Thanh V. Tran
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195325089
- eISBN:
- 9780199864515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325089.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in ...
More
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.Less
A research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three ways in cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. To develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation, whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations. Chapter 2 describes the process of cross-cultural instrument development, from formulating the research aims to the assessments of cross-cultural measurement properties.
Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. ...
More
This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. Section 5.2 discusses the role of derivative actions in the corporate governance matrix. Section 5.3 then discusses the specific role that the derivative action may play in such a constantly changing system. The various points teased out throughout the preceding discussion are finally crystallized in Part B of the chapter. First, section 5.4.1 sets out the aims of the model, followed by an outline and the policy premises underlying the FFM. Section 5.4.2 then unearths and illuminates the value of deterrence against corporate misconduct. Section 5.4.3 considers strategies that can be pursued to reverse the negative effects of those forces that weaken the social meaning of derivative actions. Subsequently, these key characteristics are reduced to practical recommendations in Section 5.4.4.Less
This chapter develops a model to analyse and explain the use of the derivative action referred to as the Functional and Focused Model (FFM). It is organized in two parts. Part A provides the setting. Section 5.2 discusses the role of derivative actions in the corporate governance matrix. Section 5.3 then discusses the specific role that the derivative action may play in such a constantly changing system. The various points teased out throughout the preceding discussion are finally crystallized in Part B of the chapter. First, section 5.4.1 sets out the aims of the model, followed by an outline and the policy premises underlying the FFM. Section 5.4.2 then unearths and illuminates the value of deterrence against corporate misconduct. Section 5.4.3 considers strategies that can be pursued to reverse the negative effects of those forces that weaken the social meaning of derivative actions. Subsequently, these key characteristics are reduced to practical recommendations in Section 5.4.4.
Philip Towle
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206361
- eISBN:
- 9780191677090
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206361.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Military History
Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory ...
More
Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory since 1815. In many cases, forced disarmament was one of the most important, if not the most important, of their war aims. The demilitarization of Germany and Japan, for example, was one of the most significant post-war measures agreed by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States in 1945, whilst the debate on the disarmament measures imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War continues to rage. The efficacy and durability of enforced disarmament measures, and the resistance they are likely to encounter, are thus issues of central strategic and political importance. This book examines the most important peace settlements from the time of Napoleon Bonaparte to Saddam Hussein.Less
Enforced disarmament has often been ignored by historians, diplomats, and strategic analysts. Yet the democracies have imposed some measure of disarmament on their enemies after every major victory since 1815. In many cases, forced disarmament was one of the most important, if not the most important, of their war aims. The demilitarization of Germany and Japan, for example, was one of the most significant post-war measures agreed by the Soviet Union, Britain, and the United States in 1945, whilst the debate on the disarmament measures imposed on Iraq after the Gulf War continues to rage. The efficacy and durability of enforced disarmament measures, and the resistance they are likely to encounter, are thus issues of central strategic and political importance. This book examines the most important peace settlements from the time of Napoleon Bonaparte to Saddam Hussein.
Roger Undy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199544943
- eISBN:
- 9780191719936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544943.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR
Amalgamating partners' negotiating powers are taken to be a function of their interdependence. On this basis, the amalgamations studied are divided into three groups: dominant partner unions' ...
More
Amalgamating partners' negotiating powers are taken to be a function of their interdependence. On this basis, the amalgamations studied are divided into three groups: dominant partner unions' negotiations conducted under competitive conditions; dominant partners unions' negotiations in the absence of competitive bids; and balanced partner unions' negotiations in the absence of competitive bids. Dominant partner amalgamation negotiations are found to be similar to transfer negotiations. In contrast, balanced partner amalgamation negotiations are more complex and generally provide the opportunity to transform the partner unions' internal organization.Less
Amalgamating partners' negotiating powers are taken to be a function of their interdependence. On this basis, the amalgamations studied are divided into three groups: dominant partner unions' negotiations conducted under competitive conditions; dominant partners unions' negotiations in the absence of competitive bids; and balanced partner unions' negotiations in the absence of competitive bids. Dominant partner amalgamation negotiations are found to be similar to transfer negotiations. In contrast, balanced partner amalgamation negotiations are more complex and generally provide the opportunity to transform the partner unions' internal organization.
