Carsten Daugbjerg and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557752
- eISBN:
- 9780191721922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557752.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter establishes the important role the agricultural negotiations played in the Uruguay and Doha Rounds. It defines the key concepts of agricultural exceptionalism and agricultural normalism, ...
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This chapter establishes the important role the agricultural negotiations played in the Uruguay and Doha Rounds. It defines the key concepts of agricultural exceptionalism and agricultural normalism, which are competing assumptions on the nature of agricultural production and markets. Agricultural exceptionalism—a term current in the political science literature—holds that the farming industry is different from most economic sectors in modern societies, contributing to broader national interests and goals, and warranting extensive state intervention. This view was the ideational underpinning of national agricultural policies in the post-war period, and it remained embedded in GATT farm trade rules from 1947 to 1994. In addition, the chapter sets out the research questions addressed by the book; and explains the EU's farm policy-making procedures.Less
This chapter establishes the important role the agricultural negotiations played in the Uruguay and Doha Rounds. It defines the key concepts of agricultural exceptionalism and agricultural normalism, which are competing assumptions on the nature of agricultural production and markets. Agricultural exceptionalism—a term current in the political science literature—holds that the farming industry is different from most economic sectors in modern societies, contributing to broader national interests and goals, and warranting extensive state intervention. This view was the ideational underpinning of national agricultural policies in the post-war period, and it remained embedded in GATT farm trade rules from 1947 to 1994. In addition, the chapter sets out the research questions addressed by the book; and explains the EU's farm policy-making procedures.
Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has ...
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Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.Less
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.
Robert Schütze
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238583
- eISBN:
- 9780191716539
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238583.003.04
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The presence of shared competences within a federal order does not in itself signify a choice in favour of cooperative federalism. Various types of federal pre-emption have been recognized in the ...
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The presence of shared competences within a federal order does not in itself signify a choice in favour of cooperative federalism. Various types of federal pre-emption have been recognized in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice: “field”, “obstacle” and “rule” pre-emption. The use of field pre-emption reflects a dual federalist rationale: the total exclusion of the national legislators supports the understanding of two mutually exclusive legislative spheres. Rule pre-emption, by way of contrast, will represent a cooperative federalist paradigm. In the search for the European Community’s federal philosophy, this chapter analyses two substantive policy areas that represent the core of the European Union: the Community’s harmonization policy and the common agricultural policy. As regards the former, the transition from the “old” to the “new” approach to harmonization is identified as a move from a dual to a cooperative federalism. The transition towards a more cooperative federal model can equally be seen in the recent reforms for the Common Agricultural Policy.Less
The presence of shared competences within a federal order does not in itself signify a choice in favour of cooperative federalism. Various types of federal pre-emption have been recognized in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice: “field”, “obstacle” and “rule” pre-emption. The use of field pre-emption reflects a dual federalist rationale: the total exclusion of the national legislators supports the understanding of two mutually exclusive legislative spheres. Rule pre-emption, by way of contrast, will represent a cooperative federalist paradigm. In the search for the European Community’s federal philosophy, this chapter analyses two substantive policy areas that represent the core of the European Union: the Community’s harmonization policy and the common agricultural policy. As regards the former, the transition from the “old” to the “new” approach to harmonization is identified as a move from a dual to a cooperative federalism. The transition towards a more cooperative federal model can equally be seen in the recent reforms for the Common Agricultural Policy.
ERIK GRIMMER-SOLEM
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199260416
- eISBN:
- 9780191717369
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260416.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
This chapter addresses the historical economists' reaction to and impact upon the social and economic policy by evaluating their role in the social insurance legislation of the 1880s, as well as in ...
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This chapter addresses the historical economists' reaction to and impact upon the social and economic policy by evaluating their role in the social insurance legislation of the 1880s, as well as in agricultural and industrial policy up to the mid-1890s.Less
This chapter addresses the historical economists' reaction to and impact upon the social and economic policy by evaluating their role in the social insurance legislation of the 1880s, as well as in agricultural and industrial policy up to the mid-1890s.
Carsten Daugbjerg and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557752
- eISBN:
- 9780191721922
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557752.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Agriculture has a small, and declining, importance in employment and income generation within the EU, but a political importance well beyond its economic impact. The EU's common agricultural policy ...
