Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. ...
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This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a ‘Behavioural Inhibition System’, has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct — goal conflict — that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures — from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray — that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia.Less
This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a ‘Behavioural Inhibition System’, has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct — goal conflict — that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures — from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray — that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn ...
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This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn of the 20th century, and progressing to our current understanding of the neurobiology of memory. Subsequent sections of the book discuss the cellular basis of memory, amnesia in humans and animals, the physiology of memory; declarative, procedural, and emotional memory systems; memory consolidation, and the control of memory by the prefrontal cortex. The book is organized into four sections, which highlight the major themes of the text. The first theme is connection, which considers how memory is fundamentally based on alterations in the connectivity of neurons. The first section of the book covers the most well studied models of cellular mechanisms of neural plasticity that may underlie memory. The second theme is cognition, which involves fundamental issues in the psychological structure of memory. This next section of the book considers the competition among views on the nature of cognitive processes that underlie memory, and tells how the controversy was eventually resolved. The third theme is compartmentalization, which is akin to the classic problem of memory localization. However, unlike localization, the notion of ‘compartments’ is intended to avoid the notion that particular memories are pigeon-holed into specific loci, and instead emphasize that different forms of memory are accomplished by distinct modules or brain systems. This third section of the book surveys the evidence for multiple memory systems, and outlines how they are mediated by different brain structures and systems. The fourth and final theme is consolidation, the process by which memories are transformed from a labile trace into a permanent store.Less
This book introduces the brain's remarkable capacity for memory. Like the first edition, this updated second edition begins with a history of memory research, starting with a ‘Golden Era’ at the turn of the 20th century, and progressing to our current understanding of the neurobiology of memory. Subsequent sections of the book discuss the cellular basis of memory, amnesia in humans and animals, the physiology of memory; declarative, procedural, and emotional memory systems; memory consolidation, and the control of memory by the prefrontal cortex. The book is organized into four sections, which highlight the major themes of the text. The first theme is connection, which considers how memory is fundamentally based on alterations in the connectivity of neurons. The first section of the book covers the most well studied models of cellular mechanisms of neural plasticity that may underlie memory. The second theme is cognition, which involves fundamental issues in the psychological structure of memory. This next section of the book considers the competition among views on the nature of cognitive processes that underlie memory, and tells how the controversy was eventually resolved. The third theme is compartmentalization, which is akin to the classic problem of memory localization. However, unlike localization, the notion of ‘compartments’ is intended to avoid the notion that particular memories are pigeon-holed into specific loci, and instead emphasize that different forms of memory are accomplished by distinct modules or brain systems. This third section of the book surveys the evidence for multiple memory systems, and outlines how they are mediated by different brain structures and systems. The fourth and final theme is consolidation, the process by which memories are transformed from a labile trace into a permanent store.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process by which new memories transition from an initially labile state to become permanently fixed in long term storage. Evidence for consolidation of ...
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Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process by which new memories transition from an initially labile state to become permanently fixed in long term storage. Evidence for consolidation of relational memories comes from the demonstration of rapid forgetting of relational information in humans and animals with hippocampal damage. Additional evidence comes for the demonstration of temporally limited retrograde amnesia. Thus, a variety of studies show that damage to the hippocampal region shortly after learning results in subsequent loss of recently acquired memories, but the same damage produced long after learning does not result in loss of remotely acquired memories. Models of consolidation suggest that the prolonged process of consolidation reflects an interleaving of newly acquired memories with already stored memories mediated by the hippocampus.Less
Memory consolidation is the hypothetical process by which new memories transition from an initially labile state to become permanently fixed in long term storage. Evidence for consolidation of relational memories comes from the demonstration of rapid forgetting of relational information in humans and animals with hippocampal damage. Additional evidence comes for the demonstration of temporally limited retrograde amnesia. Thus, a variety of studies show that damage to the hippocampal region shortly after learning results in subsequent loss of recently acquired memories, but the same damage produced long after learning does not result in loss of remotely acquired memories. Models of consolidation suggest that the prolonged process of consolidation reflects an interleaving of newly acquired memories with already stored memories mediated by the hippocampus.
