Louis Putterman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078725
- eISBN:
- 9780199854950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078725.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase ...
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This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase productivity. Three major changes moved the agricultural sector from a centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one. First was the replacement of collective teams by farming by households. Second, an increase in free markets for rural products, and an increase in state prices for farm products, and the partial elimination of the two-tier price system. Third were changes in the economic structure that facilitated greater productivity and a 250% increase in average real rural incomes between 1979 and 1986. This book is unique in that it studies a single township (Dahe in Hebei Province) in depth over the two periods, thus providing data about the effects of reform at village level.Less
This book is a detailed study of rural reform in China. After the death of Mao, and with the ascendency of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China began a programme of agricultural reform intended to increase productivity. Three major changes moved the agricultural sector from a centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one. First was the replacement of collective teams by farming by households. Second, an increase in free markets for rural products, and an increase in state prices for farm products, and the partial elimination of the two-tier price system. Third were changes in the economic structure that facilitated greater productivity and a 250% increase in average real rural incomes between 1979 and 1986. This book is unique in that it studies a single township (Dahe in Hebei Province) in depth over the two periods, thus providing data about the effects of reform at village level.
Johan F. M. Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288915
- eISBN:
- 9780191603518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288917.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines how different reforms were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It focuses on price and subsidy policy reform, property rights reform and farm restructuring, ...
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This chapter examines how different reforms were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It focuses on price and subsidy policy reform, property rights reform and farm restructuring, and liberalization and the development of market institutions.Less
This chapter examines how different reforms were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It focuses on price and subsidy policy reform, property rights reform and farm restructuring, and liberalization and the development of market institutions.
Johan F. M. Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288915
- eISBN:
- 9780191603518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288917.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter explains the effects of the different reforms which were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It provides evidence on the effects of price and subsidy policy reform, ...
More
This chapter explains the effects of the different reforms which were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It provides evidence on the effects of price and subsidy policy reform, property rights reform and farm restructuring, liberalization and the development of market institutions, and on the effects of the interaction between these reforms.Less
This chapter explains the effects of the different reforms which were chosen and implemented in various transition countries. It provides evidence on the effects of price and subsidy policy reform, property rights reform and farm restructuring, liberalization and the development of market institutions, and on the effects of the interaction between these reforms.
Kathryn Gleadle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264492
- eISBN:
- 9780191734274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264492.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law ...
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This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law reformer. Her activities had a substantial impact on local parochial politics and her work was cited and discussed in parliamentary reports and government commissions. Gilbert personifies the overlapping themes of landownership, local influence, and personal authority. Her ability to construct herself as a female expert through cultural confidence and specialized knowledge, her employment of the varying modes of epistolary exchange, her use of ephemeral print culture, and her relationship with parochial government all emerge as particularly important themes. This chapter examines the salience of dynastic subjectivity as well as Gilbert's public spheres, her marriage, and her role in agricultural reform and the allotment movement during her time.Less
This chapter considers the public career of Mary Ann Gilbert (1776–1845), a landed proprietor in Eastbourne in East Sussex where she established herself as a leading agricultural expert and poor law reformer. Her activities had a substantial impact on local parochial politics and her work was cited and discussed in parliamentary reports and government commissions. Gilbert personifies the overlapping themes of landownership, local influence, and personal authority. Her ability to construct herself as a female expert through cultural confidence and specialized knowledge, her employment of the varying modes of epistolary exchange, her use of ephemeral print culture, and her relationship with parochial government all emerge as particularly important themes. This chapter examines the salience of dynastic subjectivity as well as Gilbert's public spheres, her marriage, and her role in agricultural reform and the allotment movement during her time.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082286
- eISBN:
- 9780199082377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of ...
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This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.Less
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.
Tomáš Doucha, Erik Mathijs, and F. M. Johan Swinnen
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242177
- eISBN:
- 9780191697036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242177.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
When the Czech Republic was still under the Communism regime, agriculture was still organized in collective farms and in large-scale states. By 1989, the last year of Communist rule, 174 state farms ...
