John R. B. Lighton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195310610
- eISBN:
- 9780199871414
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310610.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biotechnology
This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; ...
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This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; burning a small flame of ethanol or methanol at a rate measured by weighing the lamp (often called “alcohol recovery”); and burning hydrocarbon gases such as methane, ethane, or propane. The first two techniques yield information on absolute oxygen consumption rates; the gas flame technique yields information on ratios between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, as does the alcohol recovery technique. Full practical details including all relevant equations are given.Less
This chapter describes methods for validating the measurements made using flow-through respirometry. These methods include the injection of nitrogen at a known flow rate into a respirometry system; burning a small flame of ethanol or methanol at a rate measured by weighing the lamp (often called “alcohol recovery”); and burning hydrocarbon gases such as methane, ethane, or propane. The first two techniques yield information on absolute oxygen consumption rates; the gas flame technique yields information on ratios between oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, as does the alcohol recovery technique. Full practical details including all relevant equations are given.
David E. Biegel and Arthur Blum (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195111552
- eISBN:
- 9780199865734
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
High rates of poverty and homelessness, especially among women and children; increasing alcohol and drug abuse problems; escalating teen violence; and inadequate services for the chronically mentally ...
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High rates of poverty and homelessness, especially among women and children; increasing alcohol and drug abuse problems; escalating teen violence; and inadequate services for the chronically mentally ill are just a few of the problems that human service professionals encounter. Unfortunately, traditional approaches and programs often fail these vulnerable populations, particularly since their multiple needs often require a multidimensional approach. New innovations in practice and service delivery are clearly needed, but the current literature is often idiosyncratic, fragmented, and does not offer a systematic approach to the issues and problems. This book, containing chapters written by leading scholars in social work and related fields in mental health and human services, presents an interdisciplinary approach to the examination of innovations in direct practice and service delivery, synthesizing the development and application of knowledge concerning practice and delivery across both problems and populations. It allows innovations in direct practice and service which have relevance across problem areas or groups to be shared by students and practitioners dealing with a range of problems across the lifespan. The book is divided into four parts, beginning with a conceptual overview of theory developed by the editors for the analysis of innovations in practice and delivery. The remaining sections focus on children and adolescents, adults and the elderly. Each section defines the relevant population; discusses those issues in practice and service delivery where innovation is needed; presents an overview of the types of innovations which are taking place; and outlines the implications for practice, service delivery, policy and research.Less
High rates of poverty and homelessness, especially among women and children; increasing alcohol and drug abuse problems; escalating teen violence; and inadequate services for the chronically mentally ill are just a few of the problems that human service professionals encounter. Unfortunately, traditional approaches and programs often fail these vulnerable populations, particularly since their multiple needs often require a multidimensional approach. New innovations in practice and service delivery are clearly needed, but the current literature is often idiosyncratic, fragmented, and does not offer a systematic approach to the issues and problems. This book, containing chapters written by leading scholars in social work and related fields in mental health and human services, presents an interdisciplinary approach to the examination of innovations in direct practice and service delivery, synthesizing the development and application of knowledge concerning practice and delivery across both problems and populations. It allows innovations in direct practice and service which have relevance across problem areas or groups to be shared by students and practitioners dealing with a range of problems across the lifespan. The book is divided into four parts, beginning with a conceptual overview of theory developed by the editors for the analysis of innovations in practice and delivery. The remaining sections focus on children and adolescents, adults and the elderly. Each section defines the relevant population; discusses those issues in practice and service delivery where innovation is needed; presents an overview of the types of innovations which are taking place; and outlines the implications for practice, service delivery, policy and research.
Stephen J. Kunitz and Jerrold E. Levy (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195136159
- eISBN:
- 9780199863921
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Based on interviews with more than a thousand Navajo Indian men and women, this book examines the associations between childhood experiences and behavior and the development of alcohol dependence in ...
