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This chapter summarizes the past and future of the common agriculture policy (CAP). It studies the way the original objectives of the CAP have been interpreted and shows how new policy areas have been held within CAP's objectives as the policy has developed. This chapter also explores the development and reform of the CAP and discusses the expansion of the scope of the CAP.

This chapter explains how Republicans applied their ideas by connecting land use with social structure to both the South and the West during the Reconstruction. Republicans called for an end to the treaty system characterizing Indian and United States relations. They argued that forcing Indians to become small farmers would open up more land for whites and help “civilize” recalcitrant tribes. Likewise, some Republicans believed that the big plantations of the South needed to be divided and redistributed to former slaves and white unionists so that a yeomen class could form in the South. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 used 1862 legislation pertaining to the American West as a model to grant small plots of public land to Unionist whites and freedmen in the former Confederacy. However, by the 1880s the Republican Party stopped favoring small farmers in almost every arena except Indian policy. Even in Indian policy, allotment would fail to create a prosperous Indian yeomanry.

Understanding the health risks of farmers and farming communities is essential in elaborating the phenomenon of food crime. This chapter argues that the production of agricultural food products is inimical to the health and safety of those who produce them. This is an ironic situation where the providers of food – farmers – become vulnerable, ill or injured, or disabled, or even die in the process of agricultural production. This is compounded by the lack of social and health protection for farmers, and absence of institutional support for farming in many developing countries despite the fact that farming is the most elemental and basic means of food production in society. This chapter argues that agricultural practices arising from market-oriented agricultural policies of institutions and governments present as food crime, and there should be conscious and concerted considerations at the institutional level, in including ecologic, health, and social implications of food production systems.

This chapter looks at the legal bases most commonly used to pursue environmental objectives, as well as those that have the greatest impact on the right of the Member States to take their own environmental protection measures in areas subject to secondary EU law. The EU has explicit competence to take measures primarily aimed at protecting the environment; however, legal acts based on other legal bases are of equal importance for the environmental impact of EU law. The chapter largely focuses on the legal basis for measures aiming at environmental protection as well as the establishment and functioning of the internal market. A few other legal bases are also discussed in this chapter, although more briefly. These are: the legal basis for the agriculture and fisheries policy, the one for the common commercial policy (CCP), and the one for energy policy.