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When the Czech Republic was still under the Communism regime, agriculture was still organized in collective farms and in large-scale states. By 1989, the last year of Communist rule, 174 state farms accounted for 29.2% of the total agricultural land (TAL) while 1,024 collective farms covered the remaining 70.4%. Private agriculture, which was mostly operated on a part-time basis, proved to be marginal since it only made up 0.4% of TAL. The ownership of various farm assets could be divided into three categories which involve state-owned assets, privately-owned assets, and non-land assets that were collectively owned by the members of collective farms. As such, post-Communist agricultural reform included the following: restitution, transformation, and privatization. This chapter focuses on the legislative framework passed by the Czech parliament which encompasses land tenure and land access as a result of the laws.Less
When the Czech Republic was still under the Communism regime, agriculture was still organized in collective farms and in large-scale states. By 1989, the last year of Communist rule, 174 state farms accounted for 29.2% of the total agricultural land (TAL) while 1,024 collective farms covered the remaining 70.4%. Private agriculture, which was mostly operated on a part-time basis, proved to be marginal since it only made up 0.4% of TAL. The ownership of various farm assets could be divided into three categories which involve state-owned assets, privately-owned assets, and non-land assets that were collectively owned by the members of collective farms. As such, post-Communist agricultural reform included the following: restitution, transformation, and privatization. This chapter focuses on the legislative framework passed by the Czech parliament which encompasses land tenure and land access as a result of the laws.
James C. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300191165
- eISBN:
- 9780300206814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300191165.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This chapter discusses the expansion of the bright leaf tobacco culture. By the 1840s, Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania counties had an active contingent of modernizing planters' and farmers' ...
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This chapter discusses the expansion of the bright leaf tobacco culture. By the 1840s, Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania counties had an active contingent of modernizing planters' and farmers' intent on spreading the message of agricultural reform across the Southside. While the message of agricultural reform initially challenged the development of bright tobacco, in the end reform advice would encourage the new crop's diffusion. Following the Civil War, bright tobacco culture would contribute to many of the conditions that antebellum reformers feared—from catastrophic soil erosion to a decline in farm diversity and profits—but the reformers' message actually stimulated the prewar growth of the crop.Less
This chapter discusses the expansion of the bright leaf tobacco culture. By the 1840s, Caswell, Halifax, and Pittsylvania counties had an active contingent of modernizing planters' and farmers' intent on spreading the message of agricultural reform across the Southside. While the message of agricultural reform initially challenged the development of bright tobacco, in the end reform advice would encourage the new crop's diffusion. Following the Civil War, bright tobacco culture would contribute to many of the conditions that antebellum reformers feared—from catastrophic soil erosion to a decline in farm diversity and profits—but the reformers' message actually stimulated the prewar growth of the crop.
Kevin R. Fogle
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061559
- eISBN:
- 9780813051468
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061559.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The term intimate landscape is used by photographers to refer to images that capture small portions of broad scenic landscapes while illustrating their interconnectedness. The intimate landscape ...
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The term intimate landscape is used by photographers to refer to images that capture small portions of broad scenic landscapes while illustrating their interconnectedness. The intimate landscape framework informs a novel archaeological approach for examining discrete landscapes in and around dwelling sites. These household landscapes are dynamic spaces connected to diverse discourses on the individual, local, regional, and global scales. In chapter 6, Fogle studies the impact of a nineteenth-century, proslavery agricultural reform discourse on enslaved households and their associated landscapes at a South Carolina cotton plantation.Less
The term intimate landscape is used by photographers to refer to images that capture small portions of broad scenic landscapes while illustrating their interconnectedness. The intimate landscape framework informs a novel archaeological approach for examining discrete landscapes in and around dwelling sites. These household landscapes are dynamic spaces connected to diverse discourses on the individual, local, regional, and global scales. In chapter 6, Fogle studies the impact of a nineteenth-century, proslavery agricultural reform discourse on enslaved households and their associated landscapes at a South Carolina cotton plantation.