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Based on interviews with more than a thousand Navajo Indian men and women, this book examines the associations between childhood experiences and behavior and the development of alcohol dependence in adulthood. Because Navajo life has changed markedly over the past two generations, it also examines the role of urbanization and universal school in reshaping Navajo youth and considers the implications for changing patterns of alcohol use in adulthood. In addition, the book explores a wide range of timely issues such as domestic violence, factors associated with resistance to alcohol abuse as well as remission and recovery, the treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence, and the implications of pursuing either population-based preventive interventions or interventions focused on high risk individuals or groups.Less
Based on interviews with more than a thousand Navajo Indian men and women, this book examines the associations between childhood experiences and behavior and the development of alcohol dependence in adulthood. Because Navajo life has changed markedly over the past two generations, it also examines the role of urbanization and universal school in reshaping Navajo youth and considers the implications for changing patterns of alcohol use in adulthood. In addition, the book explores a wide range of timely issues such as domestic violence, factors associated with resistance to alcohol abuse as well as remission and recovery, the treatment and prevention of alcohol dependence, and the implications of pursuing either population-based preventive interventions or interventions focused on high risk individuals or groups.
Phil Hadfield
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199297856
- eISBN:
- 9780191700866
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297856.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
In Britain today, if you are in the business of fighting crime, then you have to be in the business of dealing with alcohol. ‘Binge drinking’ culture is intrinsic to urban leisure and has come to ...
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In Britain today, if you are in the business of fighting crime, then you have to be in the business of dealing with alcohol. ‘Binge drinking’ culture is intrinsic to urban leisure and has come to pose a key threat to public order. Unsurprisingly, a struggle is occurring. Pub and club companies, local authorities, central government, the police, the judiciary, local residents, drug and alcohol campaign groups, and revellers all hold competing notions of social order in the night-time city and the appropriate uses and meanings of its public and private spaces. Bar Wars explores how official discourses of ‘partnership’ and ‘self-regulation’ belie the extent of fierce adversarial contestation between and within these groups. Located within a long tradition of urban ethnography, the book offers unique and hard-hitting analyses of social control in bars and clubs, courtroom battles between local communities and the drinks industry, and street-level policing. These issues go to the heart of contemporary debates concerning urban civility, alcohol and drugs policies, and the impacts of and justifications for new police powers introduced as part of the Licensing Act 2003 and Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006. The author's experiences as a disc jockey and as an expert witness to the licensing courts provide a unique perspective, setting his work apart from other academic commentators. Bar Wars takes the study of the ‘night-time economy’ to a new level of sophistication, making it essential reading for all those wishing to understand the policing and regulation of contemporary British cities.Less
In Britain today, if you are in the business of fighting crime, then you have to be in the business of dealing with alcohol. ‘Binge drinking’ culture is intrinsic to urban leisure and has come to pose a key threat to public order. Unsurprisingly, a struggle is occurring. Pub and club companies, local authorities, central government, the police, the judiciary, local residents, drug and alcohol campaign groups, and revellers all hold competing notions of social order in the night-time city and the appropriate uses and meanings of its public and private spaces. Bar Wars explores how official discourses of ‘partnership’ and ‘self-regulation’ belie the extent of fierce adversarial contestation between and within these groups. Located within a long tradition of urban ethnography, the book offers unique and hard-hitting analyses of social control in bars and clubs, courtroom battles between local communities and the drinks industry, and street-level policing. These issues go to the heart of contemporary debates concerning urban civility, alcohol and drugs policies, and the impacts of and justifications for new police powers introduced as part of the Licensing Act 2003 and Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006. The author's experiences as a disc jockey and as an expert witness to the licensing courts provide a unique perspective, setting his work apart from other academic commentators. Bar Wars takes the study of the ‘night-time economy’ to a new level of sophistication, making it essential reading for all those wishing to understand the policing and regulation of contemporary British cities.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter asks why Sweden never adopted prohibition, though it seemed almost foreordained at the time, opting instead for a novel alcohol-rationing system. Particular attention is paid to the role ...