John Seidensticker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195309454
- eISBN:
- 9780199871261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309454.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter begins by stating that one of the great problems in conservation biology is so-called ecological amnesia, the disappearance in the public mind of what environments were like even a few ...
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This chapter begins by stating that one of the great problems in conservation biology is so-called ecological amnesia, the disappearance in the public mind of what environments were like even a few decades ago. Once species and natural environments are lost, mental adjustments are made in the minds of local people; what is “natural” now is not what was natural twenty or fifty years ago. If Asian conservation and restoration are to take place at all, it must be done in concert with the human populations that have always been part of the landscape. Two case studies are described: (1) Asian lions and the Gir Forest (India) and (2) rhinos, tigers, and the Chitwan Valley (Nepal).Less
This chapter begins by stating that one of the great problems in conservation biology is so-called ecological amnesia, the disappearance in the public mind of what environments were like even a few decades ago. Once species and natural environments are lost, mental adjustments are made in the minds of local people; what is “natural” now is not what was natural twenty or fifty years ago. If Asian conservation and restoration are to take place at all, it must be done in concert with the human populations that have always been part of the landscape. Two case studies are described: (1) Asian lions and the Gir Forest (India) and (2) rhinos, tigers, and the Chitwan Valley (Nepal).
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so ...
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This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.Less
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.
William W. McKinlay, Michaela McGowan, and Jane V. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199234110
- eISBN:
- 9780191594250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234110.003.36
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter discusses the role of neuropsychology in civil and criminal cases. Neuropsychologists may be called on to assist in civil cases (e.g., in personal injury claims after traumatic brain ...
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This chapter discusses the role of neuropsychology in civil and criminal cases. Neuropsychologists may be called on to assist in civil cases (e.g., in personal injury claims after traumatic brain injury) and other brain injury including medical negligence (e.g., anaesthetic accident). Cases in which there is severe brain injury are amongst the largest personal injury claims coming before the Courts. The large amounts at stake reflect that the costs of providing specialized care to someone with significant disability for the rest of their life are very substantial, together with the fact that there may be substantial loss of earnings. Neuropsychologists sometimes also assist in criminal cases where issues regarding fitness to plead and fitness to present evidence arise in individuals who may be neuropsychologically impaired. In addition, retrograde amnesia and post traumatic amnesia associated with traumatic brain injury may limit recall of key events, such as an accident or assault, and this can raise important issues so that the Court may require information about the nature and extent of these periods of amnesia.Less
This chapter discusses the role of neuropsychology in civil and criminal cases. Neuropsychologists may be called on to assist in civil cases (e.g., in personal injury claims after traumatic brain injury) and other brain injury including medical negligence (e.g., anaesthetic accident). Cases in which there is severe brain injury are amongst the largest personal injury claims coming before the Courts. The large amounts at stake reflect that the costs of providing specialized care to someone with significant disability for the rest of their life are very substantial, together with the fact that there may be substantial loss of earnings. Neuropsychologists sometimes also assist in criminal cases where issues regarding fitness to plead and fitness to present evidence arise in individuals who may be neuropsychologically impaired. In addition, retrograde amnesia and post traumatic amnesia associated with traumatic brain injury may limit recall of key events, such as an accident or assault, and this can raise important issues so that the Court may require information about the nature and extent of these periods of amnesia.
Ann Rigney
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644018
- eISBN:
- 9780191738784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644018.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Invoking Scott’s Old Mortality (1816), and recent discussions in memory studies, the Epilogue offers a reflection on forgetting as the inevitable counterpart of memory. It presents philology as a ...