William Taubman, Sergei Khrushchev, and Abbott Gleason (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300076356
- eISBN:
- 9780300128093
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300076356.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
What was known about Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during his career was strictly limited by the secretive Soviet government. Little more information was available after he was ousted and became a ...
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What was known about Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during his career was strictly limited by the secretive Soviet government. Little more information was available after he was ousted and became a “non-person” in the USSR in 1964. This book draws for the first time on a wealth of newly released materials—documents from secret former Soviet archives, memoirs of long-silent witnesses, the full memoirs of the premier himself—to assemble the best-informed analysis of the Khrushchev years ever completed. The contributors to this volume include Russian, Ukrainian, American, and British scholars; a former key foreign policy aide to Khrushchev; the executive secretary of a Russian commission investigating Soviet-era repressions and rehabilitations; and Khrushchev's own son Sergei. The book presents and interprets new information on Khrushchev's struggle for power, public attitudes toward him, his role in agricultural reform and cultural politics, and such foreign policy issues as East-West relations, nuclear strategy, and relations with Germany. It also chronicles Khrushchev's years in Ukraine where he grew up and began his political career, serving as Communist party boss from 1938 to 1949, and his role in the mass repressions of the 1930s and in destalinization in the 1950s and 1960s. Two concluding chapters compare the regimes of Khrushchev and Gorbachev as they struggled to reform Communism, to humanize and modernize the Soviet system, and to answer the haunting question that persists today: Is Russia itself reformable?Less
What was known about Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev during his career was strictly limited by the secretive Soviet government. Little more information was available after he was ousted and became a “non-person” in the USSR in 1964. This book draws for the first time on a wealth of newly released materials—documents from secret former Soviet archives, memoirs of long-silent witnesses, the full memoirs of the premier himself—to assemble the best-informed analysis of the Khrushchev years ever completed. The contributors to this volume include Russian, Ukrainian, American, and British scholars; a former key foreign policy aide to Khrushchev; the executive secretary of a Russian commission investigating Soviet-era repressions and rehabilitations; and Khrushchev's own son Sergei. The book presents and interprets new information on Khrushchev's struggle for power, public attitudes toward him, his role in agricultural reform and cultural politics, and such foreign policy issues as East-West relations, nuclear strategy, and relations with Germany. It also chronicles Khrushchev's years in Ukraine where he grew up and began his political career, serving as Communist party boss from 1938 to 1949, and his role in the mass repressions of the 1930s and in destalinization in the 1950s and 1960s. Two concluding chapters compare the regimes of Khrushchev and Gorbachev as they struggled to reform Communism, to humanize and modernize the Soviet system, and to answer the haunting question that persists today: Is Russia itself reformable?
Ian Miller
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719088865
- eISBN:
- 9781781706909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088865.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The immediate post-Famine period was marked by profound optimism about the potential of Irish agricultural development. For some improvers, agricultural practice offered a fertile ground upon which ...
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The immediate post-Famine period was marked by profound optimism about the potential of Irish agricultural development. For some improvers, agricultural practice offered a fertile ground upon which to plant the seeds of modernisation to facilitate fuller Irish integration into an international capitalist market economy. This chapter suggests that post-Famine agriculturists promoted new understandings of how to productively harness biological agro-material found on Irish farms during and after the Famine. It examines post-Famine scientific readings of the biology and physiology of crops, plants and animals and their subsequent promotion as an aid to Irish food production. In the 1850s, agricultural science was institutionalised via a state-supported network of agricultural schools and model farms aimed at all social classes. Ultimately, however, small farmers exhibited resistance and apathy towards these educational schemes for an assortment of social, political and practical reasons, a factor that restricted the socio-economic effectiveness of agricultural schools. By exploring these themes, this chapter reveals further connections made between food and national improvement while demonstrating that food production, as with consumption, evolved into a site of deep contestation between different Irish social groups and, sometimes, between colonising and colonised powers.Less
The immediate post-Famine period was marked by profound optimism about the potential of Irish agricultural development. For some improvers, agricultural practice offered a fertile ground upon which to plant the seeds of modernisation to facilitate fuller Irish integration into an international capitalist market economy. This chapter suggests that post-Famine agriculturists promoted new understandings of how to productively harness biological agro-material found on Irish farms during and after the Famine. It examines post-Famine scientific readings of the biology and physiology of crops, plants and animals and their subsequent promotion as an aid to Irish food production. In the 1850s, agricultural science was institutionalised via a state-supported network of agricultural schools and model farms aimed at all social classes. Ultimately, however, small farmers exhibited resistance and apathy towards these educational schemes for an assortment of social, political and practical reasons, a factor that restricted the socio-economic effectiveness of agricultural schools. By exploring these themes, this chapter reveals further connections made between food and national improvement while demonstrating that food production, as with consumption, evolved into a site of deep contestation between different Irish social groups and, sometimes, between colonising and colonised powers.