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This chapter asks why Sweden never adopted prohibition, though it seemed almost foreordained at the time, opting instead for a novel alcohol-rationing system. Particular attention is paid to the role of the official Temperance Committee, and the efforts of its most active and influential member, Ivan Bratt. Ultimately, much of the reason that Sweden adopted a stringent system of alcohol control rather than prohibition was the influence of ideational brokers such as Dr. Bratt, who mediated between prohibition and antiprohibition forces and developed new options through bricolage of existing elements of alcohol control, working within the corporatist structure that provided the institutional space for such policy experimentation.Less
This chapter asks why Sweden never adopted prohibition, though it seemed almost foreordained at the time, opting instead for a novel alcohol-rationing system. Particular attention is paid to the role of the official Temperance Committee, and the efforts of its most active and influential member, Ivan Bratt. Ultimately, much of the reason that Sweden adopted a stringent system of alcohol control rather than prohibition was the influence of ideational brokers such as Dr. Bratt, who mediated between prohibition and antiprohibition forces and developed new options through bricolage of existing elements of alcohol control, working within the corporatist structure that provided the institutional space for such policy experimentation.
Melanie M. Morey and John J. Piderit
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305517
- eISBN:
- 9780199784813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305515.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter explores the theme raised by senior administrators that student culture is both an indicator of and contributor to each Catholic institution’s distinctive Catholic culture and identity. ...
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This chapter explores the theme raised by senior administrators that student culture is both an indicator of and contributor to each Catholic institution’s distinctive Catholic culture and identity. It assesses the claim by administrators that Catholic colleges and universities provide a uniquely inclusive and value-laden education that permeates all aspects of the collegiate experience and transforms the lives of students. The chapter looks at policies and behavioral standards and enforcement mechanisms in a number of areas including alcohol use, sexual intimacy among students, invitations to outside speakers, and the awarding of honorary degrees. It also explores the role of Catholic moral teaching in student culture at Catholic institutions, and offers strategies to enhance the distinguishability and inheritability of religious culture in all four models of Catholic institutions.Less
This chapter explores the theme raised by senior administrators that student culture is both an indicator of and contributor to each Catholic institution’s distinctive Catholic culture and identity. It assesses the claim by administrators that Catholic colleges and universities provide a uniquely inclusive and value-laden education that permeates all aspects of the collegiate experience and transforms the lives of students. The chapter looks at policies and behavioral standards and enforcement mechanisms in a number of areas including alcohol use, sexual intimacy among students, invitations to outside speakers, and the awarding of honorary degrees. It also explores the role of Catholic moral teaching in student culture at Catholic institutions, and offers strategies to enhance the distinguishability and inheritability of religious culture in all four models of Catholic institutions.
Thomas Babor, Harold Holder, Raul Caetano, Ross Homel, Sally Casswell, Michael Livingston, Griffith Edwards, Esa Österberg, Norman Giesbrecht, Jürgen Rehm, Kathryn Graham, Robin Room, Joel Grube, Ingeborg Rossow, and Linda Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.003.005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on multinational corporations and global markets for alcohol, since this is the most rapidly expanding sector of the alcohol industry and the most politically powerful. However, ...
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This chapter focuses on multinational corporations and global markets for alcohol, since this is the most rapidly expanding sector of the alcohol industry and the most politically powerful. However, more than half of the world's alcohol supply still falls outside the scope of the multinational producers, in the hands of ‘informal’ home producers — often of traditional beverages — and local producers of industrialized traditional beverages and ‘international’-style beverages. Those sectors are also briefly discussed, emphasizing relationships and common interests in the sale of alcohol as the alcohol industry consolidates on a global basis.Less
This chapter focuses on multinational corporations and global markets for alcohol, since this is the most rapidly expanding sector of the alcohol industry and the most politically powerful. However, more than half of the world's alcohol supply still falls outside the scope of the multinational producers, in the hands of ‘informal’ home producers — often of traditional beverages — and local producers of industrialized traditional beverages and ‘international’-style beverages. Those sectors are also briefly discussed, emphasizing relationships and common interests in the sale of alcohol as the alcohol industry consolidates on a global basis.
Thomas Babor, Harold Holder, Raul Caetano, Ross Homel, Sally Casswell, Michael Livingston, Griffith Edwards, Esa Österberg, Norman Giesbrecht, Jürgen Rehm, Kathryn Graham, Robin Room, Joel Grube, Ingeborg Rossow, and Linda Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.003.008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter considers the aims, mechanisms, and effects of alcohol taxation and pricing, two important economic strategies that have strong implications for the prevention of alcohol-related ...