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Invoking Scott’s Old Mortality (1816), and recent discussions in memory studies, the Epilogue offers a reflection on forgetting as the inevitable counterpart of memory. It presents philology as a counter-amnesiac force that works against cultural forgetting by generating new readings of old works, showing them both in their contemporary relevance and in their otherness as voices from a different age. It argues that recent criticism has succeeded in generating new versions of Scott showing his imaginative engagement with issues that still preoccupy us today; this renewed interest in his work should be passed on to the next generation in the classroom. But it is neither desirable nor possible for Scott’s fiction to enjoy the predominant role it had in the nineteenth century. Arguing against nostalgia, the book proposes that Scott’s most enduring legacy is in the ability to think of mutability and transience as a constitutive part of collective memory.Less
Invoking Scott’s Old Mortality (1816), and recent discussions in memory studies, the Epilogue offers a reflection on forgetting as the inevitable counterpart of memory. It presents philology as a counter-amnesiac force that works against cultural forgetting by generating new readings of old works, showing them both in their contemporary relevance and in their otherness as voices from a different age. It argues that recent criticism has succeeded in generating new versions of Scott showing his imaginative engagement with issues that still preoccupy us today; this renewed interest in his work should be passed on to the next generation in the classroom. But it is neither desirable nor possible for Scott’s fiction to enjoy the predominant role it had in the nineteenth century. Arguing against nostalgia, the book proposes that Scott’s most enduring legacy is in the ability to think of mutability and transience as a constitutive part of collective memory.
Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198522713
- eISBN:
- 9780191712517
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522713.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter reviews data on amnesia in humans and other animals. It argues that hippocampal ‘amnesia’ does not result from changes in a particular type of memory and does not depend primarily on ...
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This chapter reviews data on amnesia in humans and other animals. It argues that hippocampal ‘amnesia’ does not result from changes in a particular type of memory and does not depend primarily on effects of delay and context. Relational memory, configural memory, semantic encoding, recognition memory, working memory, temporal buffering, and spatial memory are all shown to fail as an explanation of hippocampal sensitivity of learning and memory. The nature of hippocampal deficits, both in tasks involving memory and those involving innate responses, are more consistent with the view that hippocampal damage removes the capacity to select between strongly competing, conflicting goals by increased avoidance of one of the alternatives — in many memory tasks this adds up to the capacity to eliminate interference of whatever origin.Less
This chapter reviews data on amnesia in humans and other animals. It argues that hippocampal ‘amnesia’ does not result from changes in a particular type of memory and does not depend primarily on effects of delay and context. Relational memory, configural memory, semantic encoding, recognition memory, working memory, temporal buffering, and spatial memory are all shown to fail as an explanation of hippocampal sensitivity of learning and memory. The nature of hippocampal deficits, both in tasks involving memory and those involving innate responses, are more consistent with the view that hippocampal damage removes the capacity to select between strongly competing, conflicting goals by increased avoidance of one of the alternatives — in many memory tasks this adds up to the capacity to eliminate interference of whatever origin.
Lawrence Weiskrantz
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198524588
- eISBN:
- 9780191689222
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524588.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The phenomenon of ‘consciousness’ is intrinsically related to one’s awareness of one’s self, of time, and of the physical world. What, then, can be learned about consciousness from people who have ...
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The phenomenon of ‘consciousness’ is intrinsically related to one’s awareness of one’s self, of time, and of the physical world. What, then, can be learned about consciousness from people who have suffered brain damage, such as amnesia, which affects their awareness? The author of this book is a neuropsychologist who has worked with such patients over a period of thirty years. This book begins with a review of some of the conditions in which brain-damaged patients can be said to have lost awareness of a retained capacity, followed by a discussion of some of the general issues that are pertinent to neuropsychological analysis.Less
The phenomenon of ‘consciousness’ is intrinsically related to one’s awareness of one’s self, of time, and of the physical world. What, then, can be learned about consciousness from people who have suffered brain damage, such as amnesia, which affects their awareness? The author of this book is a neuropsychologist who has worked with such patients over a period of thirty years. This book begins with a review of some of the conditions in which brain-damaged patients can be said to have lost awareness of a retained capacity, followed by a discussion of some of the general issues that are pertinent to neuropsychological analysis.
