Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Key employee agreements, sometimes required of high-level employees, often restrict employees from establishing relationships with competing companies for specified periods of time after they leave ...
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Key employee agreements, sometimes required of high-level employees, often restrict employees from establishing relationships with competing companies for specified periods of time after they leave the company. This is called a noncompetition agreement. In this case, the agreement specified what was meant by competition: “ownership interest amounting to at least 1% in the competing enterprise, an officership, directorship, or other policy-making position in the competing enterprise.” Semantics and syntax analysis, including grammatical scope, the semantic meaning of “other,” and intonation were used to help resolve the ambiguity found in this agreement.Less
Key employee agreements, sometimes required of high-level employees, often restrict employees from establishing relationships with competing companies for specified periods of time after they leave the company. This is called a noncompetition agreement. In this case, the agreement specified what was meant by competition: “ownership interest amounting to at least 1% in the competing enterprise, an officership, directorship, or other policy-making position in the competing enterprise.” Semantics and syntax analysis, including grammatical scope, the semantic meaning of “other,” and intonation were used to help resolve the ambiguity found in this agreement.
Anthony Harkins
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189506
- eISBN:
- 9780199788835
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189506.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book examines the evolution of one of the most pervasive and enduring American icons from the 18th-century to the present day. Spanning film, literature, and the entire expanse of American ...
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This book examines the evolution of one of the most pervasive and enduring American icons from the 18th-century to the present day. Spanning film, literature, and the entire expanse of American popular culture, from comics to country music to television and the Internet, the book argues that the longevity of the hillbilly stems from its ambiguity as a marker of both social derision and regional pride. Typically associated with Appalachia or the Ozarks, the “hillbilly” was viewed by mainstream Americans simultaneously as a violent degenerate who threatens the social order, and as a keeper of traditional values of family, home, and physical production. The character was therefore both a foil to an increasingly urbanizing and industrializing America and a symbol of a nostalgic past free of the problems of contemporary life. The book also argues that “hillbillies” have played a critical role in the construction of whiteness and modernity. Middle-class Americans imagined hillbillies, with their supposedly pure Anglo-Saxon or Scottish origins, as an exotic race, akin to blacks and Indians, but still native and white, as opposed to the growing influx of immigrants in the first half of the 20th century. At the same time, the image's whiteness allowed crude caricatures of Southern mountaineers to persist long after similar ethnic and racial stereotypes had become socially unacceptable.Less
This book examines the evolution of one of the most pervasive and enduring American icons from the 18th-century to the present day. Spanning film, literature, and the entire expanse of American popular culture, from comics to country music to television and the Internet, the book argues that the longevity of the hillbilly stems from its ambiguity as a marker of both social derision and regional pride. Typically associated with Appalachia or the Ozarks, the “hillbilly” was viewed by mainstream Americans simultaneously as a violent degenerate who threatens the social order, and as a keeper of traditional values of family, home, and physical production. The character was therefore both a foil to an increasingly urbanizing and industrializing America and a symbol of a nostalgic past free of the problems of contemporary life. The book also argues that “hillbillies” have played a critical role in the construction of whiteness and modernity. Middle-class Americans imagined hillbillies, with their supposedly pure Anglo-Saxon or Scottish origins, as an exotic race, akin to blacks and Indians, but still native and white, as opposed to the growing influx of immigrants in the first half of the 20th century. At the same time, the image's whiteness allowed crude caricatures of Southern mountaineers to persist long after similar ethnic and racial stereotypes had become socially unacceptable.
W. Kip Viscusi
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293637
- eISBN:
- 9780191596995
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293631.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Ideally, individual risk‐taking decisions and government risk policies should be based on a rational balancing of risk and cost. Unfortunately, private decisions are subject to a number of biases ...
