Martin J. Smith
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198278528
- eISBN:
- 9780191684210
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278528.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter examines the relationship between the National Farmer's Union (NFU) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF), which has traditionally been seen as one of the classic ...
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This chapter examines the relationship between the National Farmer's Union (NFU) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF), which has traditionally been seen as one of the classic examples of a corporatist relationship. It is argued that the relationship should be characterized as a closed policy community. The chapter also examines the nature and development of the agricultural community. Finally, it assesses the chances of the closed community being broken open in the future.Less
This chapter examines the relationship between the National Farmer's Union (NFU) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF), which has traditionally been seen as one of the classic examples of a corporatist relationship. It is argued that the relationship should be characterized as a closed policy community. The chapter also examines the nature and development of the agricultural community. Finally, it assesses the chances of the closed community being broken open in the future.
Richard McElreath
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a ...
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Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.Less
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.
Donald J. Pisani
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230309
- eISBN:
- 9780520927582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230309.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter examines two different agricultural communities in Snake River Valley in Idaho: one at Rupert and the other at Twin Falls. It reveals that while irrigation was never the solution William ...
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This chapter examines two different agricultural communities in Snake River Valley in Idaho: one at Rupert and the other at Twin Falls. It reveals that while irrigation was never the solution William Ellsworth Smythe promised it to be, it still helped shape both the rural and western communities. The chapter provides an analysis of irrigation and determines the constraints that limited the nature and application of natural resource laws at all government levels. The chapter concludes that neither Rupert nor Twin Falls demonstrated a sharp division between businessmen stockmen, and farmers that was so evident in Kansas cattle towns.Less
This chapter examines two different agricultural communities in Snake River Valley in Idaho: one at Rupert and the other at Twin Falls. It reveals that while irrigation was never the solution William Ellsworth Smythe promised it to be, it still helped shape both the rural and western communities. The chapter provides an analysis of irrigation and determines the constraints that limited the nature and application of natural resource laws at all government levels. The chapter concludes that neither Rupert nor Twin Falls demonstrated a sharp division between businessmen stockmen, and farmers that was so evident in Kansas cattle towns.
Grey Osterud
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450280
- eISBN:
- 9780801464171
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450280.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book features the voices and viewpoints of women born before World War I who lived on family farms in Nanticoke Valley, south-central New York. It explores the ways that families shared labor ...
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This book features the voices and viewpoints of women born before World War I who lived on family farms in Nanticoke Valley, south-central New York. It explores the ways that families shared labor and the strategies of mutuality that rural women adopted to ensure they had a say in family decision-making. Sharing and exchanging work also linked neighboring households and knit the community together. The culture of cooperation that women espoused laid the basis for the formation of cooperatives that enabled these dairy farmers to contest the power of agribusiness and obtain better returns for their labor. The book recounts this story and explores views about gender, labor, and power, which offered an alternative to the ideas that prevailed in American society. Most women saw “putting the barn before the house”—investing capital and labor in productive operations rather than spending money on consumer goods or devoting time to mere housework—as necessary for families who were determined to make a living on the land and, if possible, to pass on viable farms to the next generation. Some women preferred working outdoors to what seemed to them the thankless tasks of urban housewives, while others worked off the farm to support the family. Husbands and wives, as well as parents and children, debated what was best and negotiated over how to allocate their limited labor and capital and plan for an uncertain future. This book tells the story of an agricultural community in transition amid an industrializing age.Less
This book features the voices and viewpoints of women born before World War I who lived on family farms in Nanticoke Valley, south-central New York. It explores the ways that families shared labor and the strategies of mutuality that rural women adopted to ensure they had a say in family decision-making. Sharing and exchanging work also linked neighboring households and knit the community together. The culture of cooperation that women espoused laid the basis for the formation of cooperatives that enabled these dairy farmers to contest the power of agribusiness and obtain better returns for their labor. The book recounts this story and explores views about gender, labor, and power, which offered an alternative to the ideas that prevailed in American society. Most women saw “putting the barn before the house”—investing capital and labor in productive operations rather than spending money on consumer goods or devoting time to mere housework—as necessary for families who were determined to make a living on the land and, if possible, to pass on viable farms to the next generation. Some women preferred working outdoors to what seemed to them the thankless tasks of urban housewives, while others worked off the farm to support the family. Husbands and wives, as well as parents and children, debated what was best and negotiated over how to allocate their limited labor and capital and plan for an uncertain future. This book tells the story of an agricultural community in transition amid an industrializing age.