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Agriculture has a small, and declining, importance in employment and income generation within the EU, but a political importance well beyond its economic impact. The EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) has often been the source of conflict between the EU and its trade partners within first the GATT, and then the WTO. In the Doha Round agriculture was again a sticking point, resulting in setbacks and delays. The position of the EU is pivotal. Due to the comparatively limited competitiveness of the EU's agricultural sector, and the EU's institutionally constrained ability to undertake CAP reform, the CAP sets limits for agricultural trade liberalization blocking progress across the full compass of the WTO agenda. Therefore, the farm trade negotiation, with the CAP at its core, is the key to understanding the dynamics of trade rounds in the WTO. The book, written by a political scientist and an agricultural economist, applies the theory on ideas to explain how the agricultural sector came to be included in the Single Undertaking that resulted in the Uruguay Round agreements, and how this led to a dynamic interplay between CAP reform and the possibility of further agricultural trade liberalization within the WTO, thereby providing useful insights into international trade relations.Less
Agriculture has a small, and declining, importance in employment and income generation within the EU, but a political importance well beyond its economic impact. The EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) has often been the source of conflict between the EU and its trade partners within first the GATT, and then the WTO. In the Doha Round agriculture was again a sticking point, resulting in setbacks and delays. The position of the EU is pivotal. Due to the comparatively limited competitiveness of the EU's agricultural sector, and the EU's institutionally constrained ability to undertake CAP reform, the CAP sets limits for agricultural trade liberalization blocking progress across the full compass of the WTO agenda. Therefore, the farm trade negotiation, with the CAP at its core, is the key to understanding the dynamics of trade rounds in the WTO. The book, written by a political scientist and an agricultural economist, applies the theory on ideas to explain how the agricultural sector came to be included in the Single Undertaking that resulted in the Uruguay Round agreements, and how this led to a dynamic interplay between CAP reform and the possibility of further agricultural trade liberalization within the WTO, thereby providing useful insights into international trade relations.
Alistair Cole
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535026
- eISBN:
- 9780191715860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535026.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Neither the centrality nor cohesion of Franco-German EU potential leadership should be assumed. However, the EU has great institutional, symbolic, economic and political resources enabling it to ...
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Neither the centrality nor cohesion of Franco-German EU potential leadership should be assumed. However, the EU has great institutional, symbolic, economic and political resources enabling it to initiate increased integration and formulate acceptable compromises to others. The Common Agricultural Policy was an enduring bilateral bargain. Any pretence of a hegemonic Franco-German directorate receded under the leadership of Chirac and Schröder, Sarkozy and Merkel. Disagreements over enlargement and constitutional provisions in particular have increased other bilateral and multilateral relationships in a larger EU. Where Franco-German agreement exists on intergovernmental matters they can block changes or enforce issues relating to the Stability and Growth Pact sanctions on which Germany had insisted. On foreign and defence policy (e.g., over Iraq), Germany has moved closer to France than the USA, while both Merkel and Sarkozy promoted a minimal substitute for the constitutional reform fiasco. Their leadership capacity is no longer what it used to be.Less
Neither the centrality nor cohesion of Franco-German EU potential leadership should be assumed. However, the EU has great institutional, symbolic, economic and political resources enabling it to initiate increased integration and formulate acceptable compromises to others. The Common Agricultural Policy was an enduring bilateral bargain. Any pretence of a hegemonic Franco-German directorate receded under the leadership of Chirac and Schröder, Sarkozy and Merkel. Disagreements over enlargement and constitutional provisions in particular have increased other bilateral and multilateral relationships in a larger EU. Where Franco-German agreement exists on intergovernmental matters they can block changes or enforce issues relating to the Stability and Growth Pact sanctions on which Germany had insisted. On foreign and defence policy (e.g., over Iraq), Germany has moved closer to France than the USA, while both Merkel and Sarkozy promoted a minimal substitute for the constitutional reform fiasco. Their leadership capacity is no longer what it used to be.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter traces its early development until the MacSharry reforms of 1992, commencing with a section on the special status of agriculture. To a considerable degree, this chapter is concerned with ...
