Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199550593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720727
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550593.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Economic and social shifts have led to rising income inequality in the world's affluent countries. This is worrisome for reasons of fairness and because inequality has adverse effects on other ...
More
Economic and social shifts have led to rising income inequality in the world's affluent countries. This is worrisome for reasons of fairness and because inequality has adverse effects on other socioeconomic goods. Redistribution can help, but government revenues are threatened by globalization and population aging. A way out of this impasse is for countries to increase their employment rate. Increasing employment enlarges the tax base, allowing tax revenues to rise without an increase in tax rates; it also reduces welfare state costs by decreasing the amount of government benefits going to individuals and households. The question is: can egalitarian institutions and policies be coupled with employment growth? For two decades conventional wisdom has held that the answer is no. This book provides an assessment of the experiences of rich nations since the late 1970s. It examines the impact on employment of six key policies and institutions: wage levels at the low end of the labor market, employment protection regulations, government benefit generosity, taxes, skills, and women-friendly policies. The analysis includes twenty countries, with a focus on Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book concludes that there is some indication of tradeoffs, but that they tend to be small in magnitude. There is no parsimonious set of policies and institutions that have been the key to good or bad employment performance. Instead, there are multiple paths to employment success. The comparative experience suggests reason for optimism about possibilities for a high-employment, high-equality society.Less
Economic and social shifts have led to rising income inequality in the world's affluent countries. This is worrisome for reasons of fairness and because inequality has adverse effects on other socioeconomic goods. Redistribution can help, but government revenues are threatened by globalization and population aging. A way out of this impasse is for countries to increase their employment rate. Increasing employment enlarges the tax base, allowing tax revenues to rise without an increase in tax rates; it also reduces welfare state costs by decreasing the amount of government benefits going to individuals and households. The question is: can egalitarian institutions and policies be coupled with employment growth? For two decades conventional wisdom has held that the answer is no. This book provides an assessment of the experiences of rich nations since the late 1970s. It examines the impact on employment of six key policies and institutions: wage levels at the low end of the labor market, employment protection regulations, government benefit generosity, taxes, skills, and women-friendly policies. The analysis includes twenty countries, with a focus on Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book concludes that there is some indication of tradeoffs, but that they tend to be small in magnitude. There is no parsimonious set of policies and institutions that have been the key to good or bad employment performance. Instead, there are multiple paths to employment success. The comparative experience suggests reason for optimism about possibilities for a high-employment, high-equality society.
Igor Balevich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199592609
- eISBN:
- 9780191594618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Steadily improving mortality rates are boosting pension liabilities, and plan managers are starting to evaluate ways to handle this exposure. The authors explore the impact of increasing longevity on ...
More
Steadily improving mortality rates are boosting pension liabilities, and plan managers are starting to evaluate ways to handle this exposure. The authors explore the impact of increasing longevity on pension plans, and what can be done about it. Responses include plan design changes, transferring this risk to an insurance company, and development of strategies to hedge this risk without completely eliminating it.Less
Steadily improving mortality rates are boosting pension liabilities, and plan managers are starting to evaluate ways to handle this exposure. The authors explore the impact of increasing longevity on pension plans, and what can be done about it. Responses include plan design changes, transferring this risk to an insurance company, and development of strategies to hedge this risk without completely eliminating it.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over ...
More
This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over four decades after its initial identification, followed by its rediscovery in the late 1960s in association with government and medical recognition of aging populations and their impending burden on society. The chapter also discusses the consolidation of what has been the dominant research paradigm in AD research for the past four decades-the amyloid cascade hypothesis, grounded in localization theory. Throughout the study, difficulties in attempting to unravel the entanglement of “normal” aging from dementia, evident from Alois Alzheimer's time, are pointed out.Less
This chapter focuses on the “discovery” of Alzheimer disease (AD) and a somewhat condensed genealogy of its history to the present time. Emphasis is given to the virtual disappearance of AD for over four decades after its initial identification, followed by its rediscovery in the late 1960s in association with government and medical recognition of aging populations and their impending burden on society. The chapter also discusses the consolidation of what has been the dominant research paradigm in AD research for the past four decades-the amyloid cascade hypothesis, grounded in localization theory. Throughout the study, difficulties in attempting to unravel the entanglement of “normal” aging from dementia, evident from Alois Alzheimer's time, are pointed out.