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This chapter considers the aims, mechanisms, and effects of alcohol taxation and pricing, two important economic strategies that have strong implications for the prevention of alcohol-related problems. It reviews economic research and other studies to evaluate how alcohol prices affect alcohol consumption and what aspects moderate the effects of price changes.Less
This chapter considers the aims, mechanisms, and effects of alcohol taxation and pricing, two important economic strategies that have strong implications for the prevention of alcohol-related problems. It reviews economic research and other studies to evaluate how alcohol prices affect alcohol consumption and what aspects moderate the effects of price changes.
Thomas Babor, Harold Holder, Raul Caetano, Ross Homel, Sally Casswell, Michael Livingston, Griffith Edwards, Esa Österberg, Norman Giesbrecht, Jürgen Rehm, Kathryn Graham, Robin Room, Joel Grube, Ingeborg Rossow, and Linda Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.003.012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an introduction to the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. It assesses two different policy approaches — codes ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. It assesses two different policy approaches — codes of content and restrictions to reduce exposure — for their likely impact on consumption and harm. Interventions that change exposure to advertising have often been limited, and evaluations have mixed findings. More effort has gone into the establishment of codes aimed to affect the content of the advertising. Conclusions regarding the likely effects of these approaches can be made based on theoretical understanding, and empirical evidence about the way in which marketing has its effects and its measured impacts. Conclusions may also be informed by research on tobacco advertising, where the impacts are established and widely accepted.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. It assesses two different policy approaches — codes of content and restrictions to reduce exposure — for their likely impact on consumption and harm. Interventions that change exposure to advertising have often been limited, and evaluations have mixed findings. More effort has gone into the establishment of codes aimed to affect the content of the advertising. Conclusions regarding the likely effects of these approaches can be made based on theoretical understanding, and empirical evidence about the way in which marketing has its effects and its measured impacts. Conclusions may also be informed by research on tobacco advertising, where the impacts are established and widely accepted.
Devi Sridhar
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549962
- eISBN:
- 9780191720499
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549962.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter presents findings on the impact of the Bank framework of women as ‘agents of change’ on the Bank's projects and the communities at which they are aimed, using TINP. It is a critical ...
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This chapter presents findings on the impact of the Bank framework of women as ‘agents of change’ on the Bank's projects and the communities at which they are aimed, using TINP. It is a critical analysis of local understandings of TINP, specifically the tools of growth monitoring of preschool children, supplementary feeding, and health education for mothers. In addition, knowledge and practice of child care in Tamil Nadu and women's groups are discussed along with reflections on the main obstacles to addressing undernutrition in Tamil Nadu. The chapter examines the relative importance of choice and circumstance in explaining child hunger.Less
This chapter presents findings on the impact of the Bank framework of women as ‘agents of change’ on the Bank's projects and the communities at which they are aimed, using TINP. It is a critical analysis of local understandings of TINP, specifically the tools of growth monitoring of preschool children, supplementary feeding, and health education for mothers. In addition, knowledge and practice of child care in Tamil Nadu and women's groups are discussed along with reflections on the main obstacles to addressing undernutrition in Tamil Nadu. The chapter examines the relative importance of choice and circumstance in explaining child hunger.
Thomas Babor, Harold Holder, Raul Caetano, Ross Homel, Sally Casswell, Michael Livingston, Griffith Edwards, Esa Österberg, Norman Giesbrecht, Jürgen Rehm, Kathryn Graham, Robin Room, Joel Grube, Ingeborg Rossow, and Linda Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.003.003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking in a global perspective. The typical frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, ...
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This chapter describes alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking in a global perspective. The typical frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, not only among world regions and countries, but also over time and among different population groups. It is shown that variations in these ‘patterns’ of drinking affect rates of alcohol-related problems, and have implications for the choice of alcohol policy measures.Less
This chapter describes alcohol consumption trends and patterns of drinking in a global perspective. The typical frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion vary enormously, not only among world regions and countries, but also over time and among different population groups. It is shown that variations in these ‘patterns’ of drinking affect rates of alcohol-related problems, and have implications for the choice of alcohol policy measures.