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Ideally, individual risk‐taking decisions and government risk policies should be based on a rational balancing of risk and cost. Unfortunately, private decisions are subject to a number of biases including overestimation of small probabilities and alarmist responses to ambiguous risks. Hazard warnings can potentially be effective, but are not always ideal, as the people now overestimate the risks of smoking. Labour market estimates of the value of life can provide a rational reference point for benefit‐cost tests of risk regulations. The pressures exerted by irrational public responses to risk often lead to regulations that impose inordinately high costs per life saved. Excessive regulation potentially makes society worse off from a health and safety standpoint as shown by the risk–risk analysis methodology developed in this book. Similarly, liability rules and social insurance systems also should be structured to reflect an efficient balancing of risk and cost.Less
Ideally, individual risk‐taking decisions and government risk policies should be based on a rational balancing of risk and cost. Unfortunately, private decisions are subject to a number of biases including overestimation of small probabilities and alarmist responses to ambiguous risks. Hazard warnings can potentially be effective, but are not always ideal, as the people now overestimate the risks of smoking. Labour market estimates of the value of life can provide a rational reference point for benefit‐cost tests of risk regulations. The pressures exerted by irrational public responses to risk often lead to regulations that impose inordinately high costs per life saved. Excessive regulation potentially makes society worse off from a health and safety standpoint as shown by the risk–risk analysis methodology developed in this book. Similarly, liability rules and social insurance systems also should be structured to reflect an efficient balancing of risk and cost.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
A custom establishes a certain regularity, but this regularity is typically not clearly defined. The scope, where the custom applies, has fuzzy boundaries, and even the content of a custom is ...
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A custom establishes a certain regularity, but this regularity is typically not clearly defined. The scope, where the custom applies, has fuzzy boundaries, and even the content of a custom is typically vaguely defined.Less
A custom establishes a certain regularity, but this regularity is typically not clearly defined. The scope, where the custom applies, has fuzzy boundaries, and even the content of a custom is typically vaguely defined.
Daphna Erdinast-Vulcan
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117858
- eISBN:
- 9780191671081
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117858.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
A study which relates Conrad’s work to the crisis of modernity in the late 19th century, this book discusses ‘faultlines’ — ambiguities and apparent aesthetic ruptures — in nine of the major novels ...
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A study which relates Conrad’s work to the crisis of modernity in the late 19th century, this book discusses ‘faultlines’ — ambiguities and apparent aesthetic ruptures — in nine of the major novels and novellas. These faultlines are diagnosed as the symptoms of an unresolved tension between Conrad’s temperamental affinity with the Nietzschean outlook and his fierce ideological rejection of its ultimate implications. Presenting Conrad as ‘a modernist at war with modernity’, the book studies the perpetual tug-of-war between the artistic will to meaning and the writer’s susceptibility to the modern temper, both as a theme and as a structuring principle in his work. The modes of this struggle are defined as the ‘failure of myth’, the ‘failure of metaphysics’, and the ‘failure of textuality’. The inquiry draws on the work of Nietzsche, Vaihinger, Bakhtin, Heller, and MacIntyre, amongst others, to present the ethical and epistemological issues which are interwoven with Conrad’s aesthetics.Less
A study which relates Conrad’s work to the crisis of modernity in the late 19th century, this book discusses ‘faultlines’ — ambiguities and apparent aesthetic ruptures — in nine of the major novels and novellas. These faultlines are diagnosed as the symptoms of an unresolved tension between Conrad’s temperamental affinity with the Nietzschean outlook and his fierce ideological rejection of its ultimate implications. Presenting Conrad as ‘a modernist at war with modernity’, the book studies the perpetual tug-of-war between the artistic will to meaning and the writer’s susceptibility to the modern temper, both as a theme and as a structuring principle in his work. The modes of this struggle are defined as the ‘failure of myth’, the ‘failure of metaphysics’, and the ‘failure of textuality’. The inquiry draws on the work of Nietzsche, Vaihinger, Bakhtin, Heller, and MacIntyre, amongst others, to present the ethical and epistemological issues which are interwoven with Conrad’s aesthetics.