Chris Miller
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630175
- eISBN:
- 9781469630199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630175.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Gorbachev is often criticized for ignoring agriculture in his reforms. In fact, as this chapter shows, Gorbachev was an agriculture expert and sought to implement Chinese-style reforms to give ...
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Gorbachev is often criticized for ignoring agriculture in his reforms. In fact, as this chapter shows, Gorbachev was an agriculture expert and sought to implement Chinese-style reforms to give individual households control over farm land. Gorbachev argued that China’s experience showed that private ownership improves agricultural productivity. Nonetheless, political conflict constrained Gorbachev’s ability to adopt Chinese-style agriculture reforms in the USSR. The agro-industrial lobby, which was represented by provincial leaders and by top Politburo officials in Moscow, stubbornly opposed decollectivizing farmland and cutting subsidies. Decollectivization would have benefitted farmers, but reforms threatened farm managers and the fertilizer and tractor industries. By 1991, Gorbachev finally succeeded in pushing through structural reforms, though opposition had managed to stall reform for five years and demanded higher subsidies that left a massive hole in the Kremlin’s budget.Less
Gorbachev is often criticized for ignoring agriculture in his reforms. In fact, as this chapter shows, Gorbachev was an agriculture expert and sought to implement Chinese-style reforms to give individual households control over farm land. Gorbachev argued that China’s experience showed that private ownership improves agricultural productivity. Nonetheless, political conflict constrained Gorbachev’s ability to adopt Chinese-style agriculture reforms in the USSR. The agro-industrial lobby, which was represented by provincial leaders and by top Politburo officials in Moscow, stubbornly opposed decollectivizing farmland and cutting subsidies. Decollectivization would have benefitted farmers, but reforms threatened farm managers and the fertilizer and tractor industries. By 1991, Gorbachev finally succeeded in pushing through structural reforms, though opposition had managed to stall reform for five years and demanded higher subsidies that left a massive hole in the Kremlin’s budget.
Tore C. Olsson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165202
- eISBN:
- 9781400888054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165202.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines the Rockefeller philanthropies' winding road into Mexico, beginning at the dawn of the twentieth century and culminating in the establishment of the Mexican Agricultural Program ...
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This chapter examines the Rockefeller philanthropies' winding road into Mexico, beginning at the dawn of the twentieth century and culminating in the establishment of the Mexican Agricultural Program in 1943. The chapter opens with the General Education Board's early and quixotic attempt to overcome rural poverty in the US Cotton Belt, exploring the competing visions that fractured its campaign. Measured by its lofty rhetoric, that program was undeniably a failure. Still, during the agrarian ferment of the 1930s, an unexpected alliance of US southern reformers—led notably by ambassador to Mexico Josephus Daniels—pushed the Rockefeller Foundation to replicate its earlier efforts in Mexico. By 1943, when the foundation formally partnered with the Mexican government to work in agricultural reform, that push would reach its successful climax.Less
This chapter examines the Rockefeller philanthropies' winding road into Mexico, beginning at the dawn of the twentieth century and culminating in the establishment of the Mexican Agricultural Program in 1943. The chapter opens with the General Education Board's early and quixotic attempt to overcome rural poverty in the US Cotton Belt, exploring the competing visions that fractured its campaign. Measured by its lofty rhetoric, that program was undeniably a failure. Still, during the agrarian ferment of the 1930s, an unexpected alliance of US southern reformers—led notably by ambassador to Mexico Josephus Daniels—pushed the Rockefeller Foundation to replicate its earlier efforts in Mexico. By 1943, when the foundation formally partnered with the Mexican government to work in agricultural reform, that push would reach its successful climax.