T. Kue Young
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195158540
- eISBN:
- 9780199864379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195158540.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations ...
More
This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations and how they change through fertility and mortality; demonstrates how to compare occurrence of health events in populations differing in composition such as age structure, including the use of standardization; and reviews the concepts of demographic and health transitions that populations undergo.Less
This chapter presents key mathematical concepts of ratio, proportion, and rate and basic epidemiologic measures of incidence and prevalence and their subtypes; describes the structure of populations and how they change through fertility and mortality; demonstrates how to compare occurrence of health events in populations differing in composition such as age structure, including the use of standardization; and reviews the concepts of demographic and health transitions that populations undergo.
Dennis McKerlie
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199769131
- eISBN:
- 9780199979615
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199769131.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General, Moral Philosophy
In a world of limited resources, competition between the young and old prompt difficult questions of justice. In countries with public pension and health care systems, or with aging populations, ...
More
In a world of limited resources, competition between the young and old prompt difficult questions of justice. In countries with public pension and health care systems, or with aging populations, there is often a concern that members of different generations are not always treated fairly. This book examines justice between age-groups with the ultimate goal of a new theory of justice that effectively grapples with those questions. In the realm of public policy and medical ethics this is an important and timely topic, but surprisingly one that has received relatively little attention from moral philosophers. The book develops a comprehensive view of fairness between age groups that applies the egalitarian values of equality, or priority for the badly off, to temporal parts of lives—not just to complete lives.Less
In a world of limited resources, competition between the young and old prompt difficult questions of justice. In countries with public pension and health care systems, or with aging populations, there is often a concern that members of different generations are not always treated fairly. This book examines justice between age-groups with the ultimate goal of a new theory of justice that effectively grapples with those questions. In the realm of public policy and medical ethics this is an important and timely topic, but surprisingly one that has received relatively little attention from moral philosophers. The book develops a comprehensive view of fairness between age groups that applies the egalitarian values of equality, or priority for the badly off, to temporal parts of lives—not just to complete lives.
Margaret Lock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149783
- eISBN:
- 9781400848461
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149783.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Due to rapidly aging populations, the number of people worldwide experiencing dementia is increasing, and the projections are grim. Despite billions of dollars invested in medical research, no ...
More
Due to rapidly aging populations, the number of people worldwide experiencing dementia is increasing, and the projections are grim. Despite billions of dollars invested in medical research, no effective treatment has been discovered for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. This book exposes the predicaments embedded in current efforts to slow down or halt Alzheimer's disease through early detection of pre-symptomatic biological changes in healthy individuals. Based on a meticulous account of the history of Alzheimer's disease and extensive in-depth interviews, the book highlights the limitations and the dissent associated with biomarker detection. It argues that basic research must continue, but should be complemented by a public health approach to prevention that is economically feasible, more humane, and much more effective globally than one exclusively focused on an increasingly harried search for a cure.Less
Due to rapidly aging populations, the number of people worldwide experiencing dementia is increasing, and the projections are grim. Despite billions of dollars invested in medical research, no effective treatment has been discovered for Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. This book exposes the predicaments embedded in current efforts to slow down or halt Alzheimer's disease through early detection of pre-symptomatic biological changes in healthy individuals. Based on a meticulous account of the history of Alzheimer's disease and extensive in-depth interviews, the book highlights the limitations and the dissent associated with biomarker detection. It argues that basic research must continue, but should be complemented by a public health approach to prevention that is economically feasible, more humane, and much more effective globally than one exclusively focused on an increasingly harried search for a cure.
Julia L. Coronado, Dean Maki, and Ben Weitzer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199230778
- eISBN:
- 9780191710971
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230778.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter evaluates housing wealth and its potential role in Baby Boomers' retirement wellbeing. The Health and Retirement Survey is used to compare Boomers' wealth position to that of the ...
