Rabindra Ray
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077381
- eISBN:
- 9780199081011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077381.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter argues that the meaning the doctrine of the Naxalites appears to have for non-believers is different from what it had for the believers. This is patently indicated by the programme of ...
More
This chapter argues that the meaning the doctrine of the Naxalites appears to have for non-believers is different from what it had for the believers. This is patently indicated by the programme of agrarian revolution linked to a policy of urban terror. Observers, sympathetic to the Naxalites, have upbraided them for their policy of ‘individual terror’, and have pointed out its incompatibility with the mass line entailed in the Marxist–Leninist theory of revolution to which the Naxalites vowed allegiance. The humanitarian appeal of the Naxalites is not only at odds with their inhuman methods, but with the experience of their own humanity. Their defence of communist dogma only develops as an attack on communist history and communist organizations. Their positive vision, that of Chairman’s China, is only fleshed out as the negativity of Revolution and the abyss of terror.Less
This chapter argues that the meaning the doctrine of the Naxalites appears to have for non-believers is different from what it had for the believers. This is patently indicated by the programme of agrarian revolution linked to a policy of urban terror. Observers, sympathetic to the Naxalites, have upbraided them for their policy of ‘individual terror’, and have pointed out its incompatibility with the mass line entailed in the Marxist–Leninist theory of revolution to which the Naxalites vowed allegiance. The humanitarian appeal of the Naxalites is not only at odds with their inhuman methods, but with the experience of their own humanity. Their defence of communist dogma only develops as an attack on communist history and communist organizations. Their positive vision, that of Chairman’s China, is only fleshed out as the negativity of Revolution and the abyss of terror.
Alan Bowman and Andrew Wilson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562596
- eISBN:
- 9780191721458
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562596.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This book contains a number of chapters on the Roman economy which discuss methods of analysing the performance of the economy of the Mediterranean world under Roman imperial rule in the period c.100 ...
More
This book contains a number of chapters on the Roman economy which discuss methods of analysing the performance of the economy of the Mediterranean world under Roman imperial rule in the period c.100 BC to AD 350 through quantification. It focuses on the methods and problems involved in identifying and analyzing the characteristics of economic integration, growth, and decline in this period. In particular, it attempts to suggest how a complex and diverse economic world can be better understood by using quantifiable and proxy data to measure these processes in different parts of the Mediterranean world. The data are drawn from both documentary and archaeological sources, and the book emphasizes the need to draw together different kinds of written and artefactual evidence and to describe the ways in which they complement each other. This approach is pursued in a series of analyses of approaches specific economic sectors: demography, urbanization and settlement patterns, the agrarian economy, patterns of trade and commerce, mining, metal supply, and coinage. The book offers a survey of the opportunities for advancing understanding of the economic and technological development of the Roman empire by using the tools and techniques of economic history and statistical analysis.Less
This book contains a number of chapters on the Roman economy which discuss methods of analysing the performance of the economy of the Mediterranean world under Roman imperial rule in the period c.100 BC to AD 350 through quantification. It focuses on the methods and problems involved in identifying and analyzing the characteristics of economic integration, growth, and decline in this period. In particular, it attempts to suggest how a complex and diverse economic world can be better understood by using quantifiable and proxy data to measure these processes in different parts of the Mediterranean world. The data are drawn from both documentary and archaeological sources, and the book emphasizes the need to draw together different kinds of written and artefactual evidence and to describe the ways in which they complement each other. This approach is pursued in a series of analyses of approaches specific economic sectors: demography, urbanization and settlement patterns, the agrarian economy, patterns of trade and commerce, mining, metal supply, and coinage. The book offers a survey of the opportunities for advancing understanding of the economic and technological development of the Roman empire by using the tools and techniques of economic history and statistical analysis.
David Levine and Keith Wrightson
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198200666
- eISBN:
- 9780191674761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198200666.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first ...