Richard Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263455
- eISBN:
- 9780191602726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263450.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from ...
More
Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from supervisory (Cambodia) to direct governance (Kosovo and East Timor). Further distinguishes international administrations with regard to the aims and contextual factors that establish the framework of an operation. These operations are not entirely without precedent and the chapter also discusses relevant historical antecedents. Concludes with a discussion of the various international actors involved and the nature of the organizational structures created.Less
Examines some of the more salient features of international administrations. Differentiates the various types of administrations on the basis of the degree of authority that they possess—ranging from supervisory (Cambodia) to direct governance (Kosovo and East Timor). Further distinguishes international administrations with regard to the aims and contextual factors that establish the framework of an operation. These operations are not entirely without precedent and the chapter also discusses relevant historical antecedents. Concludes with a discussion of the various international actors involved and the nature of the organizational structures created.
Stephen Gaukroger
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296446
- eISBN:
- 9780191711985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296446.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
There are three areas of particular concern to mechanists, concerns which highlight the legitimatory aspects of the mechanist project in natural philosophy. The first is the question of how ...
More
There are three areas of particular concern to mechanists, concerns which highlight the legitimatory aspects of the mechanist project in natural philosophy. The first is the question of how mechanists deal with the explanatory load placed on their systems by a combination of minimal explanatory resources and ambitious explanatory aims. In particular, the role that the doctrine of primary and secondary qualities plays in this respect, especially in Malebranche's reworking of Cartesianism. Second, there is the attempt to extend mechanism into the realms of vital and cognitive functions, phenomena that were treated as part of natural philosophy in the early-modern period, and which generated a great deal of controversy. Finally, there is the question of the relation between natural philosophy expanded into the biological realm and the traditional practice of clinical medicine, which harbours a very different model of understanding biological processes as they relate to illness and health.Less
There are three areas of particular concern to mechanists, concerns which highlight the legitimatory aspects of the mechanist project in natural philosophy. The first is the question of how mechanists deal with the explanatory load placed on their systems by a combination of minimal explanatory resources and ambitious explanatory aims. In particular, the role that the doctrine of primary and secondary qualities plays in this respect, especially in Malebranche's reworking of Cartesianism. Second, there is the attempt to extend mechanism into the realms of vital and cognitive functions, phenomena that were treated as part of natural philosophy in the early-modern period, and which generated a great deal of controversy. Finally, there is the question of the relation between natural philosophy expanded into the biological realm and the traditional practice of clinical medicine, which harbours a very different model of understanding biological processes as they relate to illness and health.
Alan Millar
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199254408
- eISBN:
- 9780191719721
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254408.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter argues that all belief calls for justification and that, accordingly, a normative reason for a belief must justify or be positively relevant to the justification of that belief. This is ...
More
This chapter argues that all belief calls for justification and that, accordingly, a normative reason for a belief must justify or be positively relevant to the justification of that belief. This is explained in terms of the idea that belief constitutively aims at truth. It is argued (a) that while normative reasons for action must favour or recommend the action, they may do so merely by giving an instrumental point to the action, and (b) that it is far from clear that all intentional action calls for justification in anything like the sense in which beliefs call for justification. The classical view that intentional action constitutively aims at the good is rejected on the grounds that it does not square with the possibility of deeply perverse action. The relation between motivating and normative reasons for belief or action is discussed.Less
This chapter argues that all belief calls for justification and that, accordingly, a normative reason for a belief must justify or be positively relevant to the justification of that belief. This is explained in terms of the idea that belief constitutively aims at truth. It is argued (a) that while normative reasons for action must favour or recommend the action, they may do so merely by giving an instrumental point to the action, and (b) that it is far from clear that all intentional action calls for justification in anything like the sense in which beliefs call for justification. The classical view that intentional action constitutively aims at the good is rejected on the grounds that it does not square with the possibility of deeply perverse action. The relation between motivating and normative reasons for belief or action is discussed.
Beatrice Heuser
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199232024
- eISBN:
- 9780191716133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232024.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Clausewitz's definition of strategy, as given in On War, is very unsatisfactory. Taking his own ideas about the relationship between political aims and military means further, one is led to define ...