Euan Macphail
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198503248
- eISBN:
- 9780191686481
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198503248.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring ...
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Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring psychologists' findings on topics as diverse as: animal cognition, unconscious learning and perception in humans, infantile amnesia, theory of mind in primates, and the nature of pleasure and pain. Experimental results are placed in theoretical context by tracing the development of concepts of consciousness in animals and humans (from Plato to Penrose). Two themes emerge: first, the capacity for language marks a fundamental difference between humans and nonhumans; second, there is neither proof that any nonhuman species is conscious, nor any convincing function to be found for consciousness. Finally, a sketch is offered of a novel functionalist theory, according to which the developing capacity for language allows the creation by infants of a 'self', which may be a precondition for consciousness.Less
Are non-human animals conscious? When do babies begin to feel pain? What function is served by consciousness? What evidence could resolve these issues? These questions are tackled by exploring psychologists' findings on topics as diverse as: animal cognition, unconscious learning and perception in humans, infantile amnesia, theory of mind in primates, and the nature of pleasure and pain. Experimental results are placed in theoretical context by tracing the development of concepts of consciousness in animals and humans (from Plato to Penrose). Two themes emerge: first, the capacity for language marks a fundamental difference between humans and nonhumans; second, there is neither proof that any nonhuman species is conscious, nor any convincing function to be found for consciousness. Finally, a sketch is offered of a novel functionalist theory, according to which the developing capacity for language allows the creation by infants of a 'self', which may be a precondition for consciousness.
Geoffrey Campbell Cocks
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695676
- eISBN:
- 9780191738616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695676.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, ...
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A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.Less
A commercial and consumer society began emerging in Germany before the First World War, and the German chemical and pharmaceutical industry was the most advanced in the world. By 1933, therefore, Germans had increasing expectations when it came to satisfaction of material demands and desires. While the Nazis placed arms production before consumer goods, marketing toward popular demand and need for pharmaceuticals continued through the Third Reich. Patients preferred doctors who would write prescriptions, but dispensing chemists and retail stores were also sources of drugs for self-medication. German Jews often resorted to an overdose of barbiturates or opiates to die a less painful death on their own terms. The military and industry used methamphetamines and other stimulants to enhance—not unproblematically—the performance of soldiers and workers. The SS, private industry, and the military also conducted often lethal drug tests on concentration camp prisoners.
Inna Naroditskaya
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340587
- eISBN:
- 9780199918218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340587.003.0100
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The phantasmagorical opera-ballet Mlada (1892) features a khorovod (circle-dance) of feminine royals: Mlada, the silent dancing shadow of a deceased princess-bride and her rival Voislava, a pagan ...