Justin London
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195160819
- eISBN:
- 9780199786763
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160819.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of ...
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This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of attention and actions to the rhythms of the environment. Drawing on research on the ability to make durational discriminations and categorizations at various tempos, the “speed limits” for meter are given: the inter-onset interval for metric elements must be greater than 100ms (10 per second) and less than 1.5-2.00 seconds. Care is taken to distinguish rhythms or patterns of duration from meters, the listener/performer's complex patterns of expectation and attention. It is thus shown that metric behaviors are highly tempo-dependent. Ambiguities may arise when a rhythmic pattern may be regarded under more than one meter, and conflicts may arise when a pattern of durations contradicts the ongoing meter. The theoretical core of the book is its development of a set of metric well-formedness constraints, which limit the temporal range and organization of patterns of metric entrainment. A consideration of the rhythmic practices of various non-western cultures, including some African and Indian music, leads to an additional well-formedness constraint, that of maximal evenness. This allows for meters that involve uneven (i.e., non-isochronous) beats. The book concludes with the many meters hypothesis, which proposes that a large number of expressively timed temporal templates are acquired, which are readily used when listening in familiar musical contexts.Less
This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of attention and actions to the rhythms of the environment. Drawing on research on the ability to make durational discriminations and categorizations at various tempos, the “speed limits” for meter are given: the inter-onset interval for metric elements must be greater than 100ms (10 per second) and less than 1.5-2.00 seconds. Care is taken to distinguish rhythms or patterns of duration from meters, the listener/performer's complex patterns of expectation and attention. It is thus shown that metric behaviors are highly tempo-dependent. Ambiguities may arise when a rhythmic pattern may be regarded under more than one meter, and conflicts may arise when a pattern of durations contradicts the ongoing meter. The theoretical core of the book is its development of a set of metric well-formedness constraints, which limit the temporal range and organization of patterns of metric entrainment. A consideration of the rhythmic practices of various non-western cultures, including some African and Indian music, leads to an additional well-formedness constraint, that of maximal evenness. This allows for meters that involve uneven (i.e., non-isochronous) beats. The book concludes with the many meters hypothesis, which proposes that a large number of expressively timed temporal templates are acquired, which are readily used when listening in familiar musical contexts.
Steven J. Burton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337495
- eISBN:
- 9780199868650
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337495.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
This book examines the American law of contract interpretation in detail. Intended primarily for lawyers, judges, legal scholars, and law students, the book focuses attention on the elements of ...
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This book examines the American law of contract interpretation in detail. Intended primarily for lawyers, judges, legal scholars, and law students, the book focuses attention on the elements of contract interpretation — the evidentiary facts that are legally relevant when interpreting a contract. The book describes and analyzes how courts do and should perform three practical tasks in contract interpretation. First, courts identify the terms to be interpreted (under the parol evidence rule); second, courts decide whether a contract is relevantly ambiguous; third, fact-finders (judges or juries) resolve any ambiguities that appear. The book examines these issues through the lens of three theories that are supposed to tell us how to perform the three tasks to further the goals of contract interpretation. These theories are literalism, objectivism, and subjectivism. In the last chapter, the author makes a novel proposal, which he calls “objective contextual interpretation”.Less
This book examines the American law of contract interpretation in detail. Intended primarily for lawyers, judges, legal scholars, and law students, the book focuses attention on the elements of contract interpretation — the evidentiary facts that are legally relevant when interpreting a contract. The book describes and analyzes how courts do and should perform three practical tasks in contract interpretation. First, courts identify the terms to be interpreted (under the parol evidence rule); second, courts decide whether a contract is relevantly ambiguous; third, fact-finders (judges or juries) resolve any ambiguities that appear. The book examines these issues through the lens of three theories that are supposed to tell us how to perform the three tasks to further the goals of contract interpretation. These theories are literalism, objectivism, and subjectivism. In the last chapter, the author makes a novel proposal, which he calls “objective contextual interpretation”.