More
Clausewitz's definition of strategy, as given in On War, is very unsatisfactory. Taking his own ideas about the relationship between political aims and military means further, one is led to define strategy in relation to the degree of success in the achievement of the war aims, which must include a lasting, stable peace, the conditions of which are bearable or even satisfactory for all sides. This requires a change in the enemy's mind about the situation, and not just a breaking of his will. The enemy must be convinced that he has a stake in the peace, not just be temporarily disabled. Only then is military victory the true end of war and the foundation of peace, not a prelude to the next war.Less
Clausewitz's definition of strategy, as given in On War, is very unsatisfactory. Taking his own ideas about the relationship between political aims and military means further, one is led to define strategy in relation to the degree of success in the achievement of the war aims, which must include a lasting, stable peace, the conditions of which are bearable or even satisfactory for all sides. This requires a change in the enemy's mind about the situation, and not just a breaking of his will. The enemy must be convinced that he has a stake in the peace, not just be temporarily disabled. Only then is military victory the true end of war and the foundation of peace, not a prelude to the next war.
Berys Gaut
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263219
- eISBN:
- 9780191718854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263219.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter discusses artists' ethical aims in their works and the influential role of ethical criticism in critical practice, even in the writings of the New Critics and of post-structuralist ...
More
This chapter discusses artists' ethical aims in their works and the influential role of ethical criticism in critical practice, even in the writings of the New Critics and of post-structuralist thinkers, such as Foucault, who ostensibly reject ethical criticism. It shows that the use of the terms, ‘moralistic’ and ‘didactic’, as terms of critical censure are consistent with ethicism. Thus, artistic and critical practices subjected to a process of reflective testing give support to ethicism. But it is also shown that given the sheer diversity of critical practices and the strength of ethicism relative to contextualism, appeals to such practices cannot decisively establish ethicism.Less
This chapter discusses artists' ethical aims in their works and the influential role of ethical criticism in critical practice, even in the writings of the New Critics and of post-structuralist thinkers, such as Foucault, who ostensibly reject ethical criticism. It shows that the use of the terms, ‘moralistic’ and ‘didactic’, as terms of critical censure are consistent with ethicism. Thus, artistic and critical practices subjected to a process of reflective testing give support to ethicism. But it is also shown that given the sheer diversity of critical practices and the strength of ethicism relative to contextualism, appeals to such practices cannot decisively establish ethicism.
Martin Ceadel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571161
- eISBN:
- 9780191721762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571161.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines Angell as an unofficial propagandist first for Britain's cause in the Second World War and then for the west's cause in the Cold War. Moving to the United States in July 1940, ...
More
This chapter examines Angell as an unofficial propagandist first for Britain's cause in the Second World War and then for the west's cause in the Cold War. Moving to the United States in July 1940, he produced a best-selling statement of allied war aims in early 1943, and lambasted ‘the Communist-cum-atomic pestilence’ from 1945 onwards. His return to Britain in 1951 coincided with the appearance of a successful autobiography; and seven years later he produced another book, though he made little progress with the educational testament on which he toiled to the end. Anxious about his legacy, he was gratified by increasing historical interest in his career and by the purchase of his books and papers by an American college. He remained active and independent until a few months before his death aged almost 95.Less
This chapter examines Angell as an unofficial propagandist first for Britain's cause in the Second World War and then for the west's cause in the Cold War. Moving to the United States in July 1940, he produced a best-selling statement of allied war aims in early 1943, and lambasted ‘the Communist-cum-atomic pestilence’ from 1945 onwards. His return to Britain in 1951 coincided with the appearance of a successful autobiography; and seven years later he produced another book, though he made little progress with the educational testament on which he toiled to the end. Anxious about his legacy, he was gratified by increasing historical interest in his career and by the purchase of his books and papers by an American college. He remained active and independent until a few months before his death aged almost 95.
Harry Brighouse and Michael McPherson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226259345
- eISBN:
- 9780226259512
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226259512.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
The book is a collection of essays about ethical issues arising in selective higher education. The chapters, all by distinguished scholars, including one eminent university president, address the ...