More
This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first modern industrial society. The authors of this book employ the latest techniques of socio-historical research and make full use of a wide variety of contemporary sources to explore many aspects of life in Whickham between 1560 and 1765. They bring together vital strands – including industrial development, agrarian change, social stratification, demography, religion, work, leisure, living standards, kinship, and the family – to produce a rounded and vivid picture, which throws into relief the achievements, benefits, and costs of the complex process of industrialization. The development of Whickham is set in the larger context of socio-economic change during this period.Less
This is the first intensive study of an industrial community in early modern England. Whickham, a village built on an underground mountain of coal in north-east England, was arguably Britain's first modern industrial society. The authors of this book employ the latest techniques of socio-historical research and make full use of a wide variety of contemporary sources to explore many aspects of life in Whickham between 1560 and 1765. They bring together vital strands – including industrial development, agrarian change, social stratification, demography, religion, work, leisure, living standards, kinship, and the family – to produce a rounded and vivid picture, which throws into relief the achievements, benefits, and costs of the complex process of industrialization. The development of Whickham is set in the larger context of socio-economic change during this period.
Dik Roth and Linden Vincent (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198082927
- eISBN:
- 9780199082247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082927.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
Irrigation management for agriculture and rural development has a long history in South Asia, yet today it asserts a critical paradox: new scarcities are emerging, but irrigated agriculture still ...
More
Irrigation management for agriculture and rural development has a long history in South Asia, yet today it asserts a critical paradox: new scarcities are emerging, but irrigated agriculture still contributes vitally to food security and agro-industries. This collection of case studies from India and Nepal shows how irrigation management operates across complex dynamics of ecology, technology, and society, documenting interdisciplinary research approaches to study these. It takes the reader through irrigation technologies developed in different agro-ecological zones: large-scale public canal systems in semi-arid zones; small-scale farmer-managed canal systems in hill environments, ponds, and tank irrigation systems; and groundwater-based systems developed from borewells and in conjunctive use settings. It also includes a study of micro-hydel systems developed alongside irrigation. The case studies analyse these technologies in relation to processes of change through public policy and local action. They examine the design choices of irrigation agencies and farmers in irrigation provision, and show the forces of agrarian change acting on water access, property rights, and water institutions. Some review recent state policies for reforming irrigation management that introduce new organizational forms, but also promote markets and cost recovery. In this way, the volume documents the wider development policies acting onto irrigation management. The volume offers new scientific understanding of the complex interrelationships between water as a crucial resource in irrigation-based livelihoods, and the technologies and institutions that regulate its use. For emerging questions of equitable access to water and water productivity in South Asia, such interrelated understanding of technology and institutional choices is fundamental.Less
Irrigation management for agriculture and rural development has a long history in South Asia, yet today it asserts a critical paradox: new scarcities are emerging, but irrigated agriculture still contributes vitally to food security and agro-industries. This collection of case studies from India and Nepal shows how irrigation management operates across complex dynamics of ecology, technology, and society, documenting interdisciplinary research approaches to study these. It takes the reader through irrigation technologies developed in different agro-ecological zones: large-scale public canal systems in semi-arid zones; small-scale farmer-managed canal systems in hill environments, ponds, and tank irrigation systems; and groundwater-based systems developed from borewells and in conjunctive use settings. It also includes a study of micro-hydel systems developed alongside irrigation. The case studies analyse these technologies in relation to processes of change through public policy and local action. They examine the design choices of irrigation agencies and farmers in irrigation provision, and show the forces of agrarian change acting on water access, property rights, and water institutions. Some review recent state policies for reforming irrigation management that introduce new organizational forms, but also promote markets and cost recovery. In this way, the volume documents the wider development policies acting onto irrigation management. The volume offers new scientific understanding of the complex interrelationships between water as a crucial resource in irrigation-based livelihoods, and the technologies and institutions that regulate its use. For emerging questions of equitable access to water and water productivity in South Asia, such interrelated understanding of technology and institutional choices is fundamental.
S. A. Mileson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565672
- eISBN:
- 9780191721748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565672.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This concluding chapter provides a summation of the main findings of the book as a whole. Parks were much more important to the concerns of the aristocracy than has usually been suggested, and they ...