Dilip K. Chakrabarti
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198064121
- eISBN:
- 9780199080519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198064121.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter outlines the archaeological evidence related to the growth of village occupation west of the Delhi-Aravalli-Cambay axis of Indian geography. The evidence shows growth of distinctly ...
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This chapter outlines the archaeological evidence related to the growth of village occupation west of the Delhi-Aravalli-Cambay axis of Indian geography. The evidence shows growth of distinctly agricultural communities in the vast stretch of land between Baluchistan and Bannu on the one hand and the area near Delhi and Gujarat on the other. It discusses agricultural life, domestication, tools, pottery, and burial culture of sites in Baluchistan, Bannu, the Gomal Valley, Piedmont and Kohistan, the Potwar Plateau, Indus-Hakra Plain, and the Aravalli Belt. It is in the course of this development that the roots of the subsequent Indus civilization lie.Less
This chapter outlines the archaeological evidence related to the growth of village occupation west of the Delhi-Aravalli-Cambay axis of Indian geography. The evidence shows growth of distinctly agricultural communities in the vast stretch of land between Baluchistan and Bannu on the one hand and the area near Delhi and Gujarat on the other. It discusses agricultural life, domestication, tools, pottery, and burial culture of sites in Baluchistan, Bannu, the Gomal Valley, Piedmont and Kohistan, the Potwar Plateau, Indus-Hakra Plain, and the Aravalli Belt. It is in the course of this development that the roots of the subsequent Indus civilization lie.
H. R. French and R. W. Hoyle
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719051081
- eISBN:
- 9781781700716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719051081.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
Earls Colne lies in north Essex, some sixty miles from London and very much within the market area of the metropolis. The village had a population of perhaps 430 in the early sixteenth century. In ...
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Earls Colne lies in north Essex, some sixty miles from London and very much within the market area of the metropolis. The village had a population of perhaps 430 in the early sixteenth century. In common with other English villages, it underwent a rapid expansion in numbers in the late sixteenth century, on one calculation from near 600 in 1560 to over 1,000 by 1610, after which there may have been a degree of decline to about 900 in the 1670s. Earls Colne had no market, but there was a developed retailing and victualling sector by the mid-sixteenth century. It was not simply an isolated agricultural community but was enmeshed in the textile production networks of Colchester and the Colne valley, and this distinguishes it from Terling, which, although only fifteen miles to the south, lacked any significant employment in textiles. More than this, Earls Colne stood only a day's journey from London (in fair weather), and it seems to have been a journey that many in the village, including some of the poorest inhabitants, undertook with amazing frequency. This chapter describes three aspects of Earls Colne's economy: farming, employment and the distribution of wealth.Less
Earls Colne lies in north Essex, some sixty miles from London and very much within the market area of the metropolis. The village had a population of perhaps 430 in the early sixteenth century. In common with other English villages, it underwent a rapid expansion in numbers in the late sixteenth century, on one calculation from near 600 in 1560 to over 1,000 by 1610, after which there may have been a degree of decline to about 900 in the 1670s. Earls Colne had no market, but there was a developed retailing and victualling sector by the mid-sixteenth century. It was not simply an isolated agricultural community but was enmeshed in the textile production networks of Colchester and the Colne valley, and this distinguishes it from Terling, which, although only fifteen miles to the south, lacked any significant employment in textiles. More than this, Earls Colne stood only a day's journey from London (in fair weather), and it seems to have been a journey that many in the village, including some of the poorest inhabitants, undertook with amazing frequency. This chapter describes three aspects of Earls Colne's economy: farming, employment and the distribution of wealth.