Thomas Babor, Harold Holder, Raul Caetano, Ross Homel, Sally Casswell, Michael Livingston, Griffith Edwards, Esa Österberg, Norman Giesbrecht, Jürgen Rehm, Kathryn Graham, Robin Room, Joel Grube, Ingeborg Rossow, and Linda Hill
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.003.009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on limiting the physical availability of beverage alcohol as an approach to reducing alcohol consumption and problems. It considers alcohol in terms of ...
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This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on limiting the physical availability of beverage alcohol as an approach to reducing alcohol consumption and problems. It considers alcohol in terms of its availability both as a retail product and as beverage obtained through social sources. Studies of restrictions on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reductions in the hours and days of sale, limits on the number of alcohol outlets, and restrictions on retail access to alcohol. These studies consistently show that restrictions on availability are associated with reductions in both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Although total bans on alcohol sales have been found to markedly reduce alcohol consumption and problems, they can give rise to new problems, particularly through the development of an illegal market. Such measures also require comprehensive enforcement to ensure effectiveness.Less
This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on limiting the physical availability of beverage alcohol as an approach to reducing alcohol consumption and problems. It considers alcohol in terms of its availability both as a retail product and as beverage obtained through social sources. Studies of restrictions on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reductions in the hours and days of sale, limits on the number of alcohol outlets, and restrictions on retail access to alcohol. These studies consistently show that restrictions on availability are associated with reductions in both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Although total bans on alcohol sales have been found to markedly reduce alcohol consumption and problems, they can give rise to new problems, particularly through the development of an illegal market. Such measures also require comprehensive enforcement to ensure effectiveness.
Rohit De
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691174433
- eISBN:
- 9780691185132
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174433.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously ...
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It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously unexplored records of the Supreme Court of India, this book upends this narrative and shows how the Constitution actually transformed the daily lives of citizens in profound and lasting ways. This remarkable legal process was led by individuals on the margins of society, and the book looks at how drinkers, smugglers, petty vendors, butchers, and prostitutes—all despised minorities—shaped the constitutional culture. The Constitution came alive in the popular imagination so much that ordinary people attributed meaning to its existence, took recourse to it, and argued with it. Focusing on the use of constitutional remedies by citizens against new state regulations seeking to reshape the society and economy, the book illustrates how laws and policies were frequently undone or renegotiated from below using the state's own procedures. It examines four important cases that set legal precedents: a Parsi journalist's contestation of new alcohol prohibition laws, Marwari petty traders' challenge to the system of commodity control, Muslim butchers' petition against cow protection laws, and sex workers' battle to protect their right to practice prostitution. Exploring how the Indian Constitution of 1950 enfranchised the largest population in the world, the book considers the ways that ordinary citizens produced, through litigation, alternative ethical models of citizenship.Less
It has long been contended that the Indian Constitution of 1950, a document in English created by elite consensus, has had little influence on India's greater population. Drawing upon the previously unexplored records of the Supreme Court of India, this book upends this narrative and shows how the Constitution actually transformed the daily lives of citizens in profound and lasting ways. This remarkable legal process was led by individuals on the margins of society, and the book looks at how drinkers, smugglers, petty vendors, butchers, and prostitutes—all despised minorities—shaped the constitutional culture. The Constitution came alive in the popular imagination so much that ordinary people attributed meaning to its existence, took recourse to it, and argued with it. Focusing on the use of constitutional remedies by citizens against new state regulations seeking to reshape the society and economy, the book illustrates how laws and policies were frequently undone or renegotiated from below using the state's own procedures. It examines four important cases that set legal precedents: a Parsi journalist's contestation of new alcohol prohibition laws, Marwari petty traders' challenge to the system of commodity control, Muslim butchers' petition against cow protection laws, and sex workers' battle to protect their right to practice prostitution. Exploring how the Indian Constitution of 1950 enfranchised the largest population in the world, the book considers the ways that ordinary citizens produced, through litigation, alternative ethical models of citizenship.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the prohibition of alcohol, which was global in scope. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War I, prohibition was adopted in ten countries in ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the prohibition of alcohol, which was global in scope. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War I, prohibition was adopted in ten countries in addition to the United States, as well as countless colonial possessions, all with similar disastrous consequences, and in every case followed by repeal. It considers the basic histories of three vital countries in the global prohibition drama: the most famous (or infamous) prohibition in the United States; Russia as the world's first prohibition country; and Sweden as the source of numerous policy alternatives to prohibition. The chapter then discusses the notion of a “bad policy” and an institutional framework for analysis. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the prohibition of alcohol, which was global in scope. Coinciding with the outbreak of World War I, prohibition was adopted in ten countries in addition to the United States, as well as countless colonial possessions, all with similar disastrous consequences, and in every case followed by repeal. It considers the basic histories of three vital countries in the global prohibition drama: the most famous (or infamous) prohibition in the United States; Russia as the world's first prohibition country; and Sweden as the source of numerous policy alternatives to prohibition. The chapter then discusses the notion of a “bad policy” and an institutional framework for analysis. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the most famous statutory prohibition, that of the United States. It considers how prohibition came to dominate the public discourse at the expense of rival alcohol control ...
