Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The ...
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This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Peking University. These courses include Chemical Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Group Theory, and Chemical Crystallography. This book consists of three parts. Part I reviews the basic theories of chemical bonding, with chapters on elementary quantum theory, atomic structure, bonding in molecules, bonding in solids, and computational chemistry. Part II introduces point groups and space groups, and their applications to the study of discrete molecules and crystals. A large number of worked examples are provided in order to illustrate the usefulness and elegance of the symmetry concept. Part III constitutes about half of the book and it gives a succinct description of the structural chemistry of the elements in the Periodic Table. The main-group elements are covered in seven chapters and three other chapters deal with the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters and supramolecular systems. The selected systems, many of them from recent literature, are used to elucidate various aspects of structure and bonding presented in Parts I and II, and to expound the current research trends in structural inorganic chemistryLess
This text is an updated English version of a class-tested textbook originally published in Chinese in 2006. Its contents are based on the lecture notes of several courses taught by the authors at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Peking University. These courses include Chemical Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, Group Theory, and Chemical Crystallography. This book consists of three parts. Part I reviews the basic theories of chemical bonding, with chapters on elementary quantum theory, atomic structure, bonding in molecules, bonding in solids, and computational chemistry. Part II introduces point groups and space groups, and their applications to the study of discrete molecules and crystals. A large number of worked examples are provided in order to illustrate the usefulness and elegance of the symmetry concept. Part III constitutes about half of the book and it gives a succinct description of the structural chemistry of the elements in the Periodic Table. The main-group elements are covered in seven chapters and three other chapters deal with the rare-earth elements, transition-metal clusters and supramolecular systems. The selected systems, many of them from recent literature, are used to elucidate various aspects of structure and bonding presented in Parts I and II, and to expound the current research trends in structural inorganic chemistry
Wai-Kee Li, Gong-Du Zhou, and Thomas Chung Wai Mak
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199216949
- eISBN:
- 9780191711992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216949.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
This chapter covers the structural chemistry of Groups 1 and 2 elements, except hydrogen. For Group 1 metals, special attention is paid to the oxides, lithium nitride, inorganic alkali metal ...
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This chapter covers the structural chemistry of Groups 1 and 2 elements, except hydrogen. For Group 1 metals, special attention is paid to the oxides, lithium nitride, inorganic alkali metal complexes, methyllithium compounds, π-complexes of lithium, sodium and potassium, alkalides and electrides, etc. For the Group 2 metals, the coverage includes their complexes, nitrides, low-valent oxides and nitrides, polymeric chains, Grignard reagents, metallocenes, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures.Less
This chapter covers the structural chemistry of Groups 1 and 2 elements, except hydrogen. For Group 1 metals, special attention is paid to the oxides, lithium nitride, inorganic alkali metal complexes, methyllithium compounds, π-complexes of lithium, sodium and potassium, alkalides and electrides, etc. For the Group 2 metals, the coverage includes their complexes, nitrides, low-valent oxides and nitrides, polymeric chains, Grignard reagents, metallocenes, etc. The chapter concludes with a section on the alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures.
Theresa L. Pitts-Singer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195316957
- eISBN:
- 9780199871575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316957.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
There is a long history of the use of alfalfa by humans, including the intentional introduction of this forage crop from Eurasia to other continents. For producing alfalfa seeds, the management ...
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There is a long history of the use of alfalfa by humans, including the intentional introduction of this forage crop from Eurasia to other continents. For producing alfalfa seeds, the management systems for two bee pollinators have been developed. Use of managed alkali bees, Nomia melanderi, and alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata, has made alfalfa seed production a viable industry. The management systems for both bee species require care and commitment for combating parasites, pests, and diseases, and for meeting proper environmental conditions. Although the emphasis on the use of alkali bees has diminished, the use of the alfalfa leafcutting bees remains popular. Concerns and new ideas surrounding the current and future use of these bee species as commercial pollinators are discussed.Less
There is a long history of the use of alfalfa by humans, including the intentional introduction of this forage crop from Eurasia to other continents. For producing alfalfa seeds, the management systems for two bee pollinators have been developed. Use of managed alkali bees, Nomia melanderi, and alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata, has made alfalfa seed production a viable industry. The management systems for both bee species require care and commitment for combating parasites, pests, and diseases, and for meeting proper environmental conditions. Although the emphasis on the use of alkali bees has diminished, the use of the alfalfa leafcutting bees remains popular. Concerns and new ideas surrounding the current and future use of these bee species as commercial pollinators are discussed.