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This chapter traces its early development until the MacSharry reforms of 1992, commencing with a section on the special status of agriculture. To a considerable degree, this chapter is concerned with the common organizations of the market; but early intimations of a more multifunctional approach are highlighted. Agriculture has always been accorded special status in the European Community. Indeed, such ‘exceptionalism’ was entrenched in the Treaty of Rome as signed in 1957, agriculture being the only sector of industry to be accorded its own title, Title II. This stipulated specific objectives for the Common Agricultural Policy, and its distinctive nature was reinforced by, inter alia, provisions which applied the rules on competition to the production of and trade in agricultural products only to the extent determined by the Council. In particular, the Council could authorize the granting of aid for the protection of enterprises handicapped by structural or natural conditions.Less
This chapter traces its early development until the MacSharry reforms of 1992, commencing with a section on the special status of agriculture. To a considerable degree, this chapter is concerned with the common organizations of the market; but early intimations of a more multifunctional approach are highlighted. Agriculture has always been accorded special status in the European Community. Indeed, such ‘exceptionalism’ was entrenched in the Treaty of Rome as signed in 1957, agriculture being the only sector of industry to be accorded its own title, Title II. This stipulated specific objectives for the Common Agricultural Policy, and its distinctive nature was reinforced by, inter alia, provisions which applied the rules on competition to the production of and trade in agricultural products only to the extent determined by the Council. In particular, the Council could authorize the granting of aid for the protection of enterprises handicapped by structural or natural conditions.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of ...
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This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy, and also on the relationship between these two pillars. In this context, three avenues of enquiry may be pursued. First, the impact of the Agenda 2000 reforms on the ‘first pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be assessed. Secondly, the success of the Agenda 2000 reforms in establishing a ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be examined. Thirdly, specific legal issues may be raised which flow directly from the impact of these reforms on one or both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy. Particular reference is accorded to the enhanced, multifunctional role of direct payments. In addition, specific legal issues flowing from these reforms are identified.Less
This chapter seeks to focus upon and analyse certain key features of the European Model of Agriculture. It considers the impact of the reform process on the ‘first pillar’ and the ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy, and also on the relationship between these two pillars. In this context, three avenues of enquiry may be pursued. First, the impact of the Agenda 2000 reforms on the ‘first pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be assessed. Secondly, the success of the Agenda 2000 reforms in establishing a ‘second pillar’ of the Common Agricultural Policy may be examined. Thirdly, specific legal issues may be raised which flow directly from the impact of these reforms on one or both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy. Particular reference is accorded to the enhanced, multifunctional role of direct payments. In addition, specific legal issues flowing from these reforms are identified.
François Bonnieux and Pierre Rainelli
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The environmental legislation process in the EU originated in the First Environmental Action Programme in 1973. A consistent set of principles emerged in successive Environmental Action Programmes: ...
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The environmental legislation process in the EU originated in the First Environmental Action Programme in 1973. A consistent set of principles emerged in successive Environmental Action Programmes: polluter pays; precaution; subsidiarity; and sustainability. There has been a notable absence in the use of valuation techniques within EU decision‐making, which has relied instead on Environmental Impact Assessment. Individual national governments within the EU have used valuation techniques on an ad hoc basis.Less
The environmental legislation process in the EU originated in the First Environmental Action Programme in 1973. A consistent set of principles emerged in successive Environmental Action Programmes: polluter pays; precaution; subsidiarity; and sustainability. There has been a notable absence in the use of valuation techniques within EU decision‐making, which has relied instead on Environmental Impact Assessment. Individual national governments within the EU have used valuation techniques on an ad hoc basis.
John Kemm, Jayne Parry, and Stephen Palmer
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198526292
- eISBN:
- 9780191723889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526292.003.0033
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter looks at how health impact assessment (HIA) has been applied to agricultural and food policies internationally and discusses whether it is a useful tool for raising broader public health ...
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This chapter looks at how health impact assessment (HIA) has been applied to agricultural and food policies internationally and discusses whether it is a useful tool for raising broader public health issues on the agricultural and food policy agenda. It briefly reviews the different approaches that have been used, and draws some conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of each for improving health considerations in this policy sector.Less
This chapter looks at how health impact assessment (HIA) has been applied to agricultural and food policies internationally and discusses whether it is a useful tool for raising broader public health issues on the agricultural and food policy agenda. It briefly reviews the different approaches that have been used, and draws some conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of each for improving health considerations in this policy sector.
Ashley Jackson
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207641
- eISBN:
- 9780191677762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207641.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
An agricultural scheme that was commonly referred to as the warlands – cleared and cultivated blocks of land for producing tribal grain reserves – was utilized by the British Administration in ...