Pieter A. M. Seuren
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559473
- eISBN:
- 9780191721137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559473.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the ...
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This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the nonintersectivity of adjectives, presuppositional aspects of lexical meaning, metaphor, polysemy, built‐in cognitive parameters and intrinsically higher‐order predicates.Less
This chapter concentrates on the problems posed by lexical meanings for any formal theory. Among the topics discussed are the noncompositionality of compound meanings, vagueness phenomena, the nonintersectivity of adjectives, presuppositional aspects of lexical meaning, metaphor, polysemy, built‐in cognitive parameters and intrinsically higher‐order predicates.
Justin London
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744374
- eISBN:
- 9780199949632
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744374.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Psychology of Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of ...
More
This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of attention and actions to the rhythms of the environment. Drawing on research on the ability to make durational discriminations and categorizations at various tempos, as well as evidence from neurobiology, the “speed limits” for meter are given: the inter-onset interval for metric elements must be greater than 100ms (10 per second) and less than 1.5-2.00 seconds. Care is taken to distinguish rhythms or patterns of duration from meters, the listener/performer's complex patterns of expectation and attention. It is thus shown that metric behaviors are highly tempo-dependent. Ambiguities may arise when a rhythmic pattern may be regarded under more than one meter, and conflicts may arise when a pattern of durations contradicts the ongoing meter. The music-theoretical core of the book is its development of a set of metric well-formedness constraints, which limit the temporal range and organization of patterns of metric entrainment. A consideration of the rhythmic practices of various non-western cultures, including some African and Indian music, leads to an additional well-formedness constraint, that of maximal evenness. This allows for meters that involve uneven (i.e., non-isochronous) beats or beat subdivisions. The book concludes with the many meters hypothesis, which proposes that a large number of expressively timed temporal templates are acquired that are readily used when listening in familiar musical contexts.Less
This book develops a theory of musical meter based on psychological research in temporal perception, cognition, and motor behavior. Meter is regarded as a kind of entrainment, a synchronization of attention and actions to the rhythms of the environment. Drawing on research on the ability to make durational discriminations and categorizations at various tempos, as well as evidence from neurobiology, the “speed limits” for meter are given: the inter-onset interval for metric elements must be greater than 100ms (10 per second) and less than 1.5-2.00 seconds. Care is taken to distinguish rhythms or patterns of duration from meters, the listener/performer's complex patterns of expectation and attention. It is thus shown that metric behaviors are highly tempo-dependent. Ambiguities may arise when a rhythmic pattern may be regarded under more than one meter, and conflicts may arise when a pattern of durations contradicts the ongoing meter. The music-theoretical core of the book is its development of a set of metric well-formedness constraints, which limit the temporal range and organization of patterns of metric entrainment. A consideration of the rhythmic practices of various non-western cultures, including some African and Indian music, leads to an additional well-formedness constraint, that of maximal evenness. This allows for meters that involve uneven (i.e., non-isochronous) beats or beat subdivisions. The book concludes with the many meters hypothesis, which proposes that a large number of expressively timed temporal templates are acquired that are readily used when listening in familiar musical contexts.
Satoshi Mizutani
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697700
- eISBN:
- 9780191732102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697700.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter concludes the book by first summarizing the arguments put forward by the preceding chapters, and then by presenting the author’s general view on the book’s subject. It argues that the ...