More
This concluding chapter provides a summation of the main findings of the book as a whole. Parks were much more important to the concerns of the aristocracy than has usually been suggested, and they had a strong, and often negative, effect on many rural communities and some urban ones. The central place of hunting in the creation of parks is emphasized, along with the significance of organized hunting as an expression of power and authority. It is also suggested that an interest in leisure, as expressed through the reservation of land for hunting, had an impact on the extent to which lords organized their estates in a commercial or market-focused way. The negotiations and confrontations that surrounded parks are shown to have been an important part of the early history of enclosure, a process that involved the shaping of social norms as well as of agrarian practices.Less
This concluding chapter provides a summation of the main findings of the book as a whole. Parks were much more important to the concerns of the aristocracy than has usually been suggested, and they had a strong, and often negative, effect on many rural communities and some urban ones. The central place of hunting in the creation of parks is emphasized, along with the significance of organized hunting as an expression of power and authority. It is also suggested that an interest in leisure, as expressed through the reservation of land for hunting, had an impact on the extent to which lords organized their estates in a commercial or market-focused way. The negotiations and confrontations that surrounded parks are shown to have been an important part of the early history of enclosure, a process that involved the shaping of social norms as well as of agrarian practices.
Jeremy Krikler
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203803
- eISBN:
- 9780191675997
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203803.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ ...
More
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ period, this is the first analysis of their impact on the agrarian Transvaal. The book analyses the ‘Revolution from Above’ unleashed by British imperialism as it wrought changes of immense significance for the countryside. It explores the relationships between landowners and peasants, traces the struggle between them, and examines the agrarian changes attempted by the British after the war. The book aims to contribute to our understanding of the South African War and its aftermath. It also offers insights into peasant struggles, and into the nature of private property and the colonial state in the Transvaal.Less
This is a study of rural society and struggle in the Transvaal during the watershed period of the early 20th century. Though much has been written about the South African War and the ‘Reconstruction’ period, this is the first analysis of their impact on the agrarian Transvaal. The book analyses the ‘Revolution from Above’ unleashed by British imperialism as it wrought changes of immense significance for the countryside. It explores the relationships between landowners and peasants, traces the struggle between them, and examines the agrarian changes attempted by the British after the war. The book aims to contribute to our understanding of the South African War and its aftermath. It also offers insights into peasant struggles, and into the nature of private property and the colonial state in the Transvaal.
Judith Pallot
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206569
- eISBN:
- 9780191677212
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206569.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a growing interest in the Stolypin Land Reform as a possible model for post-Communist agrarian development. Using recent theoretical and empirical ...
More
Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a growing interest in the Stolypin Land Reform as a possible model for post-Communist agrarian development. Using recent theoretical and empirical advances in Anglo-American research, this book examines how peasants throughout Russia received, interpreted, and acted upon the government's attempts to persuade them to quit the commune and set up independent farms. It shows how a majority of peasants failed to interpret the Reform in the way its authors had expected, with outcomes that varied both temporally and geographically. The result challenges existing texts that either concentrate on the policy side of the Reform or, if they engage with its results, use aggregated, official statistics that, this text argues, are unreliable indicators of the pre-revolutionary peasants reception of the Reform.Less
Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a growing interest in the Stolypin Land Reform as a possible model for post-Communist agrarian development. Using recent theoretical and empirical advances in Anglo-American research, this book examines how peasants throughout Russia received, interpreted, and acted upon the government's attempts to persuade them to quit the commune and set up independent farms. It shows how a majority of peasants failed to interpret the Reform in the way its authors had expected, with outcomes that varied both temporally and geographically. The result challenges existing texts that either concentrate on the policy side of the Reform or, if they engage with its results, use aggregated, official statistics that, this text argues, are unreliable indicators of the pre-revolutionary peasants reception of the Reform.
Jan Sundberg
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240562
- eISBN:
- 9780191600296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240566.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a ...