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An agricultural scheme that was commonly referred to as the warlands – cleared and cultivated blocks of land for producing tribal grain reserves – was utilized by the British Administration in efforts to increase the production of food. However, this measure is often viewed as one that was intended for the benefit of ‘the colonial state and its feudal compradors’ to acquire the surplus produce from peasants. This attempt was also depicted as a means of maintaining the agricultural production level in spite of a significant decline in the labour supply due to both recruitment for the British Army and work in the South African mines. Aside from presenting the intended function and underlying motives of this scheme, this chapter explains how these relate to agricultural policy, and how this scheme was not able to achieve most of its goals.Less
An agricultural scheme that was commonly referred to as the warlands – cleared and cultivated blocks of land for producing tribal grain reserves – was utilized by the British Administration in efforts to increase the production of food. However, this measure is often viewed as one that was intended for the benefit of ‘the colonial state and its feudal compradors’ to acquire the surplus produce from peasants. This attempt was also depicted as a means of maintaining the agricultural production level in spite of a significant decline in the labour supply due to both recruitment for the British Army and work in the South African mines. Aside from presenting the intended function and underlying motives of this scheme, this chapter explains how these relate to agricultural policy, and how this scheme was not able to achieve most of its goals.
Alan Greer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199583119
- eISBN:
- 9780191744822
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199583119.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
The long-run tendency in agriculture in the modern period was towards decline, as reflected both in falling employment and a diminishing share of gross regional output. This mirrors the kinds of ...
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The long-run tendency in agriculture in the modern period was towards decline, as reflected both in falling employment and a diminishing share of gross regional output. This mirrors the kinds of sectoral changes taking place within other industrial and post-industrial regions. The United Kingdom was relatively late in going down the road of protectionism and state support for farming but from 1932 onwards these formed the basis of rural policy. Though fiercely individualistic and independent, the irony is that Ulster (and European) farmers were more than happy to become dependent on state subsidies and protection. The financial weakness of the Northern Ireland state, which affected all areas of economic and social expenditure, meant there was little room for distinctive Stormont initiatives. Real power resided at Westminster and, later, at European Union level.Less
The long-run tendency in agriculture in the modern period was towards decline, as reflected both in falling employment and a diminishing share of gross regional output. This mirrors the kinds of sectoral changes taking place within other industrial and post-industrial regions. The United Kingdom was relatively late in going down the road of protectionism and state support for farming but from 1932 onwards these formed the basis of rural policy. Though fiercely individualistic and independent, the irony is that Ulster (and European) farmers were more than happy to become dependent on state subsidies and protection. The financial weakness of the Northern Ireland state, which affected all areas of economic and social expenditure, meant there was little room for distinctive Stormont initiatives. Real power resided at Westminster and, later, at European Union level.
Arlindo Cunha and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199591572
- eISBN:
- 9780191725579
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591572.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
From the outset, the European Union's common agricultural policy (CAP) was subject to scathingly criticism. Despite this, no substantial reform was undertaken until 1992. Then, in little more than a ...
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From the outset, the European Union's common agricultural policy (CAP) was subject to scathingly criticism. Despite this, no substantial reform was undertaken until 1992. Then, in little more than a decade, from 1992 to 2003, the CAP experienced three significant reforms: the 1992 MacSharry Reform, the 1999 Agenda 2000 Reform, and the 2003 Fischler Reform, profoundly changing its original design. The objective of the book is to contribute to a better understanding of this process of EU decision-making and policy reform. After thirty years of policy stasis, what unlocked policy reform, how was the process managed, and why did it not achieve all of the stated objectives? The text focuses on the role of the Commission and the Commissioner for Agriculture, the Council of Ministers and its Presidency, and the European Parliament. It adopts a heuristic political economy approach, drawing upon the economics and political science literatures as appropriate. The MacSharry reform was much influenced by the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, and the 2003 Fischler reform by the Doha Round of WTO negotiations. A Delphi survey of key decision-makers, assessing their perception of the drivers of policy reform, and an analysis of subsequent CAP reform, including the Health Check in 2008 and preparations for the post-2013 CAP review, round off the discussion. A Foreword is contributed by former Farm Commissioner Franz Fischler.Less
From the outset, the European Union's common agricultural policy (CAP) was subject to scathingly criticism. Despite this, no substantial reform was undertaken until 1992. Then, in little more than a decade, from 1992 to 2003, the CAP experienced three significant reforms: the 1992 MacSharry Reform, the 1999 Agenda 2000 Reform, and the 2003 Fischler Reform, profoundly changing its original design. The objective of the book is to contribute to a better understanding of this process of EU decision-making and policy reform. After thirty years of policy stasis, what unlocked policy reform, how was the process managed, and why did it not achieve all of the stated objectives? The text focuses on the role of the Commission and the Commissioner for Agriculture, the Council of Ministers and its Presidency, and the European Parliament. It adopts a heuristic political economy approach, drawing upon the economics and political science literatures as appropriate. The MacSharry reform was much influenced by the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations, and the 2003 Fischler reform by the Doha Round of WTO negotiations. A Delphi survey of key decision-makers, assessing their perception of the drivers of policy reform, and an analysis of subsequent CAP reform, including the Health Check in 2008 and preparations for the post-2013 CAP review, round off the discussion. A Foreword is contributed by former Farm Commissioner Franz Fischler.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive ...