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This chapter concludes the book by first summarizing the arguments put forward by the preceding chapters, and then by presenting the author’s general view on the book’s subject. It argues that the findings of the book indicate that racial and class categories were inseparable from each other in the British efforts to maintain the boundaries of whiteness under the Raj. It was particularly through the debates and practices concerning the Eurasian Question that the inseparability of race and class was exhibited. In confronting the impoverished members of the domiciled community, most of whom were not just impoverished but were racially ‘mixed’, even the British champions of their cause did not really know whether the problem at hand was one of race or one of class. Torn between responsibility and contempt, between affinity and remoteness, and between inclusion and exclusion, the British never ceased being perplexed and haunted by the domiciled community and their ‘Eurasian Question’ right up until the very end of the colonial periodLess
This chapter concludes the book by first summarizing the arguments put forward by the preceding chapters, and then by presenting the author’s general view on the book’s subject. It argues that the findings of the book indicate that racial and class categories were inseparable from each other in the British efforts to maintain the boundaries of whiteness under the Raj. It was particularly through the debates and practices concerning the Eurasian Question that the inseparability of race and class was exhibited. In confronting the impoverished members of the domiciled community, most of whom were not just impoverished but were racially ‘mixed’, even the British champions of their cause did not really know whether the problem at hand was one of race or one of class. Torn between responsibility and contempt, between affinity and remoteness, and between inclusion and exclusion, the British never ceased being perplexed and haunted by the domiciled community and their ‘Eurasian Question’ right up until the very end of the colonial period
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Chapter introduces the problem of vertical disintegration, outlining the basic competitive dynamics that give rise to it. A five fold typology of supplier-customer relations is presented: arms ...
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Chapter introduces the problem of vertical disintegration, outlining the basic competitive dynamics that give rise to it. A five fold typology of supplier-customer relations is presented: arms length, captured, modular, relational contracts and sustained contingent collaboration. Sustained contingent collaboration is the modal relation in the current historical environment. The range of supplier strategies and public policies that are emerging to cope with sustained contingent collaboration are extensively discussed.Less
Chapter introduces the problem of vertical disintegration, outlining the basic competitive dynamics that give rise to it. A five fold typology of supplier-customer relations is presented: arms length, captured, modular, relational contracts and sustained contingent collaboration. Sustained contingent collaboration is the modal relation in the current historical environment. The range of supplier strategies and public policies that are emerging to cope with sustained contingent collaboration are extensively discussed.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came ...
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This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalizationLess
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalization
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the ...
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This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.Less
This chapter examines the way that German and US manufacturers are implementing the modal form of vertical disintegration: Sustained, Contingent Collaboration. In contrast to the expectations of the Varieties of Capitalism perspective, both German and American manufacturers appear to be successfully embracing SCC. More troubling for institutionalism, the character of experimentation in both places appears not to be significantly constrained by the existing institutional system of rules and constraint. Actors are creatively circumventing rules and ignoring constraints to construct SCC. In the process, they are also recasting old and creating new differences between the two countries.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at ...
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This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.Less
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.
Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
In sensemaking, people seek answers to the questions: what is going on in the environment? What does it mean for us as an organization? According to Weick, organizations make sense of their ...
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In sensemaking, people seek answers to the questions: what is going on in the environment? What does it mean for us as an organization? According to Weick, organizations make sense of their environments through the processes of enactment, selection, and retention. Sensemaking is driven by organizational beliefs and actions that direct attention and frame the interpretation of information. The result of sensemaking is an enacted environment that is has been rendered meaningul and understandable. A central problem in sensemaking is how to reduce ambiguity and develop shared meanings so that the organization may act collectively.Less
In sensemaking, people seek answers to the questions: what is going on in the environment? What does it mean for us as an organization? According to Weick, organizations make sense of their environments through the processes of enactment, selection, and retention. Sensemaking is driven by organizational beliefs and actions that direct attention and frame the interpretation of information. The result of sensemaking is an enacted environment that is has been rendered meaningul and understandable. A central problem in sensemaking is how to reduce ambiguity and develop shared meanings so that the organization may act collectively.
John Bishop
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199205547
- eISBN:
- 9780191709432
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
Can it be justifiable to commit oneself ‘by faith’ to a religious claim when its truth lacks adequate support from one's total available evidence? After critiquing both Wittgensteinian and Reformed ...