T.N. Srinivasan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195652826
- eISBN:
- 9780199080649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195652826.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the history of agricultural reforms in India. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy from the perspective of poverty alleviation and the related goal of ...
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This chapter examines the history of agricultural reforms in India. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy from the perspective of poverty alleviation and the related goal of employment generation. However, it is the one sector which has been largely left out of the process of economic liberalization and reforms initiated in July 1991. This chapter highlights various government interventions in agriculture, including those that kept Indian agriculture insulated from world markets. It also provides recommendations that can improve India's agricultural productivity. These include integration into world markets, improvement of irrigation system, subsidized provision of electricity to farmers, and rethinking and restructuring of public spending on agriculture.Less
This chapter examines the history of agricultural reforms in India. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy from the perspective of poverty alleviation and the related goal of employment generation. However, it is the one sector which has been largely left out of the process of economic liberalization and reforms initiated in July 1991. This chapter highlights various government interventions in agriculture, including those that kept Indian agriculture insulated from world markets. It also provides recommendations that can improve India's agricultural productivity. These include integration into world markets, improvement of irrigation system, subsidized provision of electricity to farmers, and rethinking and restructuring of public spending on agriculture.
Ray Bush
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199361786
- eISBN:
- 9780190235697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199361786.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter focuses on food insecurity in Egypt beyond the preoccupation with macroeconomic policy’s role in facilitating food to meet local consumption needs. It discusses how agricultural reform ...
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This chapter focuses on food insecurity in Egypt beyond the preoccupation with macroeconomic policy’s role in facilitating food to meet local consumption needs. It discusses how agricultural reform since the mid-1980s shaped food insecurity, rural development and small farmers’ livelihoods. It examines agricultural modernisation, and how different strategies have been shaped not simply by government policy, but by patterns of capital accumulation in Egypt that have underpinned it. It explores the role farmers and the rural landless played in the context of the 25 January 2011 Egyptian uprising; and how rural social classes may play an important part in the continuing struggles for deeper democracy in contemporary Egypt. It argues that food security can only be understood by exploring how rural relations of production and reproduction are shaped by political and economic power and patterns of land ownership, and how Egypt’s agricultural sector is unevenly integrated into the world economy.Less
This chapter focuses on food insecurity in Egypt beyond the preoccupation with macroeconomic policy’s role in facilitating food to meet local consumption needs. It discusses how agricultural reform since the mid-1980s shaped food insecurity, rural development and small farmers’ livelihoods. It examines agricultural modernisation, and how different strategies have been shaped not simply by government policy, but by patterns of capital accumulation in Egypt that have underpinned it. It explores the role farmers and the rural landless played in the context of the 25 January 2011 Egyptian uprising; and how rural social classes may play an important part in the continuing struggles for deeper democracy in contemporary Egypt. It argues that food security can only be understood by exploring how rural relations of production and reproduction are shaped by political and economic power and patterns of land ownership, and how Egypt’s agricultural sector is unevenly integrated into the world economy.
Jenny Leigh Smith
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300200690
- eISBN:
- 9780300210316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300200690.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Projects aimed at improving agriculture in the Soviet Union during the post-war period focused particularly on the Ukraine, the Black Earth Region south of Moscow, and central Russia. This chapter ...