More
This chapter examines the most famous statutory prohibition, that of the United States. It considers how prohibition came to dominate the public discourse at the expense of rival alcohol control options such the Gothenburg system, through the concerted framing efforts of temperance organizations. As elsewhere, the pending crisis of a European war created a “policy window” for the reframing of prohibition as congruent with patriotic sentiments of sacrifice for the greater good. This reframing, combined with the dynamics of positive policy feedback and the altered locus of decision making, helps explain the most baffling historical question of how such an overwhelming majority of Americans could support such a disastrous policy option, to not only ratify a prohibition amendment to the Constitution, but to do so in record time. From there, the chapter looks at the ultimate repeal of prohibition, with reference to the same mechanisms of competing ideas, actors, and feedback processes, which best explain how a supermajority of Americans and their representatives so overwhelmingly — and even more rapidly — defeated a policy that a supermajority comprised of virtually the same pool of citizens adopted just years before.Less
This chapter examines the most famous statutory prohibition, that of the United States. It considers how prohibition came to dominate the public discourse at the expense of rival alcohol control options such the Gothenburg system, through the concerted framing efforts of temperance organizations. As elsewhere, the pending crisis of a European war created a “policy window” for the reframing of prohibition as congruent with patriotic sentiments of sacrifice for the greater good. This reframing, combined with the dynamics of positive policy feedback and the altered locus of decision making, helps explain the most baffling historical question of how such an overwhelming majority of Americans could support such a disastrous policy option, to not only ratify a prohibition amendment to the Constitution, but to do so in record time. From there, the chapter looks at the ultimate repeal of prohibition, with reference to the same mechanisms of competing ideas, actors, and feedback processes, which best explain how a supermajority of Americans and their representatives so overwhelmingly — and even more rapidly — defeated a policy that a supermajority comprised of virtually the same pool of citizens adopted just years before.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter begins with a brief historical overview — from the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 through the Bol'shevik Revolution of 1917 and into the brutal, autocratic reign of Joseph Stalin, who ...
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This chapter begins with a brief historical overview — from the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 through the Bol'shevik Revolution of 1917 and into the brutal, autocratic reign of Joseph Stalin, who ultimately repealed prohibition in the Soviet Union — before it addresses the domestic structure of policy decision-making in both late imperial and early Soviet Russia. While it is difficult to imagine a more stark contrast in the political ideology of the ruling classes, the basic structure of policymaking both before and after 1917 exhibits significantly more similarities than differences. The chapter considers the evolution of temperance and prohibitionist sentiments in imperial Russia, and their surprising resilience through the February and October Revolutions of 1917. These disparate threads are woven together into a new interpretation of the Russian experience with prohibition, which embeds consideration of the enormous weight normally given to Tsar Nicholas II within a deeper understanding of the role of autocratic policymaking institutions.Less
This chapter begins with a brief historical overview — from the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 through the Bol'shevik Revolution of 1917 and into the brutal, autocratic reign of Joseph Stalin, who ultimately repealed prohibition in the Soviet Union — before it addresses the domestic structure of policy decision-making in both late imperial and early Soviet Russia. While it is difficult to imagine a more stark contrast in the political ideology of the ruling classes, the basic structure of policymaking both before and after 1917 exhibits significantly more similarities than differences. The chapter considers the evolution of temperance and prohibitionist sentiments in imperial Russia, and their surprising resilience through the February and October Revolutions of 1917. These disparate threads are woven together into a new interpretation of the Russian experience with prohibition, which embeds consideration of the enormous weight normally given to Tsar Nicholas II within a deeper understanding of the role of autocratic policymaking institutions.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter weaves together the transnational temperance movement in Chapter 2 with policymaking at the national level in Chapters 3 through 5, by examining the extent to which alcohol control ...