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In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare. Implementing such a range of policies is requiring the EU to pass a large amount of legislation. This book sets out to analyse whether the legislative framework for this model can deliver these policy objectives. Tension between the EU model and the global economy as supervised by the WTO, the emphasis on environmental protection, and the place of agriculture in the wider rural economy are all issues at the heart of the present debate. This book provides early consideration of the mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy.Less
In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare. Implementing such a range of policies is requiring the EU to pass a large amount of legislation. This book sets out to analyse whether the legislative framework for this model can deliver these policy objectives. Tension between the EU model and the global economy as supervised by the WTO, the emphasis on environmental protection, and the place of agriculture in the wider rural economy are all issues at the heart of the present debate. This book provides early consideration of the mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi and Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082286
- eISBN:
- 9780199082377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of ...
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This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.Less
This chapter analyzes the food grain supply chain in India and China. It starts by examining the changing contexts of food security in both countries, and the implications for domestic reforms of agricultural institutions. It then reviews how these reforms have impacted the ability of these countries to provide food grain availability to poorer sections of the population. It introduces a supply chain methodology to map out how food grain procurement and distribution takes place within the agricultural institutional framework in India and China. The existing supply chains in the agricultural sector are subsequently reviewed to identify capacities and constraints in the supply chain. Finally, the chapter comments on the future implications of changes in the agricultural supply chain in both countries for food security and poverty reduction.
Elli Louka
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195374131
- eISBN:
- 9780199871841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374131.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter begins with a discussion of coordination of EU policies. It then discusses how to make regional policy work for water policy, environmental policy and industrial competitiveness, ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of coordination of EU policies. It then discusses how to make regional policy work for water policy, environmental policy and industrial competitiveness, transportation and energy policy and the sustainability of water resources, and greening agricultural policy.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of coordination of EU policies. It then discusses how to make regional policy work for water policy, environmental policy and industrial competitiveness, transportation and energy policy and the sustainability of water resources, and greening agricultural policy.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the ...
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This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the rise of multifunctionality. The issue in July 1997 of the Agenda 2000 document marked the formal commencement of the next round of Common Agricultural Policy reform. It was envisaged that the proposals would prepare the Common Agricultural Policy for the next century; and, over the course of the reform process, the realization in concrete terms of a European Model of Agriculture was increasingly articulated as a guiding policy objective. In this context, it is necessary to consider, first, the pressures driving reform and, secondly, the policy developments and negotiations leading to the Berlin Summit of March 1999.Less
This chapter follows the reform process forward until shortly before the Berlin Summit. This includes sections on the pressures driving the Agenda 2000 reforms and such wider considerations as the rise of multifunctionality. The issue in July 1997 of the Agenda 2000 document marked the formal commencement of the next round of Common Agricultural Policy reform. It was envisaged that the proposals would prepare the Common Agricultural Policy for the next century; and, over the course of the reform process, the realization in concrete terms of a European Model of Agriculture was increasingly articulated as a guiding policy objective. In this context, it is necessary to consider, first, the pressures driving reform and, secondly, the policy developments and negotiations leading to the Berlin Summit of March 1999.
Adams Adrian and So Jaabe
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201915
- eISBN:
- 9780191675072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201915.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
By the mid-1980s, the results of the first phase of Senegal's structural adjustment programme were judged unsatisfactory. A second phase was introduced, to run from 1985 to 1990; the Medium and Long ...