More
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).Less
Scandinavian party systems have often been seen as ‘ultra stable’, a view that was certainly justified between 1945 and the early 1970; however, the general election of 1973 in Denmark signalled a new era of instability as the three major parties saw their aggregate share of the vote slashed; soon similar developments became visible in Norway, to some extent in Finland, and (a little later) in Sweden. The main political actors in the Scandinavian democracies are organized around conflicts between labour and capital, and between the rural peripheries and urban centres; the five party families of the classic Scandinavian model (social democracy, conservatism, liberalism, agrarian ‘centrism’, and communism) are deeply anchored in these social bases, with class especially having been a more important determinant of party loyalty than in other west European democracies; in particular, the mutual tolerance and moderation that parties typically accord each other in consensus democracies has resulted in the creation of an extensive and well‐known mixed welfare economy. However, the classic five‐party model no longer provides a comprehensive account of party politics in Scandinavia: since the early 1970s a variety of other parties, old and new, have emerged, and this has led to doubt as to whether the Scandinavian party systems remain distinctive, although they may still be located in the category of moderate pluralism. The increasing fragmentation of parliaments has also affected governments in different ways in the four countries. The introduction discusses these changes; the next three sections cover the same topics as those in the other country case studies in the book, and examine (the erosion of) party legitimacy, party organizational strength (finance, members), and the systemic functionality of political parties (in governance, political recruitment, interest articulation and aggregation, political participation, and political communication).
Jane Whittle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208426
- eISBN:
- 9780191677991
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208426.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of ...
More
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore the early beginnings of agrarian capitalism in England. The question of how and why capitalism developed in England has been a source of debate. Several historical sources were used to examine a wide range of topics such as rights to land and the level of rent, the land market and inheritance, the distribution of land and wealth, the landless, wage-earners, rural craftsmen, as well as the labour laws.
Delia Davin and Barbara Harriss-White (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265673
- eISBN:
- 9780191771903
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265673.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
China and India, the world’s most populous countries, have rapidly developing economies that are shaping world politics in the 21st century. They are often compared in terms of lagged outcomes and ...
More
China and India, the world’s most populous countries, have rapidly developing economies that are shaping world politics in the 21st century. They are often compared in terms of lagged outcomes and contrasted trajectories. The present volume aims to examine more closely their commonalities as well as differences. In sections covering domestic economy, international economy, demography, migration and labour, and the environment, paired chapters examine each country. Probing behind the obvious contrasts, the essays disclose important ways in which the two countries are alike in facing the problems produced in large, formerly agrarian societies by rapid economic development and interaction with the global economy.Less
China and India, the world’s most populous countries, have rapidly developing economies that are shaping world politics in the 21st century. They are often compared in terms of lagged outcomes and contrasted trajectories. The present volume aims to examine more closely their commonalities as well as differences. In sections covering domestic economy, international economy, demography, migration and labour, and the environment, paired chapters examine each country. Probing behind the obvious contrasts, the essays disclose important ways in which the two countries are alike in facing the problems produced in large, formerly agrarian societies by rapid economic development and interaction with the global economy.
C. A. Bayly
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077466
- eISBN:
- 9780199081110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077466.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
This chapter focuses on the crisis in the political economy of north India during the period from 1825 to 1845. It suggests that the most striking fact about the downturn of the 1830s in north India ...
More
This chapter focuses on the crisis in the political economy of north India during the period from 1825 to 1845. It suggests that the most striking fact about the downturn of the 1830s in north India was the way in which a wide range of adverse climatic, ecological, and monetary conditions converged. It explains that this crisis resulted from a disturbance of the links between state, commerce and agrarian society which had been established after 1740. It also argues that the decline of princely consumption and agrarian patronage in the intermediate economy magnified the disruption caused by a political assault on the north Indian monetary system and the collapse of the false commercial economy which had remitted its Europeans' political perquisites to Britain. This was not a crisis of modernisation, it represented the impact on the Indian localities of imperialism.Less
This chapter focuses on the crisis in the political economy of north India during the period from 1825 to 1845. It suggests that the most striking fact about the downturn of the 1830s in north India was the way in which a wide range of adverse climatic, ecological, and monetary conditions converged. It explains that this crisis resulted from a disturbance of the links between state, commerce and agrarian society which had been established after 1740. It also argues that the decline of princely consumption and agrarian patronage in the intermediate economy magnified the disruption caused by a political assault on the north Indian monetary system and the collapse of the false commercial economy which had remitted its Europeans' political perquisites to Britain. This was not a crisis of modernisation, it represented the impact on the Indian localities of imperialism.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691146119
- eISBN:
- 9781400836246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691146119.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and ...