More
The book is a collection of essays about ethical issues arising in selective higher education. The chapters, all by distinguished scholars, including one eminent university president, address the following issues: what are the proper aims of the university and what role do the liberal arts play in fulfilling those aims?: what is the justification of the humanities; how should we conceive of critical reflection, and how should we teach it to our students?; how should professors approach their intellectual relationship with their students?; how should academics approach the problems raised by social epistemology (like the novice-expert problem) in their curriculum design and pedagogical practices?; what obligations do elite institutions have to correct for the contribution they have made, over time, to racial inequality?; and how can the university serve as a model of justice for its students? It concludes with a brief essay suggesting further avenues for research.Less
The book is a collection of essays about ethical issues arising in selective higher education. The chapters, all by distinguished scholars, including one eminent university president, address the following issues: what are the proper aims of the university and what role do the liberal arts play in fulfilling those aims?: what is the justification of the humanities; how should we conceive of critical reflection, and how should we teach it to our students?; how should professors approach their intellectual relationship with their students?; how should academics approach the problems raised by social epistemology (like the novice-expert problem) in their curriculum design and pedagogical practices?; what obligations do elite institutions have to correct for the contribution they have made, over time, to racial inequality?; and how can the university serve as a model of justice for its students? It concludes with a brief essay suggesting further avenues for research.
Mary Douglas
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199265237
- eISBN:
- 9780191602054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199265232.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The author discusses the origin of her book and its purpose, which she describes as setting the two main priestly books of the Pentateuch – the Books of Leviticus and Numbers – in (an ...
More
The author discusses the origin of her book and its purpose, which she describes as setting the two main priestly books of the Pentateuch – the Books of Leviticus and Numbers – in (an anthropologist's) context. These Books are regarded by the author as having a strong shared political commitment: the keeping alive of the legendary alliance of the twelve sons of Jacob, and the advocacy of peace with Samaria, at the time when the Second Temple community of Israel was drawing its boundaries and redefining itself as an exclusive religious group and Samaria was standing out as a dangerous enemy. The scheme of this book is described, and the origins of the controversies that have arisen over interpretation of the Pentateuch outlined, along with discussion of the probable views of the priestly editors (both in exile and on return) on ecstatic cults and the resulting reinforcement of the orderly and theorized approach they took to renewing the old religion. The final section of the Preface returns to the theme of problems of translation and meaning and the concerns of the priestly editors in the different chapters of the book.Less
The author discusses the origin of her book and its purpose, which she describes as setting the two main priestly books of the Pentateuch – the Books of Leviticus and Numbers – in (an anthropologist's) context. These Books are regarded by the author as having a strong shared political commitment: the keeping alive of the legendary alliance of the twelve sons of Jacob, and the advocacy of peace with Samaria, at the time when the Second Temple community of Israel was drawing its boundaries and redefining itself as an exclusive religious group and Samaria was standing out as a dangerous enemy. The scheme of this book is described, and the origins of the controversies that have arisen over interpretation of the Pentateuch outlined, along with discussion of the probable views of the priestly editors (both in exile and on return) on ecstatic cults and the resulting reinforcement of the orderly and theorized approach they took to renewing the old religion. The final section of the Preface returns to the theme of problems of translation and meaning and the concerns of the priestly editors in the different chapters of the book.
Tilo Schabert
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226038056
- eISBN:
- 9780226185156
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226185156.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Human beings exist only as beings in action. As Pascal and Plato show, human existence, in contrast to the uniformity and unchangeableness of divine life, is constant movement and change. The great ...
More
Human beings exist only as beings in action. As Pascal and Plato show, human existence, in contrast to the uniformity and unchangeableness of divine life, is constant movement and change. The great question here is: Movement, change, and action toward what and for what? The question is practically answered through beginnings, i.e., through the creation of Gestalten. Here that freedom of human beings to exist creatively is exhibited which permeates and characterizes also, and indeed preeminently, their political acting toward common goals.Less
Human beings exist only as beings in action. As Pascal and Plato show, human existence, in contrast to the uniformity and unchangeableness of divine life, is constant movement and change. The great question here is: Movement, change, and action toward what and for what? The question is practically answered through beginnings, i.e., through the creation of Gestalten. Here that freedom of human beings to exist creatively is exhibited which permeates and characterizes also, and indeed preeminently, their political acting toward common goals.