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The phantasmagorical opera-ballet Mlada (1892) features a khorovod (circle-dance) of feminine royals: Mlada, the silent dancing shadow of a deceased princess-bride and her rival Voislava, a pagan princess; Morena, a powerful water sorceress and spirit of death, and the goddess Lada. The circle, completed by Cleopatra, eclipses the central male character Yaromir. Confused disoriented, lost between past and present, constantly retreating to his dreams, Yaromir likely experiences amnesia and confabulation—known as “Korsakov’s syndrome,” named after the composer’s contemporary and namesake Sergei Korsakov. Beyond the mélange of ritualistic, gnostic, erotic, scary, and psychotic plot elements, Mlada conveys the already well-known tale of a deceased bride stuck in a space between life and death, claiming her beloved. As Mlada acquires her dazed Yaromir, Morena (possibly once a rusalka herself) floods the Slavic folk. In the midst of this pagan Slavic tale rises Cleopatra with her entourage of seductive Egyptian slave dancers and an orchestra of specially made instruments, tsevnitsas. Both Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky elsewhere refer to this instrument in choral polonaises welcoming the entrance of an empress, who in Gogol’s tale, a source of both operatic plots, is identified as Catherine II.Less
The phantasmagorical opera-ballet Mlada (1892) features a khorovod (circle-dance) of feminine royals: Mlada, the silent dancing shadow of a deceased princess-bride and her rival Voislava, a pagan princess; Morena, a powerful water sorceress and spirit of death, and the goddess Lada. The circle, completed by Cleopatra, eclipses the central male character Yaromir. Confused disoriented, lost between past and present, constantly retreating to his dreams, Yaromir likely experiences amnesia and confabulation—known as “Korsakov’s syndrome,” named after the composer’s contemporary and namesake Sergei Korsakov. Beyond the mélange of ritualistic, gnostic, erotic, scary, and psychotic plot elements, Mlada conveys the already well-known tale of a deceased bride stuck in a space between life and death, claiming her beloved. As Mlada acquires her dazed Yaromir, Morena (possibly once a rusalka herself) floods the Slavic folk. In the midst of this pagan Slavic tale rises Cleopatra with her entourage of seductive Egyptian slave dancers and an orchestra of specially made instruments, tsevnitsas. Both Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky elsewhere refer to this instrument in choral polonaises welcoming the entrance of an empress, who in Gogol’s tale, a source of both operatic plots, is identified as Catherine II.
Stark Craig
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195100273
- eISBN:
- 9780199864133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100273.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter examines data from human amnesic patients, data from electrophysiological recordings in humans, and data from functional neuroimaging studies to address the question: What does the human ...
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This chapter examines data from human amnesic patients, data from electrophysiological recordings in humans, and data from functional neuroimaging studies to address the question: What does the human hippocampus do? Among the conclusions reached is that along with the adjacent cortical structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, the human hippocampal region is critically involved in memory for facts and events (explicit or declarative memory). The hippocampal region and the adjacent cortex are not involved in immediate or working memory process and are not involved in a wide range of implicit or nondeclarative long-term memory process (although they may be used in working memory or implicit tasks that evoke declarative processes).Less
This chapter examines data from human amnesic patients, data from electrophysiological recordings in humans, and data from functional neuroimaging studies to address the question: What does the human hippocampus do? Among the conclusions reached is that along with the adjacent cortical structures in the parahippocampal gyrus, the human hippocampal region is critically involved in memory for facts and events (explicit or declarative memory). The hippocampal region and the adjacent cortex are not involved in immediate or working memory process and are not involved in a wide range of implicit or nondeclarative long-term memory process (although they may be used in working memory or implicit tasks that evoke declarative processes).
Aaron L. Berkowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590957
- eISBN:
- 9780191594595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Music Psychology
This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and ...
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This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson alongside accounts from a wide variety of musical cultures. The phenomenon of the ‘creator-witness’, an improvising performer who simultaneously generates music and responds to the music that is created, is described in a cross-cultural context. A neuropsychological basis for this phenomenon is sought through discussion of a case of a musician who developed severe amnesia, but has retained the ability to improvise.Less
This chapter explores the experience and psychology of improvised performance from performers' perspectives. It presents interviews about improvisation with classical pianists Robert Levin and Malcolm Bilson alongside accounts from a wide variety of musical cultures. The phenomenon of the ‘creator-witness’, an improvising performer who simultaneously generates music and responds to the music that is created, is described in a cross-cultural context. A neuropsychological basis for this phenomenon is sought through discussion of a case of a musician who developed severe amnesia, but has retained the ability to improvise.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is ...
