, motivation is an elusive concept in psychological research, with investigations typically targeting either very macro-level (e.g., effects of personality individual differences and experimental manipulations on global behavior) or very micro-level (e.g., physiological interventions targeting specific brain structures) processes. Thus, the current state of knowledge is very poor regarding the particular mechanisms by which motivation influences cognitive and neural systems to drive changes in specific components of behavior. This chapter reviews major perspectives on motivation arising from both the social-personality and neuroscience literatures, and then discuss how a cognitive neuroscience perspective might be fruitfully applied to fill the gaps between them. Specifically, the chapter reviews literature, including our own recent work, that suggests motivational manipulations impact brain regions associated with the exertion of specific cognitive control functions. The chapter concludes by outlining unresolved questions in motivation, and by suggesting directions for future progress in this domain.Less
Motivation is an important component of self-regulation that helps set the effort level an organism is willing to expend to achieve a desired goal. However, motivation is an elusive concept in psychological research, with investigations typically targeting either very macro-level (e.g., effects of personality individual differences and experimental manipulations on global behavior) or very micro-level (e.g., physiological interventions targeting specific brain structures) processes. Thus, the current state of knowledge is very poor regarding the particular mechanisms by which motivation influences cognitive and neural systems to drive changes in specific components of behavior. This chapter reviews major perspectives on motivation arising from both the social-personality and neuroscience literatures, and then discuss how a cognitive neuroscience perspective might be fruitfully applied to fill the gaps between them. Specifically, the chapter reviews literature, including our own recent work, that suggests motivational manipulations impact brain regions associated with the exertion of specific cognitive control functions. The chapter concludes by outlining unresolved questions in motivation, and by suggesting directions for future progress in this domain.
Katalin M. Gothard and Kari L. Hoffman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195326598
- eISBN:
- 9780199864904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326598.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Evolutionary Psychology
This chapter reviews the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes including emotion, reward, memory, social behavior, numerosity, and executive control. The first section identifies the main ...
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This chapter reviews the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes including emotion, reward, memory, social behavior, numerosity, and executive control. The first section identifies the main structures that comprise the emotional circuits of the primate brain. The second section describes what is known about the neural basis of emotional processes, from the association of stimuli to positive or negative outcomes, to the interplay between the perception and expression of social signals. Reflecting the biases in the literature, the descriptions will emphasize the macaque genus and the function of the amygdala, the most highly connected component of the emotional brain.Less
This chapter reviews the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes including emotion, reward, memory, social behavior, numerosity, and executive control. The first section identifies the main structures that comprise the emotional circuits of the primate brain. The second section describes what is known about the neural basis of emotional processes, from the association of stimuli to positive or negative outcomes, to the interplay between the perception and expression of social signals. Reflecting the biases in the literature, the descriptions will emphasize the macaque genus and the function of the amygdala, the most highly connected component of the emotional brain.
Joseph L. Price
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter describes the connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Intrinsic connections indicate the presence of distinct orbital and medial networks, with the orbital network ...
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This chapter describes the connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Intrinsic connections indicate the presence of distinct orbital and medial networks, with the orbital network concentrated in central OFC subregions, and the medial network involving medial structures, and some areas on the medial and lateral orbital surface. The medial and orbital networks show strikingly differential patterns of input and output. The orbital network receives substantial input from sensory systems including olfaction, taste, visceral, visual, and somatosensory systems, and may serve to assess sensory objects, especially food. The medial network has little direct sensory input, but provides output to the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray, and is heavily connected with limbic regions such as the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. The medial and orbital networks are also connected to distinct parts of the striatum and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.Less
This chapter describes the connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. Intrinsic connections indicate the presence of distinct orbital and medial networks, with the orbital network concentrated in central OFC subregions, and the medial network involving medial structures, and some areas on the medial and lateral orbital surface. The medial and orbital networks show strikingly differential patterns of input and output. The orbital network receives substantial input from sensory systems including olfaction, taste, visceral, visual, and somatosensory systems, and may serve to assess sensory objects, especially food. The medial network has little direct sensory input, but provides output to the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray, and is heavily connected with limbic regions such as the amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. The medial and orbital networks are also connected to distinct parts of the striatum and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
Helen Barbas and Basilis Zikopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Several features of the circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) suggest that it is in an ideal position to convey signals associated with the emotional significance of events. Key features of this ...
