Matthew S. Seligmann
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199261505
- eISBN:
- 9780191718618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261505.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The book ends by summarizing the case made. It concludes that service attachés were a vital source of military and naval information for the British government, that they predicted developments ...
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The book ends by summarizing the case made. It concludes that service attachés were a vital source of military and naval information for the British government, that they predicted developments ranging from the impact of Fokker aircraft through to the probability of Germany starting a major war between 1913 and 1915, and that their views influenced those in charge of British policy. This conclusion challenges the arguments of those revisionist historians who contend that Germany posed no threat to the existing European order and that the British Government had no reason to suppose that Germany had aggressive intentions. On the contrary, courtesy of the reports of the military and naval attachés, the Admiralty, War Office and Foreign Office and, through them, the rest of the Government had extensive grounds for worrying about Germany's aggressive intent. That they shaped their policy accordingly was, therefore, not irrational, as some historians suggest, but the logical response to the information available to them, as was Britain's entry into the First World War.Less
The book ends by summarizing the case made. It concludes that service attachés were a vital source of military and naval information for the British government, that they predicted developments ranging from the impact of Fokker aircraft through to the probability of Germany starting a major war between 1913 and 1915, and that their views influenced those in charge of British policy. This conclusion challenges the arguments of those revisionist historians who contend that Germany posed no threat to the existing European order and that the British Government had no reason to suppose that Germany had aggressive intentions. On the contrary, courtesy of the reports of the military and naval attachés, the Admiralty, War Office and Foreign Office and, through them, the rest of the Government had extensive grounds for worrying about Germany's aggressive intent. That they shaped their policy accordingly was, therefore, not irrational, as some historians suggest, but the logical response to the information available to them, as was Britain's entry into the First World War.
David Rodin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199257744
- eISBN:
- 9780191601811
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257744.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book explores the moral response to war and aggression within the context of self-defence. Two main projects are undertaken: to explain defensive rights in their most general form, and determine ...
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This book explores the moral response to war and aggression within the context of self-defence. Two main projects are undertaken: to explain defensive rights in their most general form, and determine whether this explanation can be used as grounds for a right of national self-defence. It contends that although a coherent account of self-defence can be built around the idea of personal rights, the attempt justify war based on the conception of self-defence faces significant obstacles and ultimately fails. Self-defence has significant consequences for the entire enterprise of normative international relations, given its position as the centrepiece of the modern jus ad bellum (the rules specifying the conditions for a just war).Less
This book explores the moral response to war and aggression within the context of self-defence. Two main projects are undertaken: to explain defensive rights in their most general form, and determine whether this explanation can be used as grounds for a right of national self-defence. It contends that although a coherent account of self-defence can be built around the idea of personal rights, the attempt justify war based on the conception of self-defence faces significant obstacles and ultimately fails. Self-defence has significant consequences for the entire enterprise of normative international relations, given its position as the centrepiece of the modern jus ad bellum (the rules specifying the conditions for a just war).
Erika Lorraine Milam
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181882
- eISBN:
- 9780691185095
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181882.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. This book charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's ...
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After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. This book charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. The book reveals how the scientists who advanced this “killer ape” theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity's problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, the book shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee–human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, the book argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature.Less
After World War II, the question of how to define a universal human nature took on new urgency. This book charts the rise and precipitous fall in Cold War America of a theory that attributed man's evolutionary success to his unique capacity for murder. The book reveals how the scientists who advanced this “killer ape” theory capitalized on an expanding postwar market in intellectual paperbacks and widespread faith in the power of science to solve humanity's problems, even to answer the most fundamental questions of human identity. The killer ape theory spread quickly from colloquial science publications to late-night television, classrooms, political debates, and Hollywood films. Behind the scenes, however, scientists were sharply divided, their disagreements centering squarely on questions of race and gender. Then, in the 1970s, the theory unraveled altogether when primatologists discovered that chimpanzees also kill members of their own species. While the discovery brought an end to definitions of human exceptionalism delineated by violence, the book shows how some evolutionists began to argue for a shared chimpanzee–human history of aggression even as other scientists discredited such theories as sloppy popularizations. A wide-ranging account of a compelling episode in American science, the book argues that the legacy of the killer ape persists today in the conviction that science can resolve the essential dilemmas of human nature.
Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195171303
- eISBN:
- 9780199785193
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171303.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This concluding chapter discusses how folk saint myths are formed. This is followed by sections that consolidate recurring themes: politics; justice; life in death; dreams; innocence, purity, and ...
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This concluding chapter discusses how folk saint myths are formed. This is followed by sections that consolidate recurring themes: politics; justice; life in death; dreams; innocence, purity, and childhood; romance, infidelity, and sexual aggression; water; skulls, bones, and skeletons; and protection in travel.Less
This concluding chapter discusses how folk saint myths are formed. This is followed by sections that consolidate recurring themes: politics; justice; life in death; dreams; innocence, purity, and childhood; romance, infidelity, and sexual aggression; water; skulls, bones, and skeletons; and protection in travel.
Daniel Butt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199218240
- eISBN:
- 9780191711589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218240.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter lays out the account of justice between nations — international libertarianism — which the book uses to assess present day obligations arising from historic injustice. The first section ...
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This chapter lays out the account of justice between nations — international libertarianism — which the book uses to assess present day obligations arising from historic injustice. The first section outlines international libertarianism as a backward-looking account of international distributive justice, in contrast with forward-looking redistributive cosmopolitanism. The second section differentiates international libertarianism from prescriptive realism, by giving details of the principles of just international interaction which international libertarians believe should govern relations between different communities. These combine a respect for national self-determination with a prohibition on self-interested aggression. The third section considers the propriety of using these principles to judge historic international interaction, in the light of historically different beliefs about morality and the relatively recent development of international law. It concludes by considering the claim that historic departures from the principles might be seen as having been justified by necessity, and considers the duties of compensation which would result from such actions.Less
This chapter lays out the account of justice between nations — international libertarianism — which the book uses to assess present day obligations arising from historic injustice. The first section outlines international libertarianism as a backward-looking account of international distributive justice, in contrast with forward-looking redistributive cosmopolitanism. The second section differentiates international libertarianism from prescriptive realism, by giving details of the principles of just international interaction which international libertarians believe should govern relations between different communities. These combine a respect for national self-determination with a prohibition on self-interested aggression. The third section considers the propriety of using these principles to judge historic international interaction, in the light of historically different beliefs about morality and the relatively recent development of international law. It concludes by considering the claim that historic departures from the principles might be seen as having been justified by necessity, and considers the duties of compensation which would result from such actions.
Craig A. Anderson, Douglas A. Gentile, and Katherine E. Buckley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195309836
- eISBN:
- 9780199893393
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195309836.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Violent video games are increasingly popular, raising concerns by parents, researchers, policy makers, and informed citizens about potential harmful effects. Chapter 1 describes the history of ...
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Violent video games are increasingly popular, raising concerns by parents, researchers, policy makers, and informed citizens about potential harmful effects. Chapter 1 describes the history of violent games and their explosive growth. Chapter 2 discusses research methodologies, how one establishes causality in science, and prior research on violent television, film, and video games. Chapter 3 presents the General Aggression Model, focusing on how media violence increases aggression and violence in both short and long-term contexts. Important scientific questions are answered by three new studies. Chapter 4 reports findings from a laboratory experiment: even children's games with cartoonish violence increased aggression in children and college students. Chapter 5 reports findings from a survey study of high school students: frequent violent game play leads to an angry and hostile personality and to frequent aggression and violence. Chapter 6 reports findings from the first longitudinal study video game effects: elementary school children who frequently played violent games early in the school year became more verbally and physically aggressive, and less helpful. Chapters 7 and 8 compare a host of risk factors for development of aggression, and find video game effects to be quite important. Chapter 9 describes the role of scientific findings in public policy, industry responses to scientific findings, and public policy options. Chapter 10 recommends that public policy debates acknowledge the harmful effects of violent video games on youth, and urges a more productive debate about whether and how modern societies should act.Less
Violent video games are increasingly popular, raising concerns by parents, researchers, policy makers, and informed citizens about potential harmful effects. Chapter 1 describes the history of violent games and their explosive growth. Chapter 2 discusses research methodologies, how one establishes causality in science, and prior research on violent television, film, and video games. Chapter 3 presents the General Aggression Model, focusing on how media violence increases aggression and violence in both short and long-term contexts. Important scientific questions are answered by three new studies. Chapter 4 reports findings from a laboratory experiment: even children's games with cartoonish violence increased aggression in children and college students. Chapter 5 reports findings from a survey study of high school students: frequent violent game play leads to an angry and hostile personality and to frequent aggression and violence. Chapter 6 reports findings from the first longitudinal study video game effects: elementary school children who frequently played violent games early in the school year became more verbally and physically aggressive, and less helpful. Chapters 7 and 8 compare a host of risk factors for development of aggression, and find video game effects to be quite important. Chapter 9 describes the role of scientific findings in public policy, industry responses to scientific findings, and public policy options. Chapter 10 recommends that public policy debates acknowledge the harmful effects of violent video games on youth, and urges a more productive debate about whether and how modern societies should act.