Arne Haaland
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235353
- eISBN:
- 9780191715594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235353.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter describes the structures of 25 heteronuclear, singly bonded diatomic molecules formed by combination of hydrogen, halogen, or alkali metal atoms (HX, HM, XX', or MM') in terms of their ...
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This chapter describes the structures of 25 heteronuclear, singly bonded diatomic molecules formed by combination of hydrogen, halogen, or alkali metal atoms (HX, HM, XX', or MM') in terms of their electric dipole moments, ionic characters, dissociation energies, and bond distances. The ionic characters of these compounds, as well as those of the alkali metal halides discussed in Chapter 5, increase with increasing difference between the electronegativity coefficients of the two bonded atoms:¦χA - χB¦. Similarly, the dissociation energies are found to increase and the bond distances to decrease with increasing electronegativity differences. A simple formula, the modified Schomaker-Stevenson (MSS) rule, allows the calculation of single bond distances between 17 elements (H and 16 elements in Groups 16-19) with an average error of 2 pm.Less
This chapter describes the structures of 25 heteronuclear, singly bonded diatomic molecules formed by combination of hydrogen, halogen, or alkali metal atoms (HX, HM, XX', or MM') in terms of their electric dipole moments, ionic characters, dissociation energies, and bond distances. The ionic characters of these compounds, as well as those of the alkali metal halides discussed in Chapter 5, increase with increasing difference between the electronegativity coefficients of the two bonded atoms:¦χA - χB¦. Similarly, the dissociation energies are found to increase and the bond distances to decrease with increasing electronegativity differences. A simple formula, the modified Schomaker-Stevenson (MSS) rule, allows the calculation of single bond distances between 17 elements (H and 16 elements in Groups 16-19) with an average error of 2 pm.
N. Shiotani
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198501688
- eISBN:
- 9780191718045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198501688.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter provides a full review and evaluation of work on: alkali metals and their alloys; beryllium, aluminium and its alloys, silicon, 3d transition metals, their alloys and compounds, and ...
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This chapter provides a full review and evaluation of work on: alkali metals and their alloys; beryllium, aluminium and its alloys, silicon, 3d transition metals, their alloys and compounds, and doped fullerines. Particular attention is given to extent to which Compton data can be used to locate and reconstruct the Fermi surface, and determine the size of Fermi surface break in correlated electron systems. The results are compared to theoretical models and to analogous results from positron annihilation studies of angular correlation radiation.Less
This chapter provides a full review and evaluation of work on: alkali metals and their alloys; beryllium, aluminium and its alloys, silicon, 3d transition metals, their alloys and compounds, and doped fullerines. Particular attention is given to extent to which Compton data can be used to locate and reconstruct the Fermi surface, and determine the size of Fermi surface break in correlated electron systems. The results are compared to theoretical models and to analogous results from positron annihilation studies of angular correlation radiation.
Arne Haaland
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235353
- eISBN:
- 9780191715594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235353.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
The evaporation of an alkali metal halide (MX) yields a mixture of monomers and smaller amounts of dimers, trimers, and tetramers. This chapter describes the monomers in terms of their electric ...