Jean-Francois Pradeau
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780859896535
- eISBN:
- 9781781380666
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780859896535.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This is a general introduction to Plato's political thought. It covers the main periods of Platonic thought, examining those dialogues that best show how Plato makes the city's unity the aim of ...
More
This is a general introduction to Plato's political thought. It covers the main periods of Platonic thought, examining those dialogues that best show how Plato makes the city's unity the aim of politics and then makes the quest for that unity the aim of philosophy. From the psychological model (the city is like a great soul) to the physiological definition (the city is a living being), the reader can traverse the whole of Plato's oeuvre, and understand it as a political philosophy. The book is designed to be an undergraduate textbook but will also be of interest to scholars. It is an English translation of Platon et la cité, published in French by Presses Universitaires de France in 1997 as part of the series Philosophies, and offers English-speaking readers access to a more unifying continental European reading of Plato than is common in UK or North American scholarship.Less
This is a general introduction to Plato's political thought. It covers the main periods of Platonic thought, examining those dialogues that best show how Plato makes the city's unity the aim of politics and then makes the quest for that unity the aim of philosophy. From the psychological model (the city is like a great soul) to the physiological definition (the city is a living being), the reader can traverse the whole of Plato's oeuvre, and understand it as a political philosophy. The book is designed to be an undergraduate textbook but will also be of interest to scholars. It is an English translation of Platon et la cité, published in French by Presses Universitaires de France in 1997 as part of the series Philosophies, and offers English-speaking readers access to a more unifying continental European reading of Plato than is common in UK or North American scholarship.
Ranald C. Michie
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242559
- eISBN:
- 9780191596643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242550.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History, Financial Economics
The Big Bang described in the last chapter appeared to have answered the doubts over the future of the London Stock Exchange, but from the late 1980s onwards into the 1990s, it both waned in ...
More
The Big Bang described in the last chapter appeared to have answered the doubts over the future of the London Stock Exchange, but from the late 1980s onwards into the 1990s, it both waned in importance within the British financial system and faced increasing competition from rival foreign stock exchanges. This chapter discusses the reasons for this, starting in the first section with relations with government, since one uncertainty was the level of freedom from government control that the Stock Exchange was to enjoy. With the disappearance of the Stock Exchange's quasi‐official status in the 1990s, there still remained doubts over the role that it had to play in the area of securities market supervision, and the next section of the chapter discusses this situation, the effect of the changing nature of its membership, the disaster over settlement services (the replacement of the successful TALISMAN (Transfer Accounting and Lodgement for Investors, Stock Management for Jobbers) by TAURUS (Transfer and Automated Registration of Uncertificated Stock) and the subsequent failure of TAURUS), and the eventual successful replacement of the SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automated Quotations) trading system by the SEQUENCE trading system from 1993 onwards. The third section of the chapter looks at the provision of the market, and the fact that with the proposed introduction of specialists or sole traders in 1992, the Stock Exchange had once again been brought to the attention of the Office of Fair Trading; competition was also forcing a re‐examination of the way the Stock Exchange's market was organized, and this resulted in the introduction in 1997 of order‐driven trading in the form of SETS (Stock Exchange Trading Service); this section also looks at the abandonment of the traded options market to LIFFE (London International Financials Futures Exchange) and of any pretensions to the futures market, the decline of the USM (Unlisted Securities Market) and its replacement by AIM (Alternative Investment Market), negotiations with various foreign stock markets, and the changing investment environment. The last part of the chapter looks specifically at the changing membership of the Stock Exchange.Less
The Big Bang described in the last chapter appeared to have answered the doubts over the future of the London Stock Exchange, but from the late 1980s onwards into the 1990s, it both waned in importance within the British financial system and faced increasing competition from rival foreign stock exchanges. This chapter discusses the reasons for this, starting in the first section with relations with government, since one uncertainty was the level of freedom from government control that the Stock Exchange was to enjoy. With the disappearance of the Stock Exchange's quasi‐official status in the 1990s, there still remained doubts over the role that it had to play in the area of securities market supervision, and the next section of the chapter discusses this situation, the effect of the changing nature of its membership, the disaster over settlement services (the replacement of the successful TALISMAN (Transfer Accounting and Lodgement for Investors, Stock Management for Jobbers) by TAURUS (Transfer and Automated Registration of Uncertificated Stock) and the subsequent failure of TAURUS), and the eventual successful replacement of the SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automated Quotations) trading system by the SEQUENCE trading system from 1993 onwards. The third section of the chapter looks at the provision of the market, and the fact that with the proposed introduction of specialists or sole traders in 1992, the Stock Exchange had once again been brought to the attention of the Office of Fair Trading; competition was also forcing a re‐examination of the way the Stock Exchange's market was organized, and this resulted in the introduction in 1997 of order‐driven trading in the form of SETS (Stock Exchange Trading Service); this section also looks at the abandonment of the traded options market to LIFFE (London International Financials Futures Exchange) and of any pretensions to the futures market, the decline of the USM (Unlisted Securities Market) and its replacement by AIM (Alternative Investment Market), negotiations with various foreign stock markets, and the changing investment environment. The last part of the chapter looks specifically at the changing membership of the Stock Exchange.