More
This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and perpetuated peculiar locutions, like “crick” and “warsh.” The picture was almost a mirror opposite of the Jeffersonian ideal that saw agrarian life as the taproot of civilization. The heartland was a national embarrassment. Rustics were simpleminded, ignorant, usually boring, and sometimes downright comical. The chapter shows how, between the 1940s and 1960s, heartland residents gained exposure to newer and more positive interpretations of the rustic life. It also considers shifting perceptions of the Wild West in the 1880s by looking at the stories of two Nebraskans: William F. Cody and Polly Spence. Finally, it suggests that the monetary connotation of landownership encourages residents to focus more on the landscape in conjunction with rustic life.Less
This chapter examines how rustic life was reinvented in the Middle West. In middle America, hicks, hillbillies, and hayseeds drove down the cultural barometer. They spoke in a nasal dialect and perpetuated peculiar locutions, like “crick” and “warsh.” The picture was almost a mirror opposite of the Jeffersonian ideal that saw agrarian life as the taproot of civilization. The heartland was a national embarrassment. Rustics were simpleminded, ignorant, usually boring, and sometimes downright comical. The chapter shows how, between the 1940s and 1960s, heartland residents gained exposure to newer and more positive interpretations of the rustic life. It also considers shifting perceptions of the Wild West in the 1880s by looking at the stories of two Nebraskans: William F. Cody and Polly Spence. Finally, it suggests that the monetary connotation of landownership encourages residents to focus more on the landscape in conjunction with rustic life.
T. P. Wiseman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239764
- eISBN:
- 9780191716836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239764.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter investigates a neglected political episode of the late 2nd century BC — the expulsion from the Senate, by the censors of 115, of the ex-consul C. Licinius Geta, who was then himself ...
More
This chapter investigates a neglected political episode of the late 2nd century BC — the expulsion from the Senate, by the censors of 115, of the ex-consul C. Licinius Geta, who was then himself elected as censor for 108. The evidence for these events is very inadequate, but analysis of the narratives of the period in Appian and Sallust enables us to piece together the picture of an arrogant aristocracy and the resistance to it by those who spoke for the Roman People. Geta's family had been responsible for many laws (legendary and historical) for the benefit of the citizens; attention is drawn to a neglected tradition, in Columella, that a tribune Licinius first divided the common land into equal seven-iugera plots after the expulsion of Tarquin, and it is argued that the Licinius Stolo who limited the size of holdings passed his law early in the 2nd century BC.Less
This chapter investigates a neglected political episode of the late 2nd century BC — the expulsion from the Senate, by the censors of 115, of the ex-consul C. Licinius Geta, who was then himself elected as censor for 108. The evidence for these events is very inadequate, but analysis of the narratives of the period in Appian and Sallust enables us to piece together the picture of an arrogant aristocracy and the resistance to it by those who spoke for the Roman People. Geta's family had been responsible for many laws (legendary and historical) for the benefit of the citizens; attention is drawn to a neglected tradition, in Columella, that a tribune Licinius first divided the common land into equal seven-iugera plots after the expulsion of Tarquin, and it is argued that the Licinius Stolo who limited the size of holdings passed his law early in the 2nd century BC.
Sarah Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264973
- eISBN:
- 9780191754128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
When Mexico declared independence in September 1821, Chiapas, along with the rest of Central America, joined the new nation. Then, in 1823, precipitated by the collapse of Iturbide's Mexican Empire, ...