Oswald Bayer and Jeff Cayzer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199249091
- eISBN:
- 9780191697807
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249091.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter discusses the concept of evil that does not persist. It is possible to take the idea that evil does not persist as a concept that in philosophical terms posits a guideline for human ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of evil that does not persist. It is possible to take the idea that evil does not persist as a concept that in philosophical terms posits a guideline for human behaviour. Modern concepts of the kingdom of God are framed according to this philosophy. It persists, only varying the forms in which it appears, forms that theology and philosophy, political science, psychology, biology and behavioural science — including theories of aggression — strive to comprehend.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of evil that does not persist. It is possible to take the idea that evil does not persist as a concept that in philosophical terms posits a guideline for human behaviour. Modern concepts of the kingdom of God are framed according to this philosophy. It persists, only varying the forms in which it appears, forms that theology and philosophy, political science, psychology, biology and behavioural science — including theories of aggression — strive to comprehend.
Kristen Renwick Monroe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151373
- eISBN:
- 9781400840366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151373.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Psychology and Interaction
What causes genocide? Why do some stand by, doing nothing, while others risk their lives to help the persecuted? This book analyzes riveting interviews with bystanders, Nazi supporters, and rescuers ...
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What causes genocide? Why do some stand by, doing nothing, while others risk their lives to help the persecuted? This book analyzes riveting interviews with bystanders, Nazi supporters, and rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust to lay bare critical psychological forces operating during genocide. The book's examination of these moving—and disturbing—interviews underscores the significance of identity for moral choice. The book finds that self-image and identity—especially the sense of self in relation to others—determine and delineate our choice options, not just morally but cognitively. It introduces the concept of moral salience to explain how we establish a critical psychological relationship with others, classifying individuals in need as “people just like us” or reducing them to strangers perceived as different, threatening, or even beyond the boundaries of our concern. The book explicates the psychological dehumanization that is a prerequisite for genocide and uses knowledge of human behavior during the Holocaust to develop a broader theory of moral choice, one applicable to other forms of ethnic, religious, racial, and sectarian prejudice, aggression, and violence. It suggests that identity is more fundamental than reasoning in our treatment of others.Less
What causes genocide? Why do some stand by, doing nothing, while others risk their lives to help the persecuted? This book analyzes riveting interviews with bystanders, Nazi supporters, and rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust to lay bare critical psychological forces operating during genocide. The book's examination of these moving—and disturbing—interviews underscores the significance of identity for moral choice. The book finds that self-image and identity—especially the sense of self in relation to others—determine and delineate our choice options, not just morally but cognitively. It introduces the concept of moral salience to explain how we establish a critical psychological relationship with others, classifying individuals in need as “people just like us” or reducing them to strangers perceived as different, threatening, or even beyond the boundaries of our concern. The book explicates the psychological dehumanization that is a prerequisite for genocide and uses knowledge of human behavior during the Holocaust to develop a broader theory of moral choice, one applicable to other forms of ethnic, religious, racial, and sectarian prejudice, aggression, and violence. It suggests that identity is more fundamental than reasoning in our treatment of others.
MARION TURNER
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207893
- eISBN:
- 9780191709142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207893.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature
This book has tried to explore some of the ways in which social antagonism was articulated and addressed in Geoffrey Chaucer's textual environment. It appears that producers of texts in late ...