Steffen Hindelang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199572656
- eISBN:
- 9780191705540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572656.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The interpretation of any provision of the EC Treaty must be guided by its aims referred to in Article 2 EC. In order to prepare the foundation for a doctrinal analysis, this chapter starts off by ...
More
The interpretation of any provision of the EC Treaty must be guided by its aims referred to in Article 2 EC. In order to prepare the foundation for a doctrinal analysis, this chapter starts off by setting out in which sense free, i.e., unrestricted, movement of capital within the Community helps in attaining the Treaty aims. In a second step, it assesses whether the findings just gained apply equally in a third-country context. It is argued that the aims pursued with the freedom of capital movement do not suggest a narrower interpretation of Article 56 (1) EC, but they favour free, i.e., liberalized, capital movement, including cross border direct investment, between the Member States and non EC countries. Moreover, the genesis of the rules on free movement of capital indicates a drive to (almost) complete liberalization of capital movement. It can hardly be doubted that the current provisions bear the hallmarks of the ‘economist camp’ and embrace a liberal undercurrent both in an intra-Community and a third-country context. The respective results reached guides the construction of the freedom throughout this book.Less
The interpretation of any provision of the EC Treaty must be guided by its aims referred to in Article 2 EC. In order to prepare the foundation for a doctrinal analysis, this chapter starts off by setting out in which sense free, i.e., unrestricted, movement of capital within the Community helps in attaining the Treaty aims. In a second step, it assesses whether the findings just gained apply equally in a third-country context. It is argued that the aims pursued with the freedom of capital movement do not suggest a narrower interpretation of Article 56 (1) EC, but they favour free, i.e., liberalized, capital movement, including cross border direct investment, between the Member States and non EC countries. Moreover, the genesis of the rules on free movement of capital indicates a drive to (almost) complete liberalization of capital movement. It can hardly be doubted that the current provisions bear the hallmarks of the ‘economist camp’ and embrace a liberal undercurrent both in an intra-Community and a third-country context. The respective results reached guides the construction of the freedom throughout this book.
Huatong Sun
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199744763
- eISBN:
- 9780199932993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744763.003.0007
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter explores the complexities of local culture beyond the models of cultural dimensions with an American user case. It studies American graduate student Brian’s texting use for coordinating ...
More
This chapter explores the complexities of local culture beyond the models of cultural dimensions with an American user case. It studies American graduate student Brian’s texting use for coordinating with friends and examines how a precedent genre (instant messaging) shaped the local use of a new technology (text messaging) and the perception of the writing practices engendered (i.e., text messages as conversations) in the American context. It shows that the complexities of designing for culturally localized user experiences cannot be accomplished by only studying cultural dimensions.Less
This chapter explores the complexities of local culture beyond the models of cultural dimensions with an American user case. It studies American graduate student Brian’s texting use for coordinating with friends and examines how a precedent genre (instant messaging) shaped the local use of a new technology (text messaging) and the perception of the writing practices engendered (i.e., text messages as conversations) in the American context. It shows that the complexities of designing for culturally localized user experiences cannot be accomplished by only studying cultural dimensions.