More
This chapter evaluates housing wealth and its potential role in Baby Boomers' retirement wellbeing. The Health and Retirement Survey is used to compare Boomers' wealth position to that of the immediately preceding cohort, just prior to retirement. Results show that Boomers have more valuable homes but have also borrowed more against them, so they have a similar fraction of assets allocated to home equity as their predecessors. Unlike prior studies, this chapter shows that people do view housing as a source of wealth that can help them finance their retirement needs. Indeed, a substantial fraction of older households do move and appear to liquidate some home equity in the process. Consequently, some of the recent home equity extraction may be related to the aging of the population rather than a cyclical response to rapid house appreciation.Less
This chapter evaluates housing wealth and its potential role in Baby Boomers' retirement wellbeing. The Health and Retirement Survey is used to compare Boomers' wealth position to that of the immediately preceding cohort, just prior to retirement. Results show that Boomers have more valuable homes but have also borrowed more against them, so they have a similar fraction of assets allocated to home equity as their predecessors. Unlike prior studies, this chapter shows that people do view housing as a source of wealth that can help them finance their retirement needs. Indeed, a substantial fraction of older households do move and appear to liquidate some home equity in the process. Consequently, some of the recent home equity extraction may be related to the aging of the population rather than a cyclical response to rapid house appreciation.
Osei Darkwa
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195173727
- eISBN:
- 9780199893218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173727.003.0091
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter focuses on developing nations, with a special look at Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hard hit with major health crises that have devastated large segments of its population. This ...
More
This chapter focuses on developing nations, with a special look at Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hard hit with major health crises that have devastated large segments of its population. This crisis is discussed and the ramifications for social work practice with older adults in such countries are considered.Less
This chapter focuses on developing nations, with a special look at Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hard hit with major health crises that have devastated large segments of its population. This crisis is discussed and the ramifications for social work practice with older adults in such countries are considered.
Gordon L. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261765
- eISBN:
- 9780191601248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261768.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter examines whether the Dutch pension system is prepared to meet the demands of changing labour markets and an aging population. The stock market crisis in 2002 exposed the vulnerability of ...
More
This chapter examines whether the Dutch pension system is prepared to meet the demands of changing labour markets and an aging population. The stock market crisis in 2002 exposed the vulnerability of Dutch pension funds. As a result, higher premiums are necessary to compensate for falling pension coverage ratios. Moreover, the slowdown in economic growth draws attention to the political difficulty of maintaining a strategy of debt-redemption under a recession. Thus, the pressure for pension reform in the Netherlands is expected to increase in the first decade of the 21st century.Less
This chapter examines whether the Dutch pension system is prepared to meet the demands of changing labour markets and an aging population. The stock market crisis in 2002 exposed the vulnerability of Dutch pension funds. As a result, higher premiums are necessary to compensate for falling pension coverage ratios. Moreover, the slowdown in economic growth draws attention to the political difficulty of maintaining a strategy of debt-redemption under a recession. Thus, the pressure for pension reform in the Netherlands is expected to increase in the first decade of the 21st century.
Delia Davin
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265673
- eISBN:
- 9780191771903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265673.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
China, like India, has experienced rapid demographic change in recent decades. Combined with the dramatic economic growth which started with the introduction of market-orientated economic reforms ...
More
China, like India, has experienced rapid demographic change in recent decades. Combined with the dramatic economic growth which started with the introduction of market-orientated economic reforms from the late 1970s, demographic change has had enormous impacts on Chinese society, marriage, family relations and family building. This paper starts with a general overview of the ‘planks’ of this demographic change: rising life expectancy and lowered fertility, the distorted child sex ratio, and migration and urbanisation. It then moves on to a discussion of some of the consequences of these changes focusing on marriage, the shortage of brides and marriage finance; the implications of lowered fertility for women; and population aging and its challenge to the intergenerational contract. Marriage migration is discussed both in the context of the shortage of brides, and as one of the changes especially affecting women.Less
China, like India, has experienced rapid demographic change in recent decades. Combined with the dramatic economic growth which started with the introduction of market-orientated economic reforms from the late 1970s, demographic change has had enormous impacts on Chinese society, marriage, family relations and family building. This paper starts with a general overview of the ‘planks’ of this demographic change: rising life expectancy and lowered fertility, the distorted child sex ratio, and migration and urbanisation. It then moves on to a discussion of some of the consequences of these changes focusing on marriage, the shortage of brides and marriage finance; the implications of lowered fertility for women; and population aging and its challenge to the intergenerational contract. Marriage migration is discussed both in the context of the shortage of brides, and as one of the changes especially affecting women.
John Paul Eberhard
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331721
- eISBN:
- 9780199864058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331721.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
This chapter discusses the relationship between how memory helps to form the experiences we have of places and spaces. This includes special considerations in designing facilities for the aging ...