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Several features of the circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) suggest that it is in an ideal position to convey signals associated with the emotional significance of events. Key features of this neural circuitry include: the role of the posterior orbital regions as a global environment integrator; the distinction between input and output zones linking the OFC with the amygdala; the role of projections to the intercalated masses in the amygdala in controlling central nucleus output; the involvement of connections to medial temporal cortex in emotional memory; and the potential importance of information transfer from the OFC to lateral prefrontal cortices in decision-making. Ultimately, the OFC communicates with lateral and caudal medial prefrontal cortices in synergistic functions in decision and action in behavior.Less
Several features of the circuits of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) suggest that it is in an ideal position to convey signals associated with the emotional significance of events. Key features of this neural circuitry include: the role of the posterior orbital regions as a global environment integrator; the distinction between input and output zones linking the OFC with the amygdala; the role of projections to the intercalated masses in the amygdala in controlling central nucleus output; the involvement of connections to medial temporal cortex in emotional memory; and the potential importance of information transfer from the OFC to lateral prefrontal cortices in decision-making. Ultimately, the OFC communicates with lateral and caudal medial prefrontal cortices in synergistic functions in decision and action in behavior.
Matthew Roesch and Geoffrey Schoenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198565741
- eISBN:
- 9780191723971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for ...
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This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for OFC in affective processing as part of a circuit that includes the amygdala and other limbic structures. It is argued that the OFC allows associative information, particularly information about the value of likely outcomes, to be manipulated in representational memory and integrated with non-associative variables concerning subsequent behavior, current context and internal state. The resultant ‘expectancies’ then influence processing in downstream limbic areas as well as other prefrontal regions, thereby promoting voluntary, cognitive, and goal-directed behavior and facilitating new learning.Less
This chapter describes the role of the rodent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the control of associative information and its application to govern behavior. Recent findings support a critical role for OFC in affective processing as part of a circuit that includes the amygdala and other limbic structures. It is argued that the OFC allows associative information, particularly information about the value of likely outcomes, to be manipulated in representational memory and integrated with non-associative variables concerning subsequent behavior, current context and internal state. The resultant ‘expectancies’ then influence processing in downstream limbic areas as well as other prefrontal regions, thereby promoting voluntary, cognitive, and goal-directed behavior and facilitating new learning.
Julie L. Hall, Steven J. Stanton, and Oliver C. Schultheiss
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335156
- eISBN:
- 9780199776955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as ...
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In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.Less
In this chapter we provide an overview of recent research on the biopsychological correlates of implicit motives. We review evidence for a role of gonadal steroids (testosterone and estradiol) as well as stress axis activation in power motivation arousal and satisfaction/frustration, summarize recent research on the role of progesterone and affiliation motivation, and discuss a possible role for arginine–vasopressin in achievement motivation. We also present findings from brain imaging work that indicate that the needs for power, affiliation, and achievement modulate activity in a core motivational circuit consisting of striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insula when nonverbal social incentives are processed.
Morris Richard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195100273
- eISBN:
- 9780199864133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100273.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on the role of the hippocampal formation and other “higher” structures, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, in the negative feedback regulation of the ...
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This chapter focuses on the role of the hippocampal formation and other “higher” structures, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, in the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—the major system involved in orchestrating the body's reactions to both acute and chronic stress. It considers findings relevant to the stress-hippocampus link beginning with a model of HPA axis regulation. It then turns to allostatic modulation of hippocampal processing and, next, to the problems that arise with allostatic load. This is followed by discussion of the interaction between the hippocampus and other brain structures in regulating stress and, finally, the mechanistic issue of how the hippocampus orchestrates certain cognitive sequelae of arousing aversive experiences.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of the hippocampal formation and other “higher” structures, such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, in the negative feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis—the major system involved in orchestrating the body's reactions to both acute and chronic stress. It considers findings relevant to the stress-hippocampus link beginning with a model of HPA axis regulation. It then turns to allostatic modulation of hippocampal processing and, next, to the problems that arise with allostatic load. This is followed by discussion of the interaction between the hippocampus and other brain structures in regulating stress and, finally, the mechanistic issue of how the hippocampus orchestrates certain cognitive sequelae of arousing aversive experiences.
Edmund T. Rolls
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198570035
- eISBN:
- 9780191693793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570035.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
Brain organization for emotion — how emotional states are implemented in our brains, and the function of different brain regions in emotion — is one of the topics of this chapter. This chapter ...