Erich Vranes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562787
- eISBN:
- 9780191705366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562787.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, EU Law
This chapter addresses the non-discrimination disciplines of the GATT (most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment) and related issues, notably justification on non-economic grounds under ...
More
This chapter addresses the non-discrimination disciplines of the GATT (most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment) and related issues, notably justification on non-economic grounds under Article XX of the GATT. It argues that the term ‘like products’ in Articles I and III of the GATT should primarily be understood to mean products that are in a sufficiently close competitive relationship. It argues that the so-called ‘aim and effects’ test is legally flawed. It then examines the concept of ‘less favourable treatment’ in Article III of the GATT, showing that WTO scholarship has often misunderstood the concept of indirect (de facto) discrimination. The chapter then examines the role of the wording ‘so as to afford protection’ in Article III. Finally, it thoroughly examines Article XX, the concepts of necessity and proportionality, the so-called ‘new necessity test’, and the appropriate margin of appreciation.Less
This chapter addresses the non-discrimination disciplines of the GATT (most-favoured-nation treatment and national treatment) and related issues, notably justification on non-economic grounds under Article XX of the GATT. It argues that the term ‘like products’ in Articles I and III of the GATT should primarily be understood to mean products that are in a sufficiently close competitive relationship. It argues that the so-called ‘aim and effects’ test is legally flawed. It then examines the concept of ‘less favourable treatment’ in Article III of the GATT, showing that WTO scholarship has often misunderstood the concept of indirect (de facto) discrimination. The chapter then examines the role of the wording ‘so as to afford protection’ in Article III. Finally, it thoroughly examines Article XX, the concepts of necessity and proportionality, the so-called ‘new necessity test’, and the appropriate margin of appreciation.
DOUGLAS NEWTON
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203148
- eISBN:
- 9780191675744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203148.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
The chapter explores the evolution of British attitudes to the issue of German democratization. It looks at how diverse the positions adopted by politicians and other decision-makers were. While ...
More
The chapter explores the evolution of British attitudes to the issue of German democratization. It looks at how diverse the positions adopted by politicians and other decision-makers were. While British Liberals speculated upon German democratization as the most likely end to the tragedy of the war, the majority of Conservatives, especially those who dominated the Lloyd George coalition after December 1916, maintained that there was no real hope of German democratization during the struggle. The British government was most reluctant to recognize any contribution from the progressive political forces inside Germany to the dethronement of militarism. By 1918, German democratization was regarded quite cynically as a mere propaganda ploy.Less
The chapter explores the evolution of British attitudes to the issue of German democratization. It looks at how diverse the positions adopted by politicians and other decision-makers were. While British Liberals speculated upon German democratization as the most likely end to the tragedy of the war, the majority of Conservatives, especially those who dominated the Lloyd George coalition after December 1916, maintained that there was no real hope of German democratization during the struggle. The British government was most reluctant to recognize any contribution from the progressive political forces inside Germany to the dethronement of militarism. By 1918, German democratization was regarded quite cynically as a mere propaganda ploy.
Alan Millar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572939
- eISBN:
- 9780191722165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572939.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a ...
More
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a certain truth-prescription. The truth-prescription dictates that a reason to believe that p must be such that believing that p for that reason is conducive to realizing belief's constitutive aim. It is argued that there is a constitutive aim of intentional action that can shed light on reasons for action: to act in such a way that one's action should have an aim-dependent point in the sense that the action should not be pointless given the intention informing it. This is argued to be more plausible than the classical view that the constitutive aim of intentional action is to realize some good.Less
It is assumed to be constitutive of believing that p that one is sensitive to whether or not it is true that p. Sensitivity, it is suggested, requires sensitivity to the requirements imposed by a certain truth-prescription. The truth-prescription dictates that a reason to believe that p must be such that believing that p for that reason is conducive to realizing belief's constitutive aim. It is argued that there is a constitutive aim of intentional action that can shed light on reasons for action: to act in such a way that one's action should have an aim-dependent point in the sense that the action should not be pointless given the intention informing it. This is argued to be more plausible than the classical view that the constitutive aim of intentional action is to realize some good.