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This book has tried to explore some of the ways in which social antagonism was articulated and addressed in Geoffrey Chaucer's textual environment. It appears that producers of texts in late 14th-century London were profoundly concerned with problems of civic dissent and social division. The explosiveness of the climate in which Chaucer lived and wrote is dramatically exemplified in the example of John Constantyn, a cordwainer in the city of London whose hard fate bears witness to the heightened atmosphere of anxiety about rebellion, gossip, and faction in the 1380s. Chaucer's writings suggest that discursive turbulence cannot be tamed, that voices of aggression and dissent will make themselves heard, that societies will repeat the self-destructive behaviour of their predecessors, that people will betray each other, and that social groups will always fragment.Less
This book has tried to explore some of the ways in which social antagonism was articulated and addressed in Geoffrey Chaucer's textual environment. It appears that producers of texts in late 14th-century London were profoundly concerned with problems of civic dissent and social division. The explosiveness of the climate in which Chaucer lived and wrote is dramatically exemplified in the example of John Constantyn, a cordwainer in the city of London whose hard fate bears witness to the heightened atmosphere of anxiety about rebellion, gossip, and faction in the 1380s. Chaucer's writings suggest that discursive turbulence cannot be tamed, that voices of aggression and dissent will make themselves heard, that societies will repeat the self-destructive behaviour of their predecessors, that people will betray each other, and that social groups will always fragment.
Maurizio Ragazzi
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198298700
- eISBN:
- 9780191707513
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298700.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
In an obiter dictum in its 1970 judgment in the Barcelona Traction case, the International Court of Justice identified a category of international obligations called erga omnes, namely obligations ...
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In an obiter dictum in its 1970 judgment in the Barcelona Traction case, the International Court of Justice identified a category of international obligations called erga omnes, namely obligations owed by states to the international community as a whole, intended to protect and promote the basic values and common interests of all. Without losing sight of the theoretical dimension of obligations erga omnes, this book adopts a pragmatic approach, attentive to the traditional sources of international law and evaluating obligations erga omnes in light of state practice and court decisions (including the South West Africa and the Nuclear Tests cases). After discussing a broad spectrum of key international concepts, including jus cogens, objective regimes, and state servitudes, the book analyzes the four examples of obligations erga omnes given by the International Court in its obiter dictum on obligations erga omnes: the prohibition of aggression and genocide, and the protection from slavery and racial discrimination. From this analysis, the book infers five common elements of obligations erga omnes, including their reflecting basic moral values. The book then examines these common elements in light of other candidates of obligations erga omnes proposed in the international literature and state practice. Before drawing general conclusions, the book addresses the relationship between erga omnes and jus cogens, and between erga omnes and actio popularis.Less
In an obiter dictum in its 1970 judgment in the Barcelona Traction case, the International Court of Justice identified a category of international obligations called erga omnes, namely obligations owed by states to the international community as a whole, intended to protect and promote the basic values and common interests of all. Without losing sight of the theoretical dimension of obligations erga omnes, this book adopts a pragmatic approach, attentive to the traditional sources of international law and evaluating obligations erga omnes in light of state practice and court decisions (including the South West Africa and the Nuclear Tests cases). After discussing a broad spectrum of key international concepts, including jus cogens, objective regimes, and state servitudes, the book analyzes the four examples of obligations erga omnes given by the International Court in its obiter dictum on obligations erga omnes: the prohibition of aggression and genocide, and the protection from slavery and racial discrimination. From this analysis, the book infers five common elements of obligations erga omnes, including their reflecting basic moral values. The book then examines these common elements in light of other candidates of obligations erga omnes proposed in the international literature and state practice. Before drawing general conclusions, the book addresses the relationship between erga omnes and jus cogens, and between erga omnes and actio popularis.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Recent interest in dog behaviour has been overwhelmed by questions on socio-cognitive abilities in this species. This chapter refers to such abilities in a broad sense, that is, it includes ...