More
This chapter discusses the relationship between how memory helps to form the experiences we have of places and spaces. This includes special considerations in designing facilities for the aging population, and those with Alzheimer's. A number of hypotheses are described that result from research in cognitive neuroscience applied to experiences with aging.Less
This chapter discusses the relationship between how memory helps to form the experiences we have of places and spaces. This includes special considerations in designing facilities for the aging population, and those with Alzheimer's. A number of hypotheses are described that result from research in cognitive neuroscience applied to experiences with aging.
M. C. “Terry” Hokenstad and Moon Choi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195333619
- eISBN:
- 9780199918195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333619.003.0019
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Unprecedented population aging is taking place around the world. Both the number and proportion of older persons (sixty years of age and older) have been steadily increasing over the past half ...
More
Unprecedented population aging is taking place around the world. Both the number and proportion of older persons (sixty years of age and older) have been steadily increasing over the past half century. This chapter discusses the implications of this demographic revolution for social welfare policy and social work practice. Policy challenges include the coverage and cost of pension programs for an increasing number of older people who have retired from the labor market. Challenges also encompass the adequacy and efficiency of health care for citizens who are living longer with chronic illness. Social workers must focus on a growing amount of isolation, abuse, and neglect among their older client group. Social workers also must develop and adapt social development strategies, particularly for elderly clients without pensions or outside of the formal labor market.Less
Unprecedented population aging is taking place around the world. Both the number and proportion of older persons (sixty years of age and older) have been steadily increasing over the past half century. This chapter discusses the implications of this demographic revolution for social welfare policy and social work practice. Policy challenges include the coverage and cost of pension programs for an increasing number of older people who have retired from the labor market. Challenges also encompass the adequacy and efficiency of health care for citizens who are living longer with chronic illness. Social workers must focus on a growing amount of isolation, abuse, and neglect among their older client group. Social workers also must develop and adapt social development strategies, particularly for elderly clients without pensions or outside of the formal labor market.
Bruce Fallick, Charles Fleischman, and Jonathan Pingle
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226001432
- eISBN:
- 9780226001463
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226001463.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter examines the effect of population aging on the aggregate labor market. It describes the direct implications of the shifting population age distribution for several labor market measures: ...
More
This chapter examines the effect of population aging on the aggregate labor market. It describes the direct implications of the shifting population age distribution for several labor market measures: the unemployment rate, the participation rate, gross labor force flows, and wage rates. It was found that the largest effects on the aggregate labor force participation rate are yet to come, while the effects on the unemployment rate have mostly run their course. In addition, the movement of the baby boomers into the high-earnings age groups has pushed up mean wages and changed the average flows though labor market states only modestly. The changes in behavior within age groups may offset some of the influence of the shifting age shares. The aging of the baby boomers, increased longevity, and other forces influencing the age distribution have been and are likely to remain important determinants of labor market statistics.Less
This chapter examines the effect of population aging on the aggregate labor market. It describes the direct implications of the shifting population age distribution for several labor market measures: the unemployment rate, the participation rate, gross labor force flows, and wage rates. It was found that the largest effects on the aggregate labor force participation rate are yet to come, while the effects on the unemployment rate have mostly run their course. In addition, the movement of the baby boomers into the high-earnings age groups has pushed up mean wages and changed the average flows though labor market states only modestly. The changes in behavior within age groups may offset some of the influence of the shifting age shares. The aging of the baby boomers, increased longevity, and other forces influencing the age distribution have been and are likely to remain important determinants of labor market statistics.
Juan Carlos Alfonso Fraga
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813044231
- eISBN:
- 9780813046464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813044231.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
A strong indicator of the significant success of Cuba’s socioeconomic policies over the last fifty years is its first world demographic profile resting on its third world per-capita GDP. Juan Carlos ...