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Can it be justifiable to commit oneself ‘by faith’ to a religious claim when its truth lacks adequate support from one's total available evidence? After critiquing both Wittgensteinian and Reformed epistemologies of religious belief, this book defends a modest fideism that understands theistic commitment as involving ‘doxastic venture’ in the face of evidential ambiguity: practical commitment to propositions held to be true through ‘passional’ causes (causes other than the recognition of evidence of or for their truth). It is argued that the justifiability of religious faith-ventures is ultimately a moral issue — although such ventures can be morally justifiable only if they accord with the proper exercise of our rational epistemic capacities. The book canvasses issues concerning the ethics of belief and doxastic voluntarism. William James's ‘justification of faith’ in The Will to Believe is extended by requiring that justifiable faith-ventures should be morally acceptable both in motivation and content. The book conducts an extended debate between fideists and ‘hard line’ evidentialists, who maintain that religious faith-ventures are never justifiable. It concludes that, although neither fideists nor evidentialists can succeed in establishing their opponents' irrationality, fideism may nevertheless be morally preferable, as a less dogmatic, more self-accepting, even a more loving, position than its evidentialist rival.Less
Can it be justifiable to commit oneself ‘by faith’ to a religious claim when its truth lacks adequate support from one's total available evidence? After critiquing both Wittgensteinian and Reformed epistemologies of religious belief, this book defends a modest fideism that understands theistic commitment as involving ‘doxastic venture’ in the face of evidential ambiguity: practical commitment to propositions held to be true through ‘passional’ causes (causes other than the recognition of evidence of or for their truth). It is argued that the justifiability of religious faith-ventures is ultimately a moral issue — although such ventures can be morally justifiable only if they accord with the proper exercise of our rational epistemic capacities. The book canvasses issues concerning the ethics of belief and doxastic voluntarism. William James's ‘justification of faith’ in The Will to Believe is extended by requiring that justifiable faith-ventures should be morally acceptable both in motivation and content. The book conducts an extended debate between fideists and ‘hard line’ evidentialists, who maintain that religious faith-ventures are never justifiable. It concludes that, although neither fideists nor evidentialists can succeed in establishing their opponents' irrationality, fideism may nevertheless be morally preferable, as a less dogmatic, more self-accepting, even a more loving, position than its evidentialist rival.
Frederick Grinnell
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195064575
- eISBN:
- 9780199869442
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195064575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by ...
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Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on “scientific method”. This book also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.Less
Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on “scientific method”. This book also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.
Christian Gollier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148762
- eISBN:
- 9781400845408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148762.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter describes a sample of the alternative decision criteria that have features which are normatively attractive. A standard critique made to the discounted expected utility (DEU) model that ...
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This chapter describes a sample of the alternative decision criteria that have features which are normatively attractive. A standard critique made to the discounted expected utility (DEU) model that has been used in this volume is that the concavity of the utility function expresses at the same time the aversion to inequalities and the aversion to risk. Moreover, it does not take into account the possibility of an aversion to ambiguity on probabilities, or the formation of consumption habits. Such issues imply that the DEU model is not very good for explaining, or predicting, actual behaviors under uncertainty. However, as this book aims for normative rather than positive arguments, this chapter focuses not on what people actually do, but instead on determining what they should do.Less
This chapter describes a sample of the alternative decision criteria that have features which are normatively attractive. A standard critique made to the discounted expected utility (DEU) model that has been used in this volume is that the concavity of the utility function expresses at the same time the aversion to inequalities and the aversion to risk. Moreover, it does not take into account the possibility of an aversion to ambiguity on probabilities, or the formation of consumption habits. Such issues imply that the DEU model is not very good for explaining, or predicting, actual behaviors under uncertainty. However, as this book aims for normative rather than positive arguments, this chapter focuses not on what people actually do, but instead on determining what they should do.
Roger W Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199795383
- eISBN:
- 9780199919314
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795383.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a ...