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This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is lost, organizational amnesia affects function, and service delivery becomes increasingly fragmented. The organization has developed learning disabilities. Decision-making becomes compromised and reactive so that short-sighted policy decisions are made that appear to compound existing problems. Stressed groups are frequently unwilling to perceive and discuss problems that the group denies and are more likely to actively and dangerously silence dissent.Less
This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is lost, organizational amnesia affects function, and service delivery becomes increasingly fragmented. The organization has developed learning disabilities. Decision-making becomes compromised and reactive so that short-sighted policy decisions are made that appear to compound existing problems. Stressed groups are frequently unwilling to perceive and discuss problems that the group denies and are more likely to actively and dangerously silence dissent.
Paul A. Dudchenko
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199210862
- eISBN:
- 9780191594199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199210862.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a consideration of H. M., a patient who developed a profound amnesia following the removal of a portion of his hippocampus. Findings from H. M. led to the distinction between ...
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This chapter begins with a consideration of H. M., a patient who developed a profound amnesia following the removal of a portion of his hippocampus. Findings from H. M. led to the distinction between different types of memory, and also spurred experimental interest in the hippocampus. Pioneering experiments by John O'Keefe led to the discovery of place cells — neurons within the hippocampus then fire in specific places. Together with Lynn Nadel, O'Keefe reviewed the literature on the hippocampus and proposed an influential theory on the neuroscience of spatial cognition in The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. The chapter considers this work, and updates their review of the findings from experiments in which the hippocampus is removed. It concludes with a consideration of alternative views of the hippocampus, and the evidence of impaired spatial abilities in human amnesiacs.Less
This chapter begins with a consideration of H. M., a patient who developed a profound amnesia following the removal of a portion of his hippocampus. Findings from H. M. led to the distinction between different types of memory, and also spurred experimental interest in the hippocampus. Pioneering experiments by John O'Keefe led to the discovery of place cells — neurons within the hippocampus then fire in specific places. Together with Lynn Nadel, O'Keefe reviewed the literature on the hippocampus and proposed an influential theory on the neuroscience of spatial cognition in The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. The chapter considers this work, and updates their review of the findings from experiments in which the hippocampus is removed. It concludes with a consideration of alternative views of the hippocampus, and the evidence of impaired spatial abilities in human amnesiacs.
ESTHER FUJIWARA and HANS J. MARKOWITSCH
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173413
- eISBN:
- 9780199865758
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Disturbances of autobiographical memory can result from organic pathologies such as focal brain lesions and neurodegenerative diseases that affect brain areas critical for autobiographical memory ...
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Disturbances of autobiographical memory can result from organic pathologies such as focal brain lesions and neurodegenerative diseases that affect brain areas critical for autobiographical memory processing. Likewise, autobiographical memory can be severely affected in psychiatric syndromes associated with metabolic brain changes in similar brain regions as in neurological diseases. This chapter presents an overview of memory systems and their associated brain regions. It then gives examples of autobiographical memory disorders in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, it shows the similarity of both to the condition of psychogenic amnesia.Less
Disturbances of autobiographical memory can result from organic pathologies such as focal brain lesions and neurodegenerative diseases that affect brain areas critical for autobiographical memory processing. Likewise, autobiographical memory can be severely affected in psychiatric syndromes associated with metabolic brain changes in similar brain regions as in neurological diseases. This chapter presents an overview of memory systems and their associated brain regions. It then gives examples of autobiographical memory disorders in neurological and psychiatric diseases. Furthermore, it shows the similarity of both to the condition of psychogenic amnesia.
Ryan Gingeras
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199561520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721076
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561520.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The period between 1913 and 1923 stands as the central turning point in the modern history of Asia Minor. One could say that the Turkish War of Independence was as catastrophic, definitive, and ...