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Recent interest in dog behaviour has been overwhelmed by questions on socio-cognitive abilities in this species. This chapter refers to such abilities in a broad sense, that is, it includes aggressive and affiliative behaviours, in addition to various forms of interactions that occur among group mates such as communication, cooperation, play, and social learning. Most aspects of socio-cognitive behaviour are reviewed from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that during evolution (domestication) dogs have changed patterns of social behaviour to adapt to living and surviving in the anthropogenic environment. It has been widely accepted that compared to wolves, dogs are at an advantage in showing attachment, complex communicative behaviours, or social learning skills when living in a human dominated environment; the same is true for cooperative abilities. In spite of this, there are many open questions how these traits are influenced by genetic (e.g., breeds) and environmental (e.g., socialization) factors.Less
Recent interest in dog behaviour has been overwhelmed by questions on socio-cognitive abilities in this species. This chapter refers to such abilities in a broad sense, that is, it includes aggressive and affiliative behaviours, in addition to various forms of interactions that occur among group mates such as communication, cooperation, play, and social learning. Most aspects of socio-cognitive behaviour are reviewed from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that during evolution (domestication) dogs have changed patterns of social behaviour to adapt to living and surviving in the anthropogenic environment. It has been widely accepted that compared to wolves, dogs are at an advantage in showing attachment, complex communicative behaviours, or social learning skills when living in a human dominated environment; the same is true for cooperative abilities. In spite of this, there are many open questions how these traits are influenced by genetic (e.g., breeds) and environmental (e.g., socialization) factors.
Maud S. Mandel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691125817
- eISBN:
- 9781400848584
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691125817.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book traces the global, national, and local origins of the conflict between Muslims and Jews in France, challenging the belief that rising anti-Semitism in France is rooted solely in the ...
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This book traces the global, national, and local origins of the conflict between Muslims and Jews in France, challenging the belief that rising anti-Semitism in France is rooted solely in the unfolding crisis in Israel and Palestine. The book shows how the conflict in fact emerged from processes internal to French society itself even as it was shaped by affairs elsewhere, particularly in North Africa during the era of decolonization. It examines moments in which conflicts between Muslims and Jews became a matter of concern to French police, the media, and an array of self-appointed spokesmen from both communities: Israel's War of Independence in 1948, France's decolonization of North Africa, the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the 1968 student riots, and François Mitterrand's experiments with multiculturalism in the 1980s. The book takes an in-depth, on-the-ground look at interethnic relations in Marseille, which is home to the country's largest Muslim and Jewish populations outside of Paris. It reveals how Muslims and Jews in France have related to each other in diverse ways throughout this history—as former residents of French North Africa, as immigrants competing for limited resources, as employers and employees, as victims of racist aggression, as religious minorities in a secularizing state, and as French citizens. The book traces the way these multiple, complex interactions have been overshadowed and obscured by a reductionist narrative of Muslim–Jewish polarization.Less
This book traces the global, national, and local origins of the conflict between Muslims and Jews in France, challenging the belief that rising anti-Semitism in France is rooted solely in the unfolding crisis in Israel and Palestine. The book shows how the conflict in fact emerged from processes internal to French society itself even as it was shaped by affairs elsewhere, particularly in North Africa during the era of decolonization. It examines moments in which conflicts between Muslims and Jews became a matter of concern to French police, the media, and an array of self-appointed spokesmen from both communities: Israel's War of Independence in 1948, France's decolonization of North Africa, the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the 1968 student riots, and François Mitterrand's experiments with multiculturalism in the 1980s. The book takes an in-depth, on-the-ground look at interethnic relations in Marseille, which is home to the country's largest Muslim and Jewish populations outside of Paris. It reveals how Muslims and Jews in France have related to each other in diverse ways throughout this history—as former residents of French North Africa, as immigrants competing for limited resources, as employers and employees, as victims of racist aggression, as religious minorities in a secularizing state, and as French citizens. The book traces the way these multiple, complex interactions have been overshadowed and obscured by a reductionist narrative of Muslim–Jewish polarization.
Katja Tynkkynen, Janne S. Kotiaho, and Erik I. Svensson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199230693
- eISBN:
- 9780191710889
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230693.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
Two species can interact in several ways: there may occur interspecific competition or aggression, the two species may hybridize or they may interact indirectly through different predator-prey ...