More
When Mexico declared independence in September 1821, Chiapas, along with the rest of Central America, joined the new nation. Then, in 1823, precipitated by the collapse of Iturbide's Mexican Empire, the other former Central American provinces broke away to form the Central American Union. Chiapas, though, chose permanent annexation to the Mexican republic the following year. This chapter is organized as follows. The first section reviews the historiography of other regions of Mexico and Central America during these years in order better to understand the way that history and geography may have influenced political and agrarian relations in Chiapas during the half-century after independence. The second section looks at politics and state-building in Chiapas between 1824 and 1855, focusing on the relationship between regional elites in the central valley and the central highlands, national governments, and Indian communities. The third section provides an overview of commercial agriculture, population, and labour, and analyzes the agrarian laws which were passed in the state in the post-independence period. The fourth section examines the process of land privatization in different regions of Chiapas and the relationship between the alienation of public and communal lands and the spread of agrarian servitude — both labour tenancy (known as baldiaje) and debt peonage. The fifth section addresses the question of why, despite the growing dispossession of communal land, no peasant rebellion emerged in Chiapas during these years, while the next section examines the Labour Tenancy Law of 1849, a short-lived attempt to regulate baldiaje and limit the role of servile labour in commercial agriculture. Finally, the last section looks at the impact in Chiapas of the laws of the Reform and civil conflict between liberals and conservatives in the period 1855–67, and highlights the way in which local political factionalism contributed to Chiapas's Caste War of 1869–70.Less
When Mexico declared independence in September 1821, Chiapas, along with the rest of Central America, joined the new nation. Then, in 1823, precipitated by the collapse of Iturbide's Mexican Empire, the other former Central American provinces broke away to form the Central American Union. Chiapas, though, chose permanent annexation to the Mexican republic the following year. This chapter is organized as follows. The first section reviews the historiography of other regions of Mexico and Central America during these years in order better to understand the way that history and geography may have influenced political and agrarian relations in Chiapas during the half-century after independence. The second section looks at politics and state-building in Chiapas between 1824 and 1855, focusing on the relationship between regional elites in the central valley and the central highlands, national governments, and Indian communities. The third section provides an overview of commercial agriculture, population, and labour, and analyzes the agrarian laws which were passed in the state in the post-independence period. The fourth section examines the process of land privatization in different regions of Chiapas and the relationship between the alienation of public and communal lands and the spread of agrarian servitude — both labour tenancy (known as baldiaje) and debt peonage. The fifth section addresses the question of why, despite the growing dispossession of communal land, no peasant rebellion emerged in Chiapas during these years, while the next section examines the Labour Tenancy Law of 1849, a short-lived attempt to regulate baldiaje and limit the role of servile labour in commercial agriculture. Finally, the last section looks at the impact in Chiapas of the laws of the Reform and civil conflict between liberals and conservatives in the period 1855–67, and highlights the way in which local political factionalism contributed to Chiapas's Caste War of 1869–70.
Sarah Washbrook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264973
- eISBN:
- 9780191754128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264973.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter considers the agrarian question in Chiapas during the Porfiriato. First, it examines the geographical and financial restrictions faced by rural producers in the state. Second, it ...
More
This chapter considers the agrarian question in Chiapas during the Porfiriato. First, it examines the geographical and financial restrictions faced by rural producers in the state. Second, it analyses quantitative data regarding demography, rural property, investment, output, and labour. Third, it scrutinizes the impact of land legislation and land privatization on rural social relations and agrarian structure. Finally, it addresses historiographical questions regarding the social impact of Porfirian agrarian policy in Chiapas and its role in the Revolution of 1910–20.Less
This chapter considers the agrarian question in Chiapas during the Porfiriato. First, it examines the geographical and financial restrictions faced by rural producers in the state. Second, it analyses quantitative data regarding demography, rural property, investment, output, and labour. Third, it scrutinizes the impact of land legislation and land privatization on rural social relations and agrarian structure. Finally, it addresses historiographical questions regarding the social impact of Porfirian agrarian policy in Chiapas and its role in the Revolution of 1910–20.
André Béteille
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198080961
- eISBN:
- 9780199082049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198080961.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter examines pluralism and liberalism, both of which are widely used to characterize Indian society. It argues that, although their meanings overlap to some extent, there are also important ...