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This chapter weaves together the transnational temperance movement in Chapter 2 with policymaking at the national level in Chapters 3 through 5, by examining the extent to which alcohol control policy ideas and experiences in one country influence policy developments in another. By focusing on the invocation of foreign ideas — anchored in experience beyond the control of national policymakers and requiring explicit investigation and comparison of foreign conditions — we can trace the influence of ideas within different institutional contexts at different stages in the policy process. While transnational ideational influences are broadly similar with respect to agenda setting in society-dominated, corporatist, and autocratic governance structures, these similarities disappear with the shift to policy debate and adoption that comes with the opening of a window for policy change. Society-dominated structures, such as in the United States, are predisposed toward the influence of normative ideational elements — frames and public sentiments — whereas corporatist structures, as in the Swedish case, are predisposed toward the influence of cognitive ideational elements: policy programs and paradigms. In autocratic structures, as in Russia, the elements at the forefront of the policy debate — policy programs and frames — are more salient.Less
This chapter weaves together the transnational temperance movement in Chapter 2 with policymaking at the national level in Chapters 3 through 5, by examining the extent to which alcohol control policy ideas and experiences in one country influence policy developments in another. By focusing on the invocation of foreign ideas — anchored in experience beyond the control of national policymakers and requiring explicit investigation and comparison of foreign conditions — we can trace the influence of ideas within different institutional contexts at different stages in the policy process. While transnational ideational influences are broadly similar with respect to agenda setting in society-dominated, corporatist, and autocratic governance structures, these similarities disappear with the shift to policy debate and adoption that comes with the opening of a window for policy change. Society-dominated structures, such as in the United States, are predisposed toward the influence of normative ideational elements — frames and public sentiments — whereas corporatist structures, as in the Swedish case, are predisposed toward the influence of cognitive ideational elements: policy programs and paradigms. In autocratic structures, as in Russia, the elements at the forefront of the policy debate — policy programs and frames — are more salient.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed ...
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This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed decision makers in each country toward or away from a particular policy, while also enhancing the understanding of how different institutional arrangements respond to crises by accelerating the policy debate, and thereby altering the political discourse to impact the course of policy development. In drawing together such diverse insights, the chapter also poses an explanation for the international alcohol control/prohibition policy “wave” of the early 20th century. In brief, the wave can be explained only with reference to a combination of transnationally diffused temperance ideas, varyingly translated into policy through institutionalized channels of decision making, with a common external stimulus of a world war. War explains the timing of the policy wave, transnational temperance information networks explain the direction of the policy change, and domestic institutional constraints explain the ultimate form of that change.Less
This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed decision makers in each country toward or away from a particular policy, while also enhancing the understanding of how different institutional arrangements respond to crises by accelerating the policy debate, and thereby altering the political discourse to impact the course of policy development. In drawing together such diverse insights, the chapter also poses an explanation for the international alcohol control/prohibition policy “wave” of the early 20th century. In brief, the wave can be explained only with reference to a combination of transnationally diffused temperance ideas, varyingly translated into policy through institutionalized channels of decision making, with a common external stimulus of a world war. War explains the timing of the policy wave, transnational temperance information networks explain the direction of the policy change, and domestic institutional constraints explain the ultimate form of that change.
Thomas F. Babor, Raul Caetano, Sally Casswell, Griffith Edwards, Norman Giesbrecht, Kathryn Graham, Joel W. Grube, Linda Hill, Harold Holder, Ross Homel, Michael Livingston, Esa Österberg, Jürgen Rehm, Robin Room, and Ingeborg Rossow
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199551149
- eISBN:
- 9780191720642
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551149.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between ...