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The period between 1913 and 1923 stands as the central turning point in the modern history of Asia Minor. One could say that the Turkish War of Independence was as catastrophic, definitive, and transformative an event in the Anatolia's history as the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. During this decade of near constant warfare, Anatolia's physical, political, and human landscape was irrevocably altered. The contemporary absence of physical wreckage from the war years does not take away from the profundity of what has been lost or erased. In taking a closer look at the lives of both Muslims and Christians during the years between the Balkan Wars and the founding of the Turkish Republic, this book underscores the sheer totality of the transformation witnessed during this period, as well as the unanimity of the experiences of conflict for those who once lived in the South Marmara.Less
The period between 1913 and 1923 stands as the central turning point in the modern history of Asia Minor. One could say that the Turkish War of Independence was as catastrophic, definitive, and transformative an event in the Anatolia's history as the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. During this decade of near constant warfare, Anatolia's physical, political, and human landscape was irrevocably altered. The contemporary absence of physical wreckage from the war years does not take away from the profundity of what has been lost or erased. In taking a closer look at the lives of both Muslims and Christians during the years between the Balkan Wars and the founding of the Turkish Republic, this book underscores the sheer totality of the transformation witnessed during this period, as well as the unanimity of the experiences of conflict for those who once lived in the South Marmara.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter reviews evidence from studies of amnesia in humans. It provides a detailed overview of the case of H. M., to provide a closer perspective on the nature of his amnesia. H. M. was an ...
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This chapter reviews evidence from studies of amnesia in humans. It provides a detailed overview of the case of H. M., to provide a closer perspective on the nature of his amnesia. H. M. was an epileptic for several years when, in an effort to alleviate his disorder, his medial temporal lobe area was removed. The surgery did indeed reduce the frequency of his seizures considerably — however, he had become severely amnesic. The chapter then explores the distinction between declarative and procedural memory, using several examples from the experimental literature on amnesia.Less
This chapter reviews evidence from studies of amnesia in humans. It provides a detailed overview of the case of H. M., to provide a closer perspective on the nature of his amnesia. H. M. was an epileptic for several years when, in an effort to alleviate his disorder, his medial temporal lobe area was removed. The surgery did indeed reduce the frequency of his seizures considerably — however, he had become severely amnesic. The chapter then explores the distinction between declarative and procedural memory, using several examples from the experimental literature on amnesia.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter reviews evidence from animal models of amnesia. The efforts to model amnesia associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe followed two parallel approaches, one using monkeys as the ...
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This chapter reviews evidence from animal models of amnesia. The efforts to model amnesia associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe followed two parallel approaches, one using monkeys as the experimental subjects and the other using primarily rats. The studies on monkeys began appropriately by reproducing the same pervasive medial temporal damage that occurred in H. M. The early studies on rats focused on the hippocampus, leaving out of the experimental ablation other structures that were damaged in H. M. and in experiments on monkeys. The combined results of experiments testing provide compelling evidence for a comprehensive account of the cognitive mechanisms of declarative memory. Various kinds of learning, spatial and nonspatial, simple and complex, can be accomplished independent of the hippocampus in animals, as indeed is the case in human amnesic patients as well. However, the hippocampus is required to link together the representations of overlapping experiences into a relational representation and supports the flexible and inferential expression of indirect associations among items within that larger organization of linked memories.Less
This chapter reviews evidence from animal models of amnesia. The efforts to model amnesia associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe followed two parallel approaches, one using monkeys as the experimental subjects and the other using primarily rats. The studies on monkeys began appropriately by reproducing the same pervasive medial temporal damage that occurred in H. M. The early studies on rats focused on the hippocampus, leaving out of the experimental ablation other structures that were damaged in H. M. and in experiments on monkeys. The combined results of experiments testing provide compelling evidence for a comprehensive account of the cognitive mechanisms of declarative memory. Various kinds of learning, spatial and nonspatial, simple and complex, can be accomplished independent of the hippocampus in animals, as indeed is the case in human amnesic patients as well. However, the hippocampus is required to link together the representations of overlapping experiences into a relational representation and supports the flexible and inferential expression of indirect associations among items within that larger organization of linked memories.