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Projects aimed at improving agriculture in the Soviet Union during the post-war period focused particularly on the Ukraine, the Black Earth Region south of Moscow, and central Russia. This chapter focuses on how agricultural reforms were able to be instituted in a place where agriculture was a secondary consideration, such as in this case Irkutsk Oblast in Siberia. It examines the history of agriculture and collective farms in Irkutsk Oblast. The chapter observes that the Soviet government had limited options in terms of enhancing the productive efficiency or capacity of that area. The chapter also tells how the Ministry of Agriculture promoted hunting programs, and how this enabled the Soviet state to successfully redefine its political and economic control over Irkutsk Oblast.Less
Projects aimed at improving agriculture in the Soviet Union during the post-war period focused particularly on the Ukraine, the Black Earth Region south of Moscow, and central Russia. This chapter focuses on how agricultural reforms were able to be instituted in a place where agriculture was a secondary consideration, such as in this case Irkutsk Oblast in Siberia. It examines the history of agriculture and collective farms in Irkutsk Oblast. The chapter observes that the Soviet government had limited options in terms of enhancing the productive efficiency or capacity of that area. The chapter also tells how the Ministry of Agriculture promoted hunting programs, and how this enabled the Soviet state to successfully redefine its political and economic control over Irkutsk Oblast.
Markus Lampe and Paul Sharp
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226549507
- eISBN:
- 9780226549644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226549644.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
We discuss the Danish agricultural reforms of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which both preceded and went alongside the evolution of the dairy sector. These reforms included the ...
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We discuss the Danish agricultural reforms of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which both preceded and went alongside the evolution of the dairy sector. These reforms included the abolition of adscription, a mild form of serfdom, which bound peasants to the land, as well as the abolition of communal land ownership (enclosure). We present the long and tortuous progress of these reforms, and how they eventually led to a countryside based on individual property rights over land and labor. These reforms of course made possible the eventual founding of the cooperatives, but also reflected the general enlightenment of the elites. We explain that they also led to losers, however, as a new class of cotters and landless laborers was created. Finally, the enclosure of the traditional landed estates laid the basis for much of the innovation discussed in subsequent chapters, as traditional manors with rights to coerced labor and tax privileges were converted into large farms.Less
We discuss the Danish agricultural reforms of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, which both preceded and went alongside the evolution of the dairy sector. These reforms included the abolition of adscription, a mild form of serfdom, which bound peasants to the land, as well as the abolition of communal land ownership (enclosure). We present the long and tortuous progress of these reforms, and how they eventually led to a countryside based on individual property rights over land and labor. These reforms of course made possible the eventual founding of the cooperatives, but also reflected the general enlightenment of the elites. We explain that they also led to losers, however, as a new class of cotters and landless laborers was created. Finally, the enclosure of the traditional landed estates laid the basis for much of the innovation discussed in subsequent chapters, as traditional manors with rights to coerced labor and tax privileges were converted into large farms.
Jenny Leigh Smith
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300200690
- eISBN:
- 9780300210316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300200690.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
The history of agriculture in the Soviet Union has been marked by the rapid collectivization drive that forced farmers in the country into state-run cooperatives and the subsequent famine that ...
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The history of agriculture in the Soviet Union has been marked by the rapid collectivization drive that forced farmers in the country into state-run cooperatives and the subsequent famine that resulted in the death of six million people, a great number of whom were Ukrainians. State officials, entangled with the problem of backward rural mentality, blamed Soviet peasants who did not want to support modernizing reforms for their troubles. This chapter analyses the failure of these agricultural reforms. It is noted that the inability of the state to anticipate, understand, and respond to the complex agricultural environment prevented rural advancement. Relative to this, American specialists Guy Bush and George Heikens have effectively illuminated the reality of life in the Soviet Union following collectivization.Less
The history of agriculture in the Soviet Union has been marked by the rapid collectivization drive that forced farmers in the country into state-run cooperatives and the subsequent famine that resulted in the death of six million people, a great number of whom were Ukrainians. State officials, entangled with the problem of backward rural mentality, blamed Soviet peasants who did not want to support modernizing reforms for their troubles. This chapter analyses the failure of these agricultural reforms. It is noted that the inability of the state to anticipate, understand, and respond to the complex agricultural environment prevented rural advancement. Relative to this, American specialists Guy Bush and George Heikens have effectively illuminated the reality of life in the Soviet Union following collectivization.