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Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between addiction science and alcohol policy. It presents the accumulated scientific knowledge on alcohol research that has a direct relevance to the development of alcohol policy on local, national, and international levels. It provides an objective analytical basis on which to build relevant policies globally, and informs policy makers who have direct responsibility for public health and social welfare. By locating alcohol policy primarily within the realm of public health, this book draws attention to the growing tendency for governments, both national and local, to consider alcohol misuse as a major determinant of ill health, and to organize societal responses accordingly. The scope of the book is comprehensive and international. The authors describe the conceptual basis for a rational alcohol policy and present new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of alcohol misuse. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in seven general areas of alcohol policy: pricing and taxation; regulating the physical availability of alcohol; modifying the environment in which drinking occurs; drink-driving countermeasures; marketing restrictions; primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; and treatment and early intervention services. The final chapters discuss the current state of alcohol policy in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to alcohol policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated.Less
Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity - Research and Public Policy Second Edition is a collaborative effort by an international group of addiction scientists to improve the linkages between addiction science and alcohol policy. It presents the accumulated scientific knowledge on alcohol research that has a direct relevance to the development of alcohol policy on local, national, and international levels. It provides an objective analytical basis on which to build relevant policies globally, and informs policy makers who have direct responsibility for public health and social welfare. By locating alcohol policy primarily within the realm of public health, this book draws attention to the growing tendency for governments, both national and local, to consider alcohol misuse as a major determinant of ill health, and to organize societal responses accordingly. The scope of the book is comprehensive and international. The authors describe the conceptual basis for a rational alcohol policy and present new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of alcohol misuse. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in seven general areas of alcohol policy: pricing and taxation; regulating the physical availability of alcohol; modifying the environment in which drinking occurs; drink-driving countermeasures; marketing restrictions; primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; and treatment and early intervention services. The final chapters discuss the current state of alcohol policy in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to alcohol policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated.
Thomas S. Bianchi and Elizabeth A. Canuel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134147
- eISBN:
- 9781400839100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134147.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses several classes of cyclic isoprenoids and their respective derivatives, which have proven to be important biomarkers that can be used to estimate algal and vascular plant ...
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This chapter discusses several classes of cyclic isoprenoids and their respective derivatives, which have proven to be important biomarkers that can be used to estimate algal and vascular plant contributions as well as diagenetic proxies. Sterols are a group of cyclic alcohols (typically between C26 and C30) that vary structurally in the number, stereochemistry, and position of double bonds as well as methyland ethyl-group substitutions on the side chain. Sterols are biosynthesized from isoprene units using the mevalonate pathway and are classified as triterpenes (i.e., consisting of six isoprene units). Marine organisms such as phytoplankton and zooplankton tend to be dominated by C27 and C28 sterols, while vascular plants have been shown to have a relatively high abundance of C29 sterols. The chapter shows that although C29 sterols are considered to be the dominant sterols found in vascular plants, these compounds may be present in certain epibenthic cyanobacteria and phytoplanktonic species, indicating that these compounds represent a very diverse and powerful suite of chemical biomarkers in aquatic ecosystems.Less
This chapter discusses several classes of cyclic isoprenoids and their respective derivatives, which have proven to be important biomarkers that can be used to estimate algal and vascular plant contributions as well as diagenetic proxies. Sterols are a group of cyclic alcohols (typically between C26 and C30) that vary structurally in the number, stereochemistry, and position of double bonds as well as methyland ethyl-group substitutions on the side chain. Sterols are biosynthesized from isoprene units using the mevalonate pathway and are classified as triterpenes (i.e., consisting of six isoprene units). Marine organisms such as phytoplankton and zooplankton tend to be dominated by C27 and C28 sterols, while vascular plants have been shown to have a relatively high abundance of C29 sterols. The chapter shows that although C29 sterols are considered to be the dominant sterols found in vascular plants, these compounds may be present in certain epibenthic cyanobacteria and phytoplanktonic species, indicating that these compounds represent a very diverse and powerful suite of chemical biomarkers in aquatic ecosystems.