More
A strong indicator of the significant success of Cuba’s socioeconomic policies over the last fifty years is its first world demographic profile resting on its third world per-capita GDP. Juan Carlos Alfonso discusses in detail the major prospective economic problems that this “aging population”—a result of lengthening life-spans and a falling fertility rate—portends for Cuba in the coming decades. Of these problems, two rank foremost. First, there will be a continually decreasing number of working people supporting an increasing number of dependent people. Second, there will be numerous different costs associated with meeting Cuba’s commitment to provide for the well-being of elderly people in accordance with their increased needs. The first cost that comes to mind is increased medical care, but there are many other expenses if these people are to be supported in maintaining a dignified life. The aging population is a much greater economic problem for Cuba than for first world countries because of its lower per-capita GDP and labor productivity. It is a much greater problem for Cuba than for typical third world capitalist countries because of Cuba’s ideological commitment to insuring state-supported well-being for anyone with inadequate personal means or family support.Less
A strong indicator of the significant success of Cuba’s socioeconomic policies over the last fifty years is its first world demographic profile resting on its third world per-capita GDP. Juan Carlos Alfonso discusses in detail the major prospective economic problems that this “aging population”—a result of lengthening life-spans and a falling fertility rate—portends for Cuba in the coming decades. Of these problems, two rank foremost. First, there will be a continually decreasing number of working people supporting an increasing number of dependent people. Second, there will be numerous different costs associated with meeting Cuba’s commitment to provide for the well-being of elderly people in accordance with their increased needs. The first cost that comes to mind is increased medical care, but there are many other expenses if these people are to be supported in maintaining a dignified life. The aging population is a much greater economic problem for Cuba than for first world countries because of its lower per-capita GDP and labor productivity. It is a much greater problem for Cuba than for typical third world capitalist countries because of Cuba’s ideological commitment to insuring state-supported well-being for anyone with inadequate personal means or family support.
Yue Chim Richard Wong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390625
- eISBN:
- 9789888390373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0030
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Will the government be able to overcome protectionist barriers to successfully attract skill and talent from abroad, including the children of earlier Hong Kong emigrants? Time will tell. The real ...
More
Will the government be able to overcome protectionist barriers to successfully attract skill and talent from abroad, including the children of earlier Hong Kong emigrants? Time will tell. The real battle is not overseas, but at home. If the government fails again, then we know Japan’s lost two decades will be our future.Less
Will the government be able to overcome protectionist barriers to successfully attract skill and talent from abroad, including the children of earlier Hong Kong emigrants? Time will tell. The real battle is not overseas, but at home. If the government fails again, then we know Japan’s lost two decades will be our future.
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276776
- eISBN:
- 9780191603051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276773.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The role of government is changing from that of leading economic development to leading social development. Two key areas are explored: the need for East Asian governments to make policy adjustments ...
More
The role of government is changing from that of leading economic development to leading social development. Two key areas are explored: the need for East Asian governments to make policy adjustments to expand the social safety net, and the increased demands of labor movements for labor market reforms.Less
The role of government is changing from that of leading economic development to leading social development. Two key areas are explored: the need for East Asian governments to make policy adjustments to expand the social safety net, and the increased demands of labor movements for labor market reforms.
Naohiro Ogawa, Andrew Mason, Amonthep Chawla, and Rikiya Matsukura
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226386850
- eISBN:
- 9780226386881
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226386881.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the past, present, and future of demographic transition, using many indicators. Some of important impacts of Japan's unprecedented population aging on its postwar economy are ...
More
This chapter discusses the past, present, and future of demographic transition, using many indicators. Some of important impacts of Japan's unprecedented population aging on its postwar economy are analyzed by drawing heavily upon estimates from the National Transfer Accounts (NTA)—Japan project, ranging from the first and second demographic dividends to life cycle reallocations. To raise marital fertility to alleviate the burden of rapid population aging on the economy, since 1990 the Japanese government has formulated and implemented a series of pronatalist programs and policies. Although the awareness of the demographic dividends is still fairly limited in Japan, their use, particularly that of the accumulated demographic dividend which is likely to remain substantial for the next few decades, could be an option for Japan to help resume steady economic growth.Less
This chapter discusses the past, present, and future of demographic transition, using many indicators. Some of important impacts of Japan's unprecedented population aging on its postwar economy are analyzed by drawing heavily upon estimates from the National Transfer Accounts (NTA)—Japan project, ranging from the first and second demographic dividends to life cycle reallocations. To raise marital fertility to alleviate the burden of rapid population aging on the economy, since 1990 the Japanese government has formulated and implemented a series of pronatalist programs and policies. Although the awareness of the demographic dividends is still fairly limited in Japan, their use, particularly that of the accumulated demographic dividend which is likely to remain substantial for the next few decades, could be an option for Japan to help resume steady economic growth.
Lisa I. Iezzoni and Bonnie L. O'Day
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172768
- eISBN:
- 9780199865710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172768.003.0016
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The community environments within which people live have enormous consequences for their health. This chapter reaches beyond health care settings into communities to explore briefly those attributes ...