More
This chapter examines pluralism and liberalism, both of which are widely used to characterize Indian society. It argues that, although their meanings overlap to some extent, there are also important differences in their connotations. Tolerance of diversity is an important component of the liberal outlook and plays a critical role in India’s traditional social order. Liberalism is compatible with ‘competitive’ inequality but not with ‘hierarchical’ inequality. This chapter makes a distinction between language and religion on the one hand, and caste and tribe on the other, as markers of enduring social identity. It also looks at the multiplicity and durability of communities of birth, focusing on tribes and castes as well as their mutual relations. The chapter concludes by considering two major policy initiatives undertaken by the Indian government immediately after independence to reduce inequalities and disparities in the interest of equity and social justice: agrarian reform and positive discrimination.Less
This chapter examines pluralism and liberalism, both of which are widely used to characterize Indian society. It argues that, although their meanings overlap to some extent, there are also important differences in their connotations. Tolerance of diversity is an important component of the liberal outlook and plays a critical role in India’s traditional social order. Liberalism is compatible with ‘competitive’ inequality but not with ‘hierarchical’ inequality. This chapter makes a distinction between language and religion on the one hand, and caste and tribe on the other, as markers of enduring social identity. It also looks at the multiplicity and durability of communities of birth, focusing on tribes and castes as well as their mutual relations. The chapter concludes by considering two major policy initiatives undertaken by the Indian government immediately after independence to reduce inequalities and disparities in the interest of equity and social justice: agrarian reform and positive discrimination.
Paul B. Thompson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125879
- eISBN:
- 9780813135557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125879.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
As industry and technology proliferate in modern society, sustainability has jumped to the forefront of contemporary political and environmental discussions. The balance between progress and the ...
More
As industry and technology proliferate in modern society, sustainability has jumped to the forefront of contemporary political and environmental discussions. The balance between progress and the earth's ability to provide for its inhabitants grows increasingly precarious as we attempt to achieve sustainable development. This book articulates a new agrarian philosophy, emphasizing the vital role of agrarianism in modern agricultural practices. It unites concepts of agrarian philosophy, political theory, and environmental ethics to illustrate the importance of creating and maintaining environmentally conscious communities. The book describes the evolution of agrarian values in America following the path blazed by Thomas Jefferson, John Steinbeck, and Wendell Berry.Less
As industry and technology proliferate in modern society, sustainability has jumped to the forefront of contemporary political and environmental discussions. The balance between progress and the earth's ability to provide for its inhabitants grows increasingly precarious as we attempt to achieve sustainable development. This book articulates a new agrarian philosophy, emphasizing the vital role of agrarianism in modern agricultural practices. It unites concepts of agrarian philosophy, political theory, and environmental ethics to illustrate the importance of creating and maintaining environmentally conscious communities. The book describes the evolution of agrarian values in America following the path blazed by Thomas Jefferson, John Steinbeck, and Wendell Berry.
Rabindra Ray
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077381
- eISBN:
- 9780199081011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077381.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
The central concept of the Naxalite metaphysic was the characterization of the Indian economy as ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial’. The characterization is not so much the description of a state of ...
More
The central concept of the Naxalite metaphysic was the characterization of the Indian economy as ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial’. The characterization is not so much the description of a state of affairs as an injunction to the action of a particular kind. The characterization also does not refer so much to facts of the economy in a ‘materialist’ sense, but to perceived experiences of personality which are reified into an economic terminology. Semi-feudalism accrues from a schema which sees the Indian economy as progressing from a state of feudalism to a state of capitalism, in which semi-feudalism is an intermediate state. This chapter also considers the agrarian conditions in India and the question of the mode of production.Less
The central concept of the Naxalite metaphysic was the characterization of the Indian economy as ‘semi-feudal, semi-colonial’. The characterization is not so much the description of a state of affairs as an injunction to the action of a particular kind. The characterization also does not refer so much to facts of the economy in a ‘materialist’ sense, but to perceived experiences of personality which are reified into an economic terminology. Semi-feudalism accrues from a schema which sees the Indian economy as progressing from a state of feudalism to a state of capitalism, in which semi-feudalism is an intermediate state. This chapter also considers the agrarian conditions in India and the question of the mode of production.