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The evaporation of an alkali metal halide (MX) yields a mixture of monomers and smaller amounts of dimers, trimers, and tetramers. This chapter describes the monomers in terms of their electric dipole moments, dissociation energies, and bond distances. The spherical ion model is used to construct potential energy curves and to calculate dissociation energies in reasonable agreement with their experimental counterparts from the experimental bond distances. Similar calculations on the dimers and on crystals with rock salt structure indicate that the M-X bond distances should be 5% and 15%, respectively, longer than in the monomers. The polarizable ion model leads to significantly better agreement between experimental and calculated electric dipole moments than the spherical ion model. Finally, the crystal structures of compounds containing a negatively charge alkali metal atom or even an isolated electron as cations are described.Less
The evaporation of an alkali metal halide (MX) yields a mixture of monomers and smaller amounts of dimers, trimers, and tetramers. This chapter describes the monomers in terms of their electric dipole moments, dissociation energies, and bond distances. The spherical ion model is used to construct potential energy curves and to calculate dissociation energies in reasonable agreement with their experimental counterparts from the experimental bond distances. Similar calculations on the dimers and on crystals with rock salt structure indicate that the M-X bond distances should be 5% and 15%, respectively, longer than in the monomers. The polarizable ion model leads to significantly better agreement between experimental and calculated electric dipole moments than the spherical ion model. Finally, the crystal structures of compounds containing a negatively charge alkali metal atom or even an isolated electron as cations are described.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter describes the study of transport properties of several different positive ions in superfluid helium. In addition to alkali and alkaline-earth ions, the still unsolved problem of the ...
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This chapter describes the study of transport properties of several different positive ions in superfluid helium. In addition to alkali and alkaline-earth ions, the still unsolved problem of the so-called exotic ions is considered, which contain negative ions which are faster than the common electron bubbles, whose nature remains unknown. Several hypotheses have been made to explain their nature, among which the most intriguing is the electrino hypothesis, i.e., the possibility that the electron in the electron bubble may undergo fission.Less
This chapter describes the study of transport properties of several different positive ions in superfluid helium. In addition to alkali and alkaline-earth ions, the still unsolved problem of the so-called exotic ions is considered, which contain negative ions which are faster than the common electron bubbles, whose nature remains unknown. Several hypotheses have been made to explain their nature, among which the most intriguing is the electrino hypothesis, i.e., the possibility that the electron in the electron bubble may undergo fission.
Peter R. Anstey
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589777
- eISBN:
- 9780191725487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589777.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues that Locke believed hypotheses and analogical reasoning play a minor role in natural philosophical method and that this view is consistent with that of the proponents of the ...
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This chapter argues that Locke believed hypotheses and analogical reasoning play a minor role in natural philosophical method and that this view is consistent with that of the proponents of the Experimental Philosophy. This is illustrated by his discussions of the acid and alkali theory of matter and by his correspondence with Thomas Molyneux.Less
This chapter argues that Locke believed hypotheses and analogical reasoning play a minor role in natural philosophical method and that this view is consistent with that of the proponents of the Experimental Philosophy. This is illustrated by his discussions of the acid and alkali theory of matter and by his correspondence with Thomas Molyneux.
Jerome Nriagu, Niladri Basu, and Simone Charles
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271630
- eISBN:
- 9780520951396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271630.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
For many communities, exposure to mercury through fish consumption is an exemplary case of environmental injustice. Groups that rely on fishing for food, cultural identity, spiritual wellbeing, or ...