More
The community environments within which people live have enormous consequences for their health. This chapter reaches beyond health care settings into communities to explore briefly those attributes that make communities safe and welcoming to persons with disabilities, and that allow all residents to participate fully in community life. It argues that demographic imperatives force the need for greater public policy focus on making accessible built environments. With an aging population and growing rates of obesity, along with declining rates of physical fitness, planners should emphasize building environments that support independent living and promote physical activity, healthy eating, and other positive health-related behaviors. Healthy built environments can improve not only physical health but also mental health, over the life span. The chapter briefly reviews examples from other countries of efforts to construct walkable communities and discusses challenges to bringing those changes to the United States.Less
The community environments within which people live have enormous consequences for their health. This chapter reaches beyond health care settings into communities to explore briefly those attributes that make communities safe and welcoming to persons with disabilities, and that allow all residents to participate fully in community life. It argues that demographic imperatives force the need for greater public policy focus on making accessible built environments. With an aging population and growing rates of obesity, along with declining rates of physical fitness, planners should emphasize building environments that support independent living and promote physical activity, healthy eating, and other positive health-related behaviors. Healthy built environments can improve not only physical health but also mental health, over the life span. The chapter briefly reviews examples from other countries of efforts to construct walkable communities and discusses challenges to bringing those changes to the United States.
Julia Addington-Hall and Katherine Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199599400
- eISBN:
- 9780191739170
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599400.003.0066
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more ...
More
This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more aged population and the forecasted increases in long-term conditions, the numbers of people following frailty and dementia illness trajectories is growing rapidly. However, one of the hardest tasks in the management of chronic disease is to understand the transition from actively seeking remission of disease to positively accepting approaching death. Until there are considerable advancements in prognostication in other conditions, it will remain a public health challenge to be able to justify end-of-life care for individual non-cancer patients.Less
This chapter argues that end-of-life and palliative care for those with non-malignant conditions is an area that requires innovation and future planning. With the demographic shift towards a more aged population and the forecasted increases in long-term conditions, the numbers of people following frailty and dementia illness trajectories is growing rapidly. However, one of the hardest tasks in the management of chronic disease is to understand the transition from actively seeking remission of disease to positively accepting approaching death. Until there are considerable advancements in prognostication in other conditions, it will remain a public health challenge to be able to justify end-of-life care for individual non-cancer patients.
Young Jun Chun
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226386812
- eISBN:
- 9780226387062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226387062.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
While the current proportion of old-age population of Korea is lower than in other OECD countries, the speed of population aging is very high. More old-age dependents relative to workers resulting ...
More
While the current proportion of old-age population of Korea is lower than in other OECD countries, the speed of population aging is very high. More old-age dependents relative to workers resulting from population aging suggests the likelihood of more consumption relative to income and, therefore, less national saving. Increase in the old-age dependency ratio substantially affects fiscal policy. Government expenditures such as public pension benefits and medical insurance benefits will increase rapidly as the population is aging. This chapter examines the effects of population aging and fiscal policies on national savings in Korea. It uses a life-cycle model, which incorporates the generational accounting approach needed to assess the distribution of fiscal burden across generations, to predict the national savings rate of Korea for the next several decades. The chapter also evaluates the effects of change in asset composition, such as the annuitization of assets resulting from maturing of public pensions and the introduction of reverse annuity mortgages through the estimation of consumption functions, which enables comparison of elasticity of consumption with respect to various kinds of wealth.Less
While the current proportion of old-age population of Korea is lower than in other OECD countries, the speed of population aging is very high. More old-age dependents relative to workers resulting from population aging suggests the likelihood of more consumption relative to income and, therefore, less national saving. Increase in the old-age dependency ratio substantially affects fiscal policy. Government expenditures such as public pension benefits and medical insurance benefits will increase rapidly as the population is aging. This chapter examines the effects of population aging and fiscal policies on national savings in Korea. It uses a life-cycle model, which incorporates the generational accounting approach needed to assess the distribution of fiscal burden across generations, to predict the national savings rate of Korea for the next several decades. The chapter also evaluates the effects of change in asset composition, such as the annuitization of assets resulting from maturing of public pensions and the introduction of reverse annuity mortgages through the estimation of consumption functions, which enables comparison of elasticity of consumption with respect to various kinds of wealth.