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This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a brief review of perjury law, it shows how the meaning of lexicon, grammatical structures, and ambiguities are important in such cases, stressing that it would be prudent for prosecutors and defense attorneys alike to begin their review in such cases with the larger units of language, by identifying the speech event, the schemas of the participants, the agendas of the participants as revealed by the topics they introduce and the responses they make to the topics of others. Other smaller language units, such as potentially ambiguous expressions, grammatical referencing, and lexical choices, which are often considered “smoking gun” evidence, often can be better understood when seen in the larger context of the overall discourse. The book suggests that in perjury cases both the prosecution and defense can use many of the tools of linguistics that may be relatively unknown to the legal profession. It further urges that often lawyers would be prudent to call on linguists to help them whether for the prosecution or defense. Eight of the case examples describe the inadequate intelligence gathering and analysis by the prosecution and the use of linguistic tools to resolve these problems. The other three cases show how district attorneys and judges repaired failed intelligence analyses.Less
This book describes the contributions of linguistics to the intelligence gathering and analysis in the legal context by showing the way evidence is analyzed in eleven perjury cases. Beginning with a brief review of perjury law, it shows how the meaning of lexicon, grammatical structures, and ambiguities are important in such cases, stressing that it would be prudent for prosecutors and defense attorneys alike to begin their review in such cases with the larger units of language, by identifying the speech event, the schemas of the participants, the agendas of the participants as revealed by the topics they introduce and the responses they make to the topics of others. Other smaller language units, such as potentially ambiguous expressions, grammatical referencing, and lexical choices, which are often considered “smoking gun” evidence, often can be better understood when seen in the larger context of the overall discourse. The book suggests that in perjury cases both the prosecution and defense can use many of the tools of linguistics that may be relatively unknown to the legal profession. It further urges that often lawyers would be prudent to call on linguists to help them whether for the prosecution or defense. Eight of the case examples describe the inadequate intelligence gathering and analysis by the prosecution and the use of linguistic tools to resolve these problems. The other three cases show how district attorneys and judges repaired failed intelligence analyses.
Jarle Trondal
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199579426
- eISBN:
- 9780191722714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199579426.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Chapter 11 explores enduring ambiguities of representation within an emergent European Executive Order. Attention is directed towards how differences in domestic institutional constellations shape ...
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Chapter 11 explores enduring ambiguities of representation within an emergent European Executive Order. Attention is directed towards how differences in domestic institutional constellations shape the representational roles of member‐state officials attending the Council Working Parties (CWPs). The primary argument is that role perceptions employed by national civil servants within the CWPs are considerably conditioned by actors' domestic institutional embedment. Comparing Belgian and Swedish officials attending working groups within the Council of Ministers substantiates this argument. This chapter shows that Belgian officials are more supranationally oriented than their Swedish counterparts and that this difference is related to varying levels of vertical and horizontal specialization, federalism, competition among veto‐players, the role of the Foreign Ministry, and the level of trust in domestic government compared to the level of trust in the European Union. Hence, supranational dynamics within the emergent European Executive Order is profoundly conditioned by the formal organization of domestic government systems.Less
Chapter 11 explores enduring ambiguities of representation within an emergent European Executive Order. Attention is directed towards how differences in domestic institutional constellations shape the representational roles of member‐state officials attending the Council Working Parties (CWPs). The primary argument is that role perceptions employed by national civil servants within the CWPs are considerably conditioned by actors' domestic institutional embedment. Comparing Belgian and Swedish officials attending working groups within the Council of Ministers substantiates this argument. This chapter shows that Belgian officials are more supranationally oriented than their Swedish counterparts and that this difference is related to varying levels of vertical and horizontal specialization, federalism, competition among veto‐players, the role of the Foreign Ministry, and the level of trust in domestic government compared to the level of trust in the European Union. Hence, supranational dynamics within the emergent European Executive Order is profoundly conditioned by the formal organization of domestic government systems.