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Brain organization for emotion — how emotional states are implemented in our brains, and the function of different brain regions in emotion — is one of the topics of this chapter. This chapter describes neural representation of primary reinforcers (taste, pleasant touch, pain). Other stimuli are analysed to the object level before their emotional significance is assessed by stimulus-reinforcement learning; this is because it is generally a property of objects (including people) that they are associated with reward or punishment, not of edges in a scene, tones, etc. The chapter also describes learning about what is rewarding or punishing, stimulus-reinforcement association learning; and amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. The subgenual cingulate cortex and depression are covered. Output pathways for emotional responses to basal ganglia, including ventral striatum for learned reinforcers are also explained. The chapter also mentions the basal forebrain and hypothalamus, cholinergic pathways, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of emotion on cognitive processing and backprojections to the cerebral cortex are also topics in this chapter.Less
Brain organization for emotion — how emotional states are implemented in our brains, and the function of different brain regions in emotion — is one of the topics of this chapter. This chapter describes neural representation of primary reinforcers (taste, pleasant touch, pain). Other stimuli are analysed to the object level before their emotional significance is assessed by stimulus-reinforcement learning; this is because it is generally a property of objects (including people) that they are associated with reward or punishment, not of edges in a scene, tones, etc. The chapter also describes learning about what is rewarding or punishing, stimulus-reinforcement association learning; and amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex. The subgenual cingulate cortex and depression are covered. Output pathways for emotional responses to basal ganglia, including ventral striatum for learned reinforcers are also explained. The chapter also mentions the basal forebrain and hypothalamus, cholinergic pathways, and Alzheimer's disease. The effects of emotion on cognitive processing and backprojections to the cerebral cortex are also topics in this chapter.
Edmund T. Rolls
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198570035
- eISBN:
- 9780191693793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570035.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter covers self-stimulation of the brain, which includes the identification of reward systems in the brain, and the hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum.
This chapter covers self-stimulation of the brain, which includes the identification of reward systems in the brain, and the hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, and ventral striatum.
Harlan M Fichtenholtz and Kevin S LaBar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195334364
- eISBN:
- 9780199932283
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195334364.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on how emotional processing in the amygdala and related limbic regions interact with frontoparietal attentional control systems and the visual processing stream. Such effects ...
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This chapter focuses on how emotional processing in the amygdala and related limbic regions interact with frontoparietal attentional control systems and the visual processing stream. Such effects have been elucidated by studying neurologic patients with brain damage, as well as by functional brain imaging methods in healthy individuals. A systematic treatment of attentional biases in affective disorders is beyond the scope of this chapter, although it mentions some studies that investigate how anxiety as a trait marker moderates emotion-attention interactions. It also considers the time course of emotional influences on visual processing that have been revealed by event-related potential (ERP) studies in humans.Less
This chapter focuses on how emotional processing in the amygdala and related limbic regions interact with frontoparietal attentional control systems and the visual processing stream. Such effects have been elucidated by studying neurologic patients with brain damage, as well as by functional brain imaging methods in healthy individuals. A systematic treatment of attentional biases in affective disorders is beyond the scope of this chapter, although it mentions some studies that investigate how anxiety as a trait marker moderates emotion-attention interactions. It also considers the time course of emotional influences on visual processing that have been revealed by event-related potential (ERP) studies in humans.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter presents substantial direct evidence for the existence and initial localization of multiple memory systems in the brain. Multiple dissociation studies show that in rats the hippocampal ...
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This chapter presents substantial direct evidence for the existence and initial localization of multiple memory systems in the brain. Multiple dissociation studies show that in rats the hippocampal region mediates memory for adoption of the ‘place’ strategy in a T-maze and expression of episodic memories; in humans this region mediates memory for facts and events. The striatum plays a critical role in the learning of habitual behavioural responses, as reflected in rats by the ‘response’ strategy in a T-maze and stimulus-approach learning in the radial maze, and in humans by probabilistic learning of cue-response associations. These studies have also provided compelling evidence that the amygdala is critical to emotional learning, as reflected in the acquisition of cue preferences in rats and conditioned emotional responses in humans. Across all these experiments, a salient theme is that even for identical learning materials, different forms of memory are mediated largely independently and in parallel.Less
This chapter presents substantial direct evidence for the existence and initial localization of multiple memory systems in the brain. Multiple dissociation studies show that in rats the hippocampal region mediates memory for adoption of the ‘place’ strategy in a T-maze and expression of episodic memories; in humans this region mediates memory for facts and events. The striatum plays a critical role in the learning of habitual behavioural responses, as reflected in rats by the ‘response’ strategy in a T-maze and stimulus-approach learning in the radial maze, and in humans by probabilistic learning of cue-response associations. These studies have also provided compelling evidence that the amygdala is critical to emotional learning, as reflected in the acquisition of cue preferences in rats and conditioned emotional responses in humans. Across all these experiments, a salient theme is that even for identical learning materials, different forms of memory are mediated largely independently and in parallel.