André Béteille
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077435
- eISBN:
- 9780199081080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077435.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter explains the organization of production in Sripuram. It investigates the relations which are entered into by the members of the village, among themselves and with outsiders, for the ...
More
This chapter explains the organization of production in Sripuram. It investigates the relations which are entered into by the members of the village, among themselves and with outsiders, for the purpose of production. Some brief observations are then reported on the mechanisms of distribution and exchange. Most of the cultivable land in the village is irrigated and used for cultivating paddy. Additionally, most of the land continues to be held by the old landowning class. It is noted that ownership of land is vested in people with different social backgrounds and that landowners do not constitute a homogeneous class. Land has come into the market; the old landowners are now scattered; new laws have been passed which seek to reorganise agrarian relations. Village handicrafts have undergone a process of disintegration. The village has become, in a multitude of ways, part of a much wider economic system.Less
This chapter explains the organization of production in Sripuram. It investigates the relations which are entered into by the members of the village, among themselves and with outsiders, for the purpose of production. Some brief observations are then reported on the mechanisms of distribution and exchange. Most of the cultivable land in the village is irrigated and used for cultivating paddy. Additionally, most of the land continues to be held by the old landowning class. It is noted that ownership of land is vested in people with different social backgrounds and that landowners do not constitute a homogeneous class. Land has come into the market; the old landowners are now scattered; new laws have been passed which seek to reorganise agrarian relations. Village handicrafts have undergone a process of disintegration. The village has become, in a multitude of ways, part of a much wider economic system.
Jack R. Baker and Jeffrey Bilbro
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813169026
- eISBN:
- 9780813169637
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813169026.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
The current university system caters to Americans’ consumerist, selfish motives: universities promise to deliver lucrative employment and “upward mobility,” and for these sought-after commodities ...
More
The current university system caters to Americans’ consumerist, selfish motives: universities promise to deliver lucrative employment and “upward mobility,” and for these sought-after commodities they demand ever-higher tuition. As Wendell Berry has been arguing for decades, however, an education founded upon such a reductive economic exchange causes real damage to our land and our communities. In opposition to the deracinated educational culture, Berry’s fiction, essays, and poetry provide a vision for an education in the virtues of place. His understanding of place includes not only a geographic dimension but also the dimensions of hierarchy, community, and tradition. This book explores how a university might educate students to be properly placed in all these dimensions. Part 1, “Rooting Universities,” explores how imagination, language, and work help to locate us responsibly in our places. Part 2, “Cultivating Virtues of Place,” considers how universities might foster four virtues—memory, gratitude, fidelity, and love—that are particularly relevant to orienting ourselves within these four dimensions of place. University communities guided by Berry’s vision might produce graduates who can begin the work of healing their places, graduates who have been educated for “responsible membership in a family, a community, or a polity.”Less
The current university system caters to Americans’ consumerist, selfish motives: universities promise to deliver lucrative employment and “upward mobility,” and for these sought-after commodities they demand ever-higher tuition. As Wendell Berry has been arguing for decades, however, an education founded upon such a reductive economic exchange causes real damage to our land and our communities. In opposition to the deracinated educational culture, Berry’s fiction, essays, and poetry provide a vision for an education in the virtues of place. His understanding of place includes not only a geographic dimension but also the dimensions of hierarchy, community, and tradition. This book explores how a university might educate students to be properly placed in all these dimensions. Part 1, “Rooting Universities,” explores how imagination, language, and work help to locate us responsibly in our places. Part 2, “Cultivating Virtues of Place,” considers how universities might foster four virtues—memory, gratitude, fidelity, and love—that are particularly relevant to orienting ourselves within these four dimensions of place. University communities guided by Berry’s vision might produce graduates who can begin the work of healing their places, graduates who have been educated for “responsible membership in a family, a community, or a polity.”