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Two species can interact in several ways: there may occur interspecific competition or aggression, the two species may hybridize or they may interact indirectly through different predator-prey interactions. One consequence of these interactions is the evolution of premating reproductive isolation between the two species. For example, there may be divergent selection on male secondary sexual characters, which results in enhancement of premating reproductive isolation of two closely related species. This chapter focuses on two questions: firstly, how do interspecific hybridization, aggression and predation, affect premating reproductive isolation? Secondly, is reproductive isolation a direct target of selection or does it evolve as a correlated response to selection on other traits? This chapter uses Calopteryx damselflies as model organisms in this discussion, which have been under intensive study concerning these topics.Less
Two species can interact in several ways: there may occur interspecific competition or aggression, the two species may hybridize or they may interact indirectly through different predator-prey interactions. One consequence of these interactions is the evolution of premating reproductive isolation between the two species. For example, there may be divergent selection on male secondary sexual characters, which results in enhancement of premating reproductive isolation of two closely related species. This chapter focuses on two questions: firstly, how do interspecific hybridization, aggression and predation, affect premating reproductive isolation? Secondly, is reproductive isolation a direct target of selection or does it evolve as a correlated response to selection on other traits? This chapter uses Calopteryx damselflies as model organisms in this discussion, which have been under intensive study concerning these topics.
William S. Sax
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335866
- eISBN:
- 9780199868919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335866.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter focuses on rituals of aggression, that is, rituals intended to harm a rival or an enemy. Such rituals include cursing, sorcery, feeding someone “rubbish,” or summoning gods to attack ...
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This chapter focuses on rituals of aggression, that is, rituals intended to harm a rival or an enemy. Such rituals include cursing, sorcery, feeding someone “rubbish,” or summoning gods to attack him. To perform such rituals is to behave immorally, especially when the object of the curse is a family member. It is argued that there is a kind of ambivalence built into such rituals, and that this ambivalence is indeed a necessary part of them.Less
This chapter focuses on rituals of aggression, that is, rituals intended to harm a rival or an enemy. Such rituals include cursing, sorcery, feeding someone “rubbish,” or summoning gods to attack him. To perform such rituals is to behave immorally, especially when the object of the curse is a family member. It is argued that there is a kind of ambivalence built into such rituals, and that this ambivalence is indeed a necessary part of them.
D. Caroline Blanchard and Robert J. Blanchard
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively ...
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This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively uninformative with reference to either the antecedents or the consequences of aggression. Stress defined in terms of threat is also insufficiently specific for understanding the two types of aggression. The incidence and specific elicitors of offensive aggression may be very different for mammalian species, depending on their social and physical environments. The prevalence of defensive threat/attack and their position in the defense pattern also change systematically with group social structure, environmental constraints, and the size and defensive capabilities of the animal relative to major predators for each species.Less
This chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively uninformative with reference to either the antecedents or the consequences of aggression. Stress defined in terms of threat is also insufficiently specific for understanding the two types of aggression. The incidence and specific elicitors of offensive aggression may be very different for mammalian species, depending on their social and physical environments. The prevalence of defensive threat/attack and their position in the defense pattern also change systematically with group social structure, environmental constraints, and the size and defensive capabilities of the animal relative to major predators for each species.
R. James R. Blair, Karina S. Peschardt, Salima Budhani, and Daniel S. Pine
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195168761
- eISBN:
- 9780199865444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195168761.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
This chapter reviews neurobiological risk factors for aggression in children. It begins by considering two general positions that have received considerable attention with respect to aggression in ...
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This chapter reviews neurobiological risk factors for aggression in children. It begins by considering two general positions that have received considerable attention with respect to aggression in children: the frontal lobe and fear dysfunction positions. It then considers a fundamental difficulty with these types of general account of aggression in children—that they implicitly assume all aggression is mediated by the same neural architecture. It argues that a distinction must be made between reactive and instrumental aggression. The neurobiological risk factors for reactive and instrumental aggression are discussed.Less
This chapter reviews neurobiological risk factors for aggression in children. It begins by considering two general positions that have received considerable attention with respect to aggression in children: the frontal lobe and fear dysfunction positions. It then considers a fundamental difficulty with these types of general account of aggression in children—that they implicitly assume all aggression is mediated by the same neural architecture. It argues that a distinction must be made between reactive and instrumental aggression. The neurobiological risk factors for reactive and instrumental aggression are discussed.
Alia Brahimi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199562961
- eISBN:
- 9780191595059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562961.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
Continuing the discussion of the Bush administration's just cause began in Chapter 1, this chapter examines the arguments put forward for pre‐emptive war and responses to those arguments. The Bush ...