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For many communities, exposure to mercury through fish consumption is an exemplary case of environmental injustice. Groups that rely on fishing for food, cultural identity, spiritual wellbeing, or economic prosperity are more vulnerable to mercury pollution. The vulnerability is heightened because sources and hotspots of mercury are found disproportionately in areas near communities of color, low-income and immigrant communities, and indigenous peoples. This chapter reviews cases where mercury has impacted the health, culture, and identity of local communities. Such communities are victims of environmental injustice because they have derived little or no benefit from the products and services of mercury-releasing industries, but they now bear the burden of the wastes left behind. Existing strategies for reducing mercury exposure are not always effective in communities at risk. Fish advisories that warn of health risks from eating contaminated fish themselves perpetuate environmental injustice. The shift in policy from risk reduction to risk avoidance places these communities in a lose-lose situation: either eat fish and suffer the health effects from contaminants or do not eat fish and suffer the health and cultural effects of losing a critical diet food. By allowing significant mercury contamination to remain in place while advising the population at risk to change their lifestyle, regulators are indirectly perpetuating discrimination against communities that attach different normative values to fish.Less
For many communities, exposure to mercury through fish consumption is an exemplary case of environmental injustice. Groups that rely on fishing for food, cultural identity, spiritual wellbeing, or economic prosperity are more vulnerable to mercury pollution. The vulnerability is heightened because sources and hotspots of mercury are found disproportionately in areas near communities of color, low-income and immigrant communities, and indigenous peoples. This chapter reviews cases where mercury has impacted the health, culture, and identity of local communities. Such communities are victims of environmental injustice because they have derived little or no benefit from the products and services of mercury-releasing industries, but they now bear the burden of the wastes left behind. Existing strategies for reducing mercury exposure are not always effective in communities at risk. Fish advisories that warn of health risks from eating contaminated fish themselves perpetuate environmental injustice. The shift in policy from risk reduction to risk avoidance places these communities in a lose-lose situation: either eat fish and suffer the health effects from contaminants or do not eat fish and suffer the health and cultural effects of losing a critical diet food. By allowing significant mercury contamination to remain in place while advising the population at risk to change their lifestyle, regulators are indirectly perpetuating discrimination against communities that attach different normative values to fish.
Todd Keeler-Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249554
- eISBN:
- 9780520933361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249554.003.0022
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Mojave Desert scrub vegetation includes all the shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave Desert Region below the cool desert zone. This chapter reviews the classification of Mojave Desert scrub ...
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Mojave Desert scrub vegetation includes all the shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave Desert Region below the cool desert zone. This chapter reviews the classification of Mojave Desert scrub vegetation, identifying environmental relationships among and between these types. These vegetation types include alkali sink vegetation, mesquite vegetation, desert riparian vegetation, saltbrush scrub, alkaline marshes, sand dunes, bajadas, hills, and washes.Less
Mojave Desert scrub vegetation includes all the shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave Desert Region below the cool desert zone. This chapter reviews the classification of Mojave Desert scrub vegetation, identifying environmental relationships among and between these types. These vegetation types include alkali sink vegetation, mesquite vegetation, desert riparian vegetation, saltbrush scrub, alkaline marshes, sand dunes, bajadas, hills, and washes.
Allan A. Schoenherr and Jack H. Burk
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520249554
- eISBN:
- 9780520933361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520249554.003.0023
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
The Colorado Desert of California represents the northwesternmost portion of the Sonoran Desert, which extends into Arizona, Baja California, and Sonora. This chapter describes the types of ...
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The Colorado Desert of California represents the northwesternmost portion of the Sonoran Desert, which extends into Arizona, Baja California, and Sonora. This chapter describes the types of vegetation and distribution of dominant plants in the Colorado Desert, presenting vegetation types based on dominant species and on assemblages of species with similar strategies for coping with specific microclimates and soil types. The plant community types of the Colorado Desert include the creosote bush scrub, cactus scrub, saltbush scrub, alkali sink, microphyll woodland, palm oasis, and psammophytic scrub.Less
The Colorado Desert of California represents the northwesternmost portion of the Sonoran Desert, which extends into Arizona, Baja California, and Sonora. This chapter describes the types of vegetation and distribution of dominant plants in the Colorado Desert, presenting vegetation types based on dominant species and on assemblages of species with similar strategies for coping with specific microclimates and soil types. The plant community types of the Colorado Desert include the creosote bush scrub, cactus scrub, saltbush scrub, alkali sink, microphyll woodland, palm oasis, and psammophytic scrub.
Massimo Inguscio and Leonardo Fallani
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198525844
- eISBN:
- 9780191780059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525844.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter starts with the spectrum of alkali atoms, which have a very similar electronic structure to hydrogen. It describes the hyperfine structure of alkali atoms in the context of the ...
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This chapter starts with the spectrum of alkali atoms, which have a very similar electronic structure to hydrogen. It describes the hyperfine structure of alkali atoms in the context of the development of microwave atomic clocks that currently provide the definition of the SI second. The simple and accessible electronic transitions of alkali atoms were used for the first demonstration of laser cooling, the revolutionary approach to atomic physics developed in the '80s, which the chapter discusses with a review of its most important configurations (optical molasses, magneto-optical traps, sub-Doppler cooling). The application of laser cooling to the development of very precise atomic clocks and to the field of atom interferometry is also covered.Less
This chapter starts with the spectrum of alkali atoms, which have a very similar electronic structure to hydrogen. It describes the hyperfine structure of alkali atoms in the context of the development of microwave atomic clocks that currently provide the definition of the SI second. The simple and accessible electronic transitions of alkali atoms were used for the first demonstration of laser cooling, the revolutionary approach to atomic physics developed in the '80s, which the chapter discusses with a review of its most important configurations (optical molasses, magneto-optical traps, sub-Doppler cooling). The application of laser cooling to the development of very precise atomic clocks and to the field of atom interferometry is also covered.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804763103
- eISBN:
- 9780804779098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804763103.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
In 1926, James Franck went to Stockholm to receive the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics, which he shared with Gustav Hertz for their experiments supporting Neil Bohr's theory of the atom. He then began to ...
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In 1926, James Franck went to Stockholm to receive the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics, which he shared with Gustav Hertz for their experiments supporting Neil Bohr's theory of the atom. He then began to investigate absorption spectra of alkali halides with Heinrich Kuhn and Günter Rollefson. Franck, Born, and Pohl founded a regional branch of the German Physical Society, the Gauverein Niedersachsen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft and they spoke about their research on adsorption catalysis in its semi-annual conventions.Less
In 1926, James Franck went to Stockholm to receive the 1925 Nobel Prize in physics, which he shared with Gustav Hertz for their experiments supporting Neil Bohr's theory of the atom. He then began to investigate absorption spectra of alkali halides with Heinrich Kuhn and Günter Rollefson. Franck, Born, and Pohl founded a regional branch of the German Physical Society, the Gauverein Niedersachsen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft and they spoke about their research on adsorption catalysis in its semi-annual conventions.
Kamran Behnia
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199697663
- eISBN:
- 9780191793462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697663.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter is devoted to a survey of elemental solids. It begins by comparing the Seebeck coefficient of a metal (cooper), a semi-metal (bismuth) and a semiconductor (silicon). Monovalent metallic ...
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This chapter is devoted to a survey of elemental solids. It begins by comparing the Seebeck coefficient of a metal (cooper), a semi-metal (bismuth) and a semiconductor (silicon). Monovalent metallic (i.e. alkali and noble) are expected to be most akin to a free electron gas. However, this is not the case. Giant enhancement of thermoelectric response by adding a small amount of magnetic impurities is a known signature of Kondo effect. The puzzle of positive Seebeck coefficient of noble metals and the proposed solutions to this puzzle are reviewed. The chapter ends by a discussion of thermoelectric data obtained on elements of column-V (such as bismuth) and column IV (such as silicon).Less
This chapter is devoted to a survey of elemental solids. It begins by comparing the Seebeck coefficient of a metal (cooper), a semi-metal (bismuth) and a semiconductor (silicon). Monovalent metallic (i.e. alkali and noble) are expected to be most akin to a free electron gas. However, this is not the case. Giant enhancement of thermoelectric response by adding a small amount of magnetic impurities is a known signature of Kondo effect. The puzzle of positive Seebeck coefficient of noble metals and the proposed solutions to this puzzle are reviewed. The chapter ends by a discussion of thermoelectric data obtained on elements of column-V (such as bismuth) and column IV (such as silicon).