Jeffrey LaFrance, Rulon Pope, and Jesse Tack
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226988030
- eISBN:
- 9780226988061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226988061.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter develops and analyzes a new structural model of variable input use, production, acreage allocations, capital investment, and consumption choices in the U.S. farm sector. The theoretical ...
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This chapter develops and analyzes a new structural model of variable input use, production, acreage allocations, capital investment, and consumption choices in the U.S. farm sector. The theoretical framework identifies and incorporates the restrictions that are necessary and sufficient to estimate variable input use using only observable data and to aggregate from micro units of behavior to county-, state-, region-, or country-levels of data and analyses. The chapter defines, specifies, and estimates a dynamic life-cycle model of decision making under risk in order to discipline the model and associated parameter estimates for risk aversion in agricultural production and investment decisions with the interactions that naturally occur among the available alternative investment and savings opportunities in the economy.Less
This chapter develops and analyzes a new structural model of variable input use, production, acreage allocations, capital investment, and consumption choices in the U.S. farm sector. The theoretical framework identifies and incorporates the restrictions that are necessary and sufficient to estimate variable input use using only observable data and to aggregate from micro units of behavior to county-, state-, region-, or country-levels of data and analyses. The chapter defines, specifies, and estimates a dynamic life-cycle model of decision making under risk in order to discipline the model and associated parameter estimates for risk aversion in agricultural production and investment decisions with the interactions that naturally occur among the available alternative investment and savings opportunities in the economy.
Tore C. Olsson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691165202
- eISBN:
- 9781400888054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165202.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
By the 1950s, the agrarian crossings of the previous generation were rapidly coming to an end. In both the United States and Mexico, an increasingly restrictive political atmosphere ensured that ...
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By the 1950s, the agrarian crossings of the previous generation were rapidly coming to an end. In both the United States and Mexico, an increasingly restrictive political atmosphere ensured that elites were able to subdue once-vigorous debates about rural inequality and the human impact of agricultural change. This epilogue addresses the shared rural transformations of the twentieth century's latter half. Where country people had once contested their marginalization through political mobilization and alliances with state reformers, in the Cold War era they more often abandoned their small plots, seeking elusive possibilities in urban slums or as wageworkers in the agribusiness sector. As they left their farms, the plantation complex they had long struggled against achieved its nearly total hegemony, but with pesticides and machines replacing sharecroppers and campesinos. In unexpected ways, the US and Mexican countryside during the Cold War saw new convergences.Less
By the 1950s, the agrarian crossings of the previous generation were rapidly coming to an end. In both the United States and Mexico, an increasingly restrictive political atmosphere ensured that elites were able to subdue once-vigorous debates about rural inequality and the human impact of agricultural change. This epilogue addresses the shared rural transformations of the twentieth century's latter half. Where country people had once contested their marginalization through political mobilization and alliances with state reformers, in the Cold War era they more often abandoned their small plots, seeking elusive possibilities in urban slums or as wageworkers in the agribusiness sector. As they left their farms, the plantation complex they had long struggled against achieved its nearly total hegemony, but with pesticides and machines replacing sharecroppers and campesinos. In unexpected ways, the US and Mexican countryside during the Cold War saw new convergences.
Federico Marcon
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226251905
- eISBN:
- 9780226252063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226252063.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the impact that the massive reform projects of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune had on the various fields of knowledge, including honzōgaku. These included a relaxation on ...
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This chapter focuses on the impact that the massive reform projects of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune had on the various fields of knowledge, including honzōgaku. These included a relaxation on the state control over imported books, which favored the introduction of various Western book on natural history, the financing of honzōgaku schools, herbal expeditions, and surveys of natural riches. In the long run, the state involvement in natural studies would impart to this disciple a utilitarian aspect that would fully develop only a century later.Less
This chapter focuses on the impact that the massive reform projects of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune had on the various fields of knowledge, including honzōgaku. These included a relaxation on the state control over imported books, which favored the introduction of various Western book on natural history, the financing of honzōgaku schools, herbal expeditions, and surveys of natural riches. In the long run, the state involvement in natural studies would impart to this disciple a utilitarian aspect that would fully develop only a century later.