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Continuing the discussion of the Bush administration's just cause began in Chapter 1, this chapter examines the arguments put forward for pre‐emptive war and responses to those arguments. The Bush administration maintains that the Iraq invasion was conducted in self‐defence—a proposition which requires an expansive conception of threat, owing to the destructiveness of WMD and the stealth of the enemy. This finesses the distinction between pre‐empting an imminent attack, largely regarded as legitimate in the just war tradition, and the more controversial doctrine of preventive warfare.Less
Continuing the discussion of the Bush administration's just cause began in Chapter 1, this chapter examines the arguments put forward for pre‐emptive war and responses to those arguments. The Bush administration maintains that the Iraq invasion was conducted in self‐defence—a proposition which requires an expansive conception of threat, owing to the destructiveness of WMD and the stealth of the enemy. This finesses the distinction between pre‐empting an imminent attack, largely regarded as legitimate in the just war tradition, and the more controversial doctrine of preventive warfare.
Alia Brahimi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199562961
- eISBN:
- 9780191595059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562961.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter begins with an overview of the development of the Islamic just war tradition (jihad). It then narrows the focus to the critical issue of just cause. Osama bin Laden and his deputy, Ayman ...
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This chapter begins with an overview of the development of the Islamic just war tradition (jihad). It then narrows the focus to the critical issue of just cause. Osama bin Laden and his deputy, Ayman al‐Zawahiri, consistently maintain that aggression is both wrong and illegal, and that in using violence al‐Qaeda is merely repelling America's attacks. However, since the United States had launched no invasion of bin Laden's country before 11 September, be it Saudi Arabia, Sudan or Afghanistan, it was incumbent upon him to redefine the concept of ‘aggression’. This attempt was contested a series of Muslim leaders who described al‐Qaeda as the belligerent party on 9/11.Less
This chapter begins with an overview of the development of the Islamic just war tradition (jihad). It then narrows the focus to the critical issue of just cause. Osama bin Laden and his deputy, Ayman al‐Zawahiri, consistently maintain that aggression is both wrong and illegal, and that in using violence al‐Qaeda is merely repelling America's attacks. However, since the United States had launched no invasion of bin Laden's country before 11 September, be it Saudi Arabia, Sudan or Afghanistan, it was incumbent upon him to redefine the concept of ‘aggression’. This attempt was contested a series of Muslim leaders who described al‐Qaeda as the belligerent party on 9/11.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is ...
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Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is described in detail. A post-mortem revealed the extent and severity of the wounds inflicted on the victim. Consideration of the background to this case leads to the conclusion that there were two causes: sexual rivalry and political ambition by the most aggressive attacker.Less
Whereas inter-community killing has been described for chimpanzees at a number of study sites, intra-community killing of adult males is rare. One such case occurred in the Sonso community and is described in detail. A post-mortem revealed the extent and severity of the wounds inflicted on the victim. Consideration of the background to this case leads to the conclusion that there were two causes: sexual rivalry and political ambition by the most aggressive attacker.
Thomas T. Struhsaker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529583
- eISBN:
- 9780191712746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter presents a brief and generalized overview of red colobus social organization. Most populations and taxa of red colobus live in large, multimale groups. Adult females typically outnumber ...
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This chapter presents a brief and generalized overview of red colobus social organization. Most populations and taxa of red colobus live in large, multimale groups. Adult females typically outnumber males. However, both group size and adult sex ratios are highly variable. Social groups are generally tolerant of one another and there is typically extensive overlap in home ranges. The extent of this overlap seems to depend on population density. Social interactions between groups can, however, involve aggression, ranging from spatial supplantations to fights where adult males inflict wounds on one another. Intergroup aggression is typically restricted to adult males. In some taxa, dispersal is female-biased, whereas in others both sexes disperse.Less
This chapter presents a brief and generalized overview of red colobus social organization. Most populations and taxa of red colobus live in large, multimale groups. Adult females typically outnumber males. However, both group size and adult sex ratios are highly variable. Social groups are generally tolerant of one another and there is typically extensive overlap in home ranges. The extent of this overlap seems to depend on population density. Social interactions between groups can, however, involve aggression, ranging from spatial supplantations to fights where adult males inflict wounds on one another. Intergroup aggