Stefano Bartolini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199286430
- eISBN:
- 9780191603242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199286434.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter investigates the electoral representation of the integration issues, assuming that the shift in the location of institutional power related to European integration may be accompanied by ...
More
This chapter investigates the electoral representation of the integration issues, assuming that the shift in the location of institutional power related to European integration may be accompanied by a corresponding change in the direction of the efforts of mass politics. It documents the extent to which European issues differentiate the attitudes of voters and parties alike. It argues that the attitudes of national and European parties, of political elites, and public opinion towards the constitutive issues of integration are hard to interpret, referring to historical cleavages or to a left-right dimension. It interprets the Europarties development as a top-down attempt by political elites to institutionalize an isomorphic party system at the EU level that tends to select those nation-like issues on which a structuring easier. It discusses the strong collusive push of both national and European parties towards constitutive EU issues in which their divisions appear insurmountable and would undermine their effective existence. The current situation witnesses an imbalance between the lack of party system structuring at the EU level and the growing potential for party system destructuring at the national level. If EU-related latent oppositions were to be politicized, the resulting alignments will not closely correspond with the political divisions on which domestic politics has traditionally been founded.Less
This chapter investigates the electoral representation of the integration issues, assuming that the shift in the location of institutional power related to European integration may be accompanied by a corresponding change in the direction of the efforts of mass politics. It documents the extent to which European issues differentiate the attitudes of voters and parties alike. It argues that the attitudes of national and European parties, of political elites, and public opinion towards the constitutive issues of integration are hard to interpret, referring to historical cleavages or to a left-right dimension. It interprets the Europarties development as a top-down attempt by political elites to institutionalize an isomorphic party system at the EU level that tends to select those nation-like issues on which a structuring easier. It discusses the strong collusive push of both national and European parties towards constitutive EU issues in which their divisions appear insurmountable and would undermine their effective existence. The current situation witnesses an imbalance between the lack of party system structuring at the EU level and the growing potential for party system destructuring at the national level. If EU-related latent oppositions were to be politicized, the resulting alignments will not closely correspond with the political divisions on which domestic politics has traditionally been founded.
Peter Mair
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295495
- eISBN:
- 9780191599804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295499.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the first of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties. Its theme is continuities, changes, and the vulnerability of the party in western Europe, and the aim is to ...
More
This is the first of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties. Its theme is continuities, changes, and the vulnerability of the party in western Europe, and the aim is to emphasize the link between party organization or styles of organizational intervention and electoral (de)stabilization. The discussion is presented in seven sections: (1) What Parties Are and What Parties Do –– respectively, their historic political identity and their contemporary appeals, with the latter often bearing little relation to historic identities; (2) Left, Right, and Policy Competition; (3) Left, Right, and Voter Alignments; (4) A Crisis of Party? (5) Catch-All Politics and Party Vulnerability; (6) Organizational Change and Electoral Change; and (7) Organizational Change: A Research Agenda.Less
This is the first of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties. Its theme is continuities, changes, and the vulnerability of the party in western Europe, and the aim is to emphasize the link between party organization or styles of organizational intervention and electoral (de)stabilization. The discussion is presented in seven sections: (1) What Parties Are and What Parties Do –– respectively, their historic political identity and their contemporary appeals, with the latter often bearing little relation to historic identities; (2) Left, Right, and Policy Competition; (3) Left, Right, and Voter Alignments; (4) A Crisis of Party? (5) Catch-All Politics and Party Vulnerability; (6) Organizational Change and Electoral Change; and (7) Organizational Change: A Research Agenda.
Peter Mair
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295495
- eISBN:
- 9780191599804
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295499.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This is the second of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties, and discusses myths of electoral change and the survival of the ‘old’ parties in western Europe. It starts by ...
More
This is the second of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties, and discusses myths of electoral change and the survival of the ‘old’ parties in western Europe. It starts by presenting the three main sources of evidence (trends in aggregate electoral volatility; evidence of the mobilization and success of new parties; (imputed) evidence of the decline of party and the emergence of new forms of interest mediation) that are usually cited against the contemporary applicability of the Lipset–Rokkan ‘law’ on the ‘freezing of party systems’, showing that each of these three patterns of change is more or less rooted in varieties of electoral change. The author then contends in the rest of the chapter that this popular image of electoral change is largely mythical, and lacking in foundation (bearing little or no relation to the actual patterns of electoral alignments in contemporary Europe). It is argued that the empirical evidence suggests that European electorates continue to be stable, that alignments continue to be relatively frozen, and that the old parties continue to survive; in other words, that much of what Lipset and Rokkan contended in the late 1960s concerning freezing, ageing, and stability, still continues to be valid today. The argument is presented in four sections: (1) Levels of Electoral Volatility; (2) The Survival of Traditional Parties; (3) What Sustains the Myths of Electoral Change?; and (4) The Neglect of Party.Less
This is the second of three chapters on persistence and change in political parties, and discusses myths of electoral change and the survival of the ‘old’ parties in western Europe. It starts by presenting the three main sources of evidence (trends in aggregate electoral volatility; evidence of the mobilization and success of new parties; (imputed) evidence of the decline of party and the emergence of new forms of interest mediation) that are usually cited against the contemporary applicability of the Lipset–Rokkan ‘law’ on the ‘freezing of party systems’, showing that each of these three patterns of change is more or less rooted in varieties of electoral change. The author then contends in the rest of the chapter that this popular image of electoral change is largely mythical, and lacking in foundation (bearing little or no relation to the actual patterns of electoral alignments in contemporary Europe). It is argued that the empirical evidence suggests that European electorates continue to be stable, that alignments continue to be relatively frozen, and that the old parties continue to survive; in other words, that much of what Lipset and Rokkan contended in the late 1960s concerning freezing, ageing, and stability, still continues to be valid today. The argument is presented in four sections: (1) Levels of Electoral Volatility; (2) The Survival of Traditional Parties; (3) What Sustains the Myths of Electoral Change?; and (4) The Neglect of Party.
Ward C. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297306
- eISBN:
- 9780191713729
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
There are two properties that have been used to differentiate sequence data from other sorts of information: simplicity of states and length variation. Unlike complex anatomical features (e.g., limb ...
More
There are two properties that have been used to differentiate sequence data from other sorts of information: simplicity of states and length variation. Unlike complex anatomical features (e.g., limb or wing) that can express themselves in a myriad of forms, nucleotides exhibit only four conditions. Complexity and difference imply that states (e.g., presence/absence, or conditions) are not comparable across characters. Nucleotide states, on the other hand are identical no matter where they occur. Nucleotide sequences may also differ in length. These two aspects of molecular sequence data remove the complexity and positional information so often used in establishing primary homologies in anatomical systems. Two approaches have been developed to deal with the absence of preordained homologies and analyse sequence data. On one hand, methods have been devised to create the missing primary homology statements that are then analysed by standard techniques broadly referred to as multiple alignment. Traditionally, sequence data have undergone this pre-phylogenetic analysis step to permit familiar procedures akin to those used with anatomical characters. A second approach is to optimize directly sequence variation during cladogram searching. This methodology requires no notions of primary character homology or any global (topology-independent) homology statements whatsoever, other than that the compared sequences themselves be homologous.Less
There are two properties that have been used to differentiate sequence data from other sorts of information: simplicity of states and length variation. Unlike complex anatomical features (e.g., limb or wing) that can express themselves in a myriad of forms, nucleotides exhibit only four conditions. Complexity and difference imply that states (e.g., presence/absence, or conditions) are not comparable across characters. Nucleotide states, on the other hand are identical no matter where they occur. Nucleotide sequences may also differ in length. These two aspects of molecular sequence data remove the complexity and positional information so often used in establishing primary homologies in anatomical systems. Two approaches have been developed to deal with the absence of preordained homologies and analyse sequence data. On one hand, methods have been devised to create the missing primary homology statements that are then analysed by standard techniques broadly referred to as multiple alignment. Traditionally, sequence data have undergone this pre-phylogenetic analysis step to permit familiar procedures akin to those used with anatomical characters. A second approach is to optimize directly sequence variation during cladogram searching. This methodology requires no notions of primary character homology or any global (topology-independent) homology statements whatsoever, other than that the compared sequences themselves be homologous.
Anna Grandori
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269761
- eISBN:
- 9780191710087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269761.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This introductory chapter outlines the features of the new approach to CG that can be built by integrating the insights from the different contributions gathered in the book. Further specific theses ...
More
This introductory chapter outlines the features of the new approach to CG that can be built by integrating the insights from the different contributions gathered in the book. Further specific theses advanced in this chapter are that the ‘shareholder view’ and the unabashed recommendation of pay for performance misapply agency and property right theories themselves; that CG design should be grounded in an empirically-based appreciation of preferences and motivation; that the portfolio of governance mechanisms should be enlarged to include organizational mechanisms such as negotiation, social control, and community governance; and that, contrary to common wisdom, an economic and organizational efficiency view of CG should lead to differentiated rather than homogeneous solutions, while institutional isomorphism and legitimacy may lead to inefficient convergence.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the features of the new approach to CG that can be built by integrating the insights from the different contributions gathered in the book. Further specific theses advanced in this chapter are that the ‘shareholder view’ and the unabashed recommendation of pay for performance misapply agency and property right theories themselves; that CG design should be grounded in an empirically-based appreciation of preferences and motivation; that the portfolio of governance mechanisms should be enlarged to include organizational mechanisms such as negotiation, social control, and community governance; and that, contrary to common wisdom, an economic and organizational efficiency view of CG should lead to differentiated rather than homogeneous solutions, while institutional isomorphism and legitimacy may lead to inefficient convergence.
Claudio Ciborra
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275267
- eISBN:
- 9780191714399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275267.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter discusses the ‘crisis’ in the information and communication technology (ICT) discipline. It argues that crisis is due to the separation between people and science, and the neglect of ...
More
This chapter discusses the ‘crisis’ in the information and communication technology (ICT) discipline. It argues that crisis is due to the separation between people and science, and the neglect of issues such as the subjective origin of science, the foundational role of everyday life in the creation and development of a methodology, and, ultimately, the obliteration of authentic human existence in the management of organizations and technologies.Less
This chapter discusses the ‘crisis’ in the information and communication technology (ICT) discipline. It argues that crisis is due to the separation between people and science, and the neglect of issues such as the subjective origin of science, the foundational role of everyday life in the creation and development of a methodology, and, ultimately, the obliteration of authentic human existence in the management of organizations and technologies.
Patrick Rebuschat, Martin Rohrmeier, John A. Hawkins, and Ian Cross
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199553426
- eISBN:
- 9780191731020
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553426.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Music Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter is an introduction to Section 3 (Learning of processing), covering Chapters 16–20. In the next chapter, the target article, the argument frames musical communication as an alignment of ...
More
This chapter is an introduction to Section 3 (Learning of processing), covering Chapters 16–20. In the next chapter, the target article, the argument frames musical communication as an alignment of brain states. It argues that music and language differ in the sense that language serves primarily as a code to communicate meaning (in terms of propositions and propositional attitudes) whereas music communicates structure, affect, and motion, and affords synchronization across individuals. The chapter then presents a formal model of alignment based on the representation of brain state vectors and discusses a connectionist approach to modelling tonal vectors in music, based on Bharucha's MUSACT model. This is followed by commentaries.Less
This chapter is an introduction to Section 3 (Learning of processing), covering Chapters 16–20. In the next chapter, the target article, the argument frames musical communication as an alignment of brain states. It argues that music and language differ in the sense that language serves primarily as a code to communicate meaning (in terms of propositions and propositional attitudes) whereas music communicates structure, affect, and motion, and affords synchronization across individuals. The chapter then presents a formal model of alignment based on the representation of brain state vectors and discusses a connectionist approach to modelling tonal vectors in music, based on Bharucha's MUSACT model. This is followed by commentaries.
Robert James Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.003.0013
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The sphere and the vertically oriented cylinder are more repeatable and predictable bob shapes than the more efficient, lower-drag prolate spheroid and football shapes. As a bob shape, prolate ...
More
The sphere and the vertically oriented cylinder are more repeatable and predictable bob shapes than the more efficient, lower-drag prolate spheroid and football shapes. As a bob shape, prolate spheroids have low air drag for their volume, and give a high Q pendulum. Only football-shaped bobs, that is, bobs with pointed ends (120 degrees included angles) in the direction of travel give a higher Q. A prolate spheroid shape can be obtained by rotating an ellipse 360 degrees around its long axis. The improved repeatability and predictability of spheres and vertically oriented cylinders can be attributed to their not having the rotational alignment uncertainty that is present in the prolate spheroid and football bob shapes.Less
The sphere and the vertically oriented cylinder are more repeatable and predictable bob shapes than the more efficient, lower-drag prolate spheroid and football shapes. As a bob shape, prolate spheroids have low air drag for their volume, and give a high Q pendulum. Only football-shaped bobs, that is, bobs with pointed ends (120 degrees included angles) in the direction of travel give a higher Q. A prolate spheroid shape can be obtained by rotating an ellipse 360 degrees around its long axis. The improved repeatability and predictability of spheres and vertically oriented cylinders can be attributed to their not having the rotational alignment uncertainty that is present in the prolate spheroid and football bob shapes.
M. Vidyasagar
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691133157
- eISBN:
- 9781400850518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691133157.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter considers some applications of Markov processes and hidden Markov processes to computational biology. It introduces three important problems, namely: sequence alignment, the gene-finding ...
More
This chapter considers some applications of Markov processes and hidden Markov processes to computational biology. It introduces three important problems, namely: sequence alignment, the gene-finding problem, and protein classification. After providing an overview of some relevant aspects of biology, the chapter examines the problem of optimal gapped alignment between two sequences. This is a way to detect similarity between two sequences over a common alphabet, such as the four-symbol alphabet of nucleotides, or the 20-symbol alphabet of amino acids. The chapter proceeds by discussing some widely used algorithms for finding genes from DNA sequences (genomes), including the GLIMMER algorithm and the GENSCAN algorithm. Finally, it describes a special type of hidden Markov model termed profile hidden Markov model, which is commonly used to classify proteins into a small number of groups.Less
This chapter considers some applications of Markov processes and hidden Markov processes to computational biology. It introduces three important problems, namely: sequence alignment, the gene-finding problem, and protein classification. After providing an overview of some relevant aspects of biology, the chapter examines the problem of optimal gapped alignment between two sequences. This is a way to detect similarity between two sequences over a common alphabet, such as the four-symbol alphabet of nucleotides, or the 20-symbol alphabet of amino acids. The chapter proceeds by discussing some widely used algorithms for finding genes from DNA sequences (genomes), including the GLIMMER algorithm and the GENSCAN algorithm. Finally, it describes a special type of hidden Markov model termed profile hidden Markov model, which is commonly used to classify proteins into a small number of groups.
Kees Hengeveld and J. Lachlan Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199278107
- eISBN:
- 9780191707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and ...
More
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.Less
This chapter turns to the encoding of the distinctions made at the Interpersonal and Representational Levels in morphosyntactic form. The layered structure distinguishes Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme as composing the Linguistic Expression. Hierarchical and equipollent relations in formulation are shown to influence this level in its dynamic implementation.
Michael Rosenberg (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256972
- eISBN:
- 9780520943742
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256972.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
The sequencing of the human genome involved thousands of scientists but used relatively few tools. Today, obtaining sequences is simpler, but aligning them—making sure that sequences from one source ...
More
The sequencing of the human genome involved thousands of scientists but used relatively few tools. Today, obtaining sequences is simpler, but aligning them—making sure that sequences from one source are properly compared to those from others—remains a complicated but underappreciated aspect of comparative molecular biology. This book, whic focuses on this crucial step in analyzing sequence data, is about the practice of alignment, the procedures by which alignments are established, and, more importantly, how the outcomes of any alignment algorithm should be interpreted. It covers molecular causes, computational advances, approaches for assessing alignment quality, and philosophical underpinnings of the algorithms themselves.Less
The sequencing of the human genome involved thousands of scientists but used relatively few tools. Today, obtaining sequences is simpler, but aligning them—making sure that sequences from one source are properly compared to those from others—remains a complicated but underappreciated aspect of comparative molecular biology. This book, whic focuses on this crucial step in analyzing sequence data, is about the practice of alignment, the procedures by which alignments are established, and, more importantly, how the outcomes of any alignment algorithm should be interpreted. It covers molecular causes, computational advances, approaches for assessing alignment quality, and philosophical underpinnings of the algorithms themselves.
Søren Wichmann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This introductory chapter presents the background of the book, discusses the new term ‘semantic alignment’ and related terminology, traces major developments in the study of semantic alignment, ...
More
This introductory chapter presents the background of the book, discusses the new term ‘semantic alignment’ and related terminology, traces major developments in the study of semantic alignment, characterizes the overall achievement of the book, and summarizes the individual chapters.Less
This introductory chapter presents the background of the book, discusses the new term ‘semantic alignment’ and related terminology, traces major developments in the study of semantic alignment, characterizes the overall achievement of the book, and summarizes the individual chapters.
Johanna Nichols
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter presents a lexical typological study of argument encoding for selected verb glosses across selected languages of Eurasia, the Pacific, and the Americas. Plotting the percentages of A- ...
More
This chapter presents a lexical typological study of argument encoding for selected verb glosses across selected languages of Eurasia, the Pacific, and the Americas. Plotting the percentages of A- vs. O-coded Ss for the sample yields a continuum where ergative and accusative languages cluster towards opposite extremes and languages normally classified as semantically aligned fall in between.Less
This chapter presents a lexical typological study of argument encoding for selected verb glosses across selected languages of Eurasia, the Pacific, and the Americas. Plotting the percentages of A- vs. O-coded Ss for the sample yields a continuum where ergative and accusative languages cluster towards opposite extremes and languages normally classified as semantically aligned fall in between.
Edward J. Vajda
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Proto-Yeniseic possessed a type of semantic alignment whereby subject and object NPs were zero marked and most undergoer subjects generated verb-internal agreement. Modern Ket exhibits a more complex ...
More
Proto-Yeniseic possessed a type of semantic alignment whereby subject and object NPs were zero marked and most undergoer subjects generated verb-internal agreement. Modern Ket exhibits a more complex system of verb-internal subject-object marking involving several different patterns which defy simple semantic classification. This chapter traces this phenomenon diachronically.Less
Proto-Yeniseic possessed a type of semantic alignment whereby subject and object NPs were zero marked and most undergoer subjects generated verb-internal agreement. Modern Ket exhibits a more complex system of verb-internal subject-object marking involving several different patterns which defy simple semantic classification. This chapter traces this phenomenon diachronically.
Marian Klamer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter discusses semantic parameters relevant to the alignment systems of nine lesser-known languages of eastern Indonesia. The alignment is primarily determined by the proto-Agent feature ...
More
This chapter discusses semantic parameters relevant to the alignment systems of nine lesser-known languages of eastern Indonesia. The alignment is primarily determined by the proto-Agent feature ‘volition’ and the proto-Patient feature ‘undergoer of change of state’. The distinction between dynamic and static predicates plays only a limited role.Less
This chapter discusses semantic parameters relevant to the alignment systems of nine lesser-known languages of eastern Indonesia. The alignment is primarily determined by the proto-Agent feature ‘volition’ and the proto-Patient feature ‘undergoer of change of state’. The distinction between dynamic and static predicates plays only a limited role.
Swintha Danielsen and Tania Granadillo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199238385
- eISBN:
- 9780191716768
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238385.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter discusses the agreement systems of two genetically and geographically disparate Arawak languages, Kurripako and Baure. While Kurripako exhibits semantic alignment, the differential ...
More
This chapter discusses the agreement systems of two genetically and geographically disparate Arawak languages, Kurripako and Baure. While Kurripako exhibits semantic alignment, the differential treatment of Baure intransitive subjects relates to parts of speech. It is hypothesized, however, that the Baure system developed from one similar to that of Kurripako.Less
This chapter discusses the agreement systems of two genetically and geographically disparate Arawak languages, Kurripako and Baure. While Kurripako exhibits semantic alignment, the differential treatment of Baure intransitive subjects relates to parts of speech. It is hypothesized, however, that the Baure system developed from one similar to that of Kurripako.
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter examines multilateral agreement as a strategy for developing competition law on the global level. It identifies the potential for multilateral agreement, outlines the forms such ...
More
This chapter examines multilateral agreement as a strategy for developing competition law on the global level. It identifies the potential for multilateral agreement, outlines the forms such agreement might take, and dissects the issues that will influence support of a multilateral strategy. The analysis emphasizes the need to adapt any multilateral agreement to the specific needs of competition law development rather than to follow pre-existing forms or subject it to pre-existing institutional procedures. Time and flexibility are likely to be critically important in fashioning an effective strategy, because they allow the obligations of states and the relationships among states to be adapted to the process of economic development. An effective strategy will call for active support from all types of participants in the global economy. The chapter then sketches a conception of multilateral agreement called a ‘commitment pathway’, which is specifically designed to take these factors into account.Less
This chapter examines multilateral agreement as a strategy for developing competition law on the global level. It identifies the potential for multilateral agreement, outlines the forms such agreement might take, and dissects the issues that will influence support of a multilateral strategy. The analysis emphasizes the need to adapt any multilateral agreement to the specific needs of competition law development rather than to follow pre-existing forms or subject it to pre-existing institutional procedures. Time and flexibility are likely to be critically important in fashioning an effective strategy, because they allow the obligations of states and the relationships among states to be adapted to the process of economic development. An effective strategy will call for active support from all types of participants in the global economy. The chapter then sketches a conception of multilateral agreement called a ‘commitment pathway’, which is specifically designed to take these factors into account.
Michael J. Earl
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195159530
- eISBN:
- 9780199834983
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159535.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
An approach for assessing the maturity of a firm’s business-IT alignment is presented. This chapter is divided into the following sections: the Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment Description, ...
More
An approach for assessing the maturity of a firm’s business-IT alignment is presented. This chapter is divided into the following sections: the Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment Description, Six Strategic Alignment Maturity Criteria, and Conducting a Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment. A summary of strategic maturity alignment research to date is then discussed.Less
An approach for assessing the maturity of a firm’s business-IT alignment is presented. This chapter is divided into the following sections: the Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment Description, Six Strategic Alignment Maturity Criteria, and Conducting a Strategic Alignment Maturity Assessment. A summary of strategic maturity alignment research to date is then discussed.
OLIVER HEATH and YOGENDRA YADAV
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264515
- eISBN:
- 9780191734403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264515.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter explores the relationship formed between the social structure of India and its contemporary patterns. It tries to show how this relates to the theories of social cleavage alignment, and ...
More
This chapter explores the relationship formed between the social structure of India and its contemporary patterns. It tries to show how this relates to the theories of social cleavage alignment, and examines change in the cleavage structure of party competition. The chapter also discusses how different contemporary patterns of political conflict in India are from those of the past.Less
This chapter explores the relationship formed between the social structure of India and its contemporary patterns. It tries to show how this relates to the theories of social cleavage alignment, and examines change in the cleavage structure of party competition. The chapter also discusses how different contemporary patterns of political conflict in India are from those of the past.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they ...
More
Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they specify the conceptual and phonological overlap between component structures, as well as between the component and composite structures. Semantic integration often involves multiple correspondences. Semantic anomaly arises when corresponding elements have inconsistent properties. Usually the composite structure inherits its profile (and thus its grammatical category) from one of the component structures, which is thus the constructional head (or profile determinant). It is also usual for one component structure to elaborate a schematic substructure (an elaboration site) within the other component. A component which makes salient schematic reference to another in this manner is said to be dependent on it. Organization in relationships of autonomy/dependence (A/D-alignment) is a basic feature of language structure. The difference between complements and modifiers is a matter of whether these component structures are autonomous or dependent with respect to the constructional head. Constituency is the hierarchical aspect of symbolic assemblies. Contrary to standard views, constituency is neither fundamental nor essential to grammar, and while it does emerge, it is neither invariant nor exhaustive of grammatical structure. Grammatical relations (like subject and object) are defined on the basis of semantic factors and correspondences, and are thus independent of particular constituency configurations.Less
Constructions are characterized in terms of four basic factors: correspondences, profiling, elaboration, and constituency. Correspondences are the basis for semantic and grammatical integration; they specify the conceptual and phonological overlap between component structures, as well as between the component and composite structures. Semantic integration often involves multiple correspondences. Semantic anomaly arises when corresponding elements have inconsistent properties. Usually the composite structure inherits its profile (and thus its grammatical category) from one of the component structures, which is thus the constructional head (or profile determinant). It is also usual for one component structure to elaborate a schematic substructure (an elaboration site) within the other component. A component which makes salient schematic reference to another in this manner is said to be dependent on it. Organization in relationships of autonomy/dependence (A/D-alignment) is a basic feature of language structure. The difference between complements and modifiers is a matter of whether these component structures are autonomous or dependent with respect to the constructional head. Constituency is the hierarchical aspect of symbolic assemblies. Contrary to standard views, constituency is neither fundamental nor essential to grammar, and while it does emerge, it is neither invariant nor exhaustive of grammatical structure. Grammatical relations (like subject and object) are defined on the basis of semantic factors and correspondences, and are thus independent of particular constituency configurations.