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By the mid-1980s, the results of the first phase of Senegal's structural adjustment programme were judged unsatisfactory. A second phase was introduced, to run from 1985 to 1990; the Medium and Long Term Adjustment Plan, which was to cut government spending. The New Industrial Policy lifted tax and customs restrictions on entrepreneurs, and made labour legislation less protective of workers' rights. The New Agricultural Policy removed subsidies on seed and fertiliser. Farmers were henceforth to operate on commercial terms, purchasing inputs from the private sector and borrowing money from a newly created National Agricultural Loan Bank. These reforms were initially presented as a new opportunity for peasant farmers. Legislation introduced in 1884 made it easier for farming groups to obtain official recognition. In the Senegal River Valley, work began on the dams: Diama in 1981, and Manantali in 1982 and the New Agricultural Policy for the river was presented.Less
By the mid-1980s, the results of the first phase of Senegal's structural adjustment programme were judged unsatisfactory. A second phase was introduced, to run from 1985 to 1990; the Medium and Long Term Adjustment Plan, which was to cut government spending. The New Industrial Policy lifted tax and customs restrictions on entrepreneurs, and made labour legislation less protective of workers' rights. The New Agricultural Policy removed subsidies on seed and fertiliser. Farmers were henceforth to operate on commercial terms, purchasing inputs from the private sector and borrowing money from a newly created National Agricultural Loan Bank. These reforms were initially presented as a new opportunity for peasant farmers. Legislation introduced in 1884 made it easier for farming groups to obtain official recognition. In the Senegal River Valley, work began on the dams: Diama in 1981, and Manantali in 1982 and the New Agricultural Policy for the river was presented.
Raaj K. Sah and Joseph E. Stiglitz
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199253579
- eISBN:
- 9780191601682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253579.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
One of the concerns of this book is with government policies towards food and other agricultural goods, and with how a government treats producers in the rural sector and consumers in the urban ...
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One of the concerns of this book is with government policies towards food and other agricultural goods, and with how a government treats producers in the rural sector and consumers in the urban sector. Governments – both in LDCs (less developed countries) and in several developed countries – play an active role in setting food prices received by farmers and the food prices paid by city-dwellers. Therefore, it is important to identify what are the salient characteristics of LDCs relevant to such policies, what the stated objectives of these policies are, and what the alternative instruments at a government’s disposal are for attaining these objectives. Accordingly, as a basis for the methods used in the book, this chapter addresses the stated objectives of food-related policies, puts agricultural policies in perspective, and gives an account of the economic structure of LDCs.Less
One of the concerns of this book is with government policies towards food and other agricultural goods, and with how a government treats producers in the rural sector and consumers in the urban sector. Governments – both in LDCs (less developed countries) and in several developed countries – play an active role in setting food prices received by farmers and the food prices paid by city-dwellers. Therefore, it is important to identify what are the salient characteristics of LDCs relevant to such policies, what the stated objectives of these policies are, and what the alternative instruments at a government’s disposal are for attaining these objectives. Accordingly, as a basis for the methods used in the book, this chapter addresses the stated objectives of food-related policies, puts agricultural policies in perspective, and gives an account of the economic structure of LDCs.
Gerry Alons
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781529210347
- eISBN:
- 9781529210378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529210347.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Agricultural policy is an area in which policy reform tends to be incremental rather than far-reaching, partly due to powerful farm interests. This chapter analyses two decades of debate in US ...
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Agricultural policy is an area in which policy reform tends to be incremental rather than far-reaching, partly due to powerful farm interests. This chapter analyses two decades of debate in US agriculture on the role of direct payments to farmers as an appropriate policy instrument of state intervention, explaining why they could be constructed as a feasible policy solution in the debate on the 1996 and 2002 farm bills, but were later considered problematic, resulting in their discontinuation in the 2014 farm bill. This chapter provides an explanation for this policy shift by focusing on the discursive construction of problems and solutions, particularly how actors develop arguments binding particular problems and solutions, while delegitimating alternative problem-solution associations proposed by opponents. The case study highlights the importance of policy context variables (e.g. fiscal constraints, state of the economy) in the interaction with policy actors’ interests and discursive strategies, explaining why binding of particular problem-solution associations was successful at specific points in time, and not viable at others.Less
Agricultural policy is an area in which policy reform tends to be incremental rather than far-reaching, partly due to powerful farm interests. This chapter analyses two decades of debate in US agriculture on the role of direct payments to farmers as an appropriate policy instrument of state intervention, explaining why they could be constructed as a feasible policy solution in the debate on the 1996 and 2002 farm bills, but were later considered problematic, resulting in their discontinuation in the 2014 farm bill. This chapter provides an explanation for this policy shift by focusing on the discursive construction of problems and solutions, particularly how actors develop arguments binding particular problems and solutions, while delegitimating alternative problem-solution associations proposed by opponents. The case study highlights the importance of policy context variables (e.g. fiscal constraints, state of the economy) in the interaction with policy actors’ interests and discursive strategies, explaining why binding of particular problem-solution associations was successful at specific points in time, and not viable at others.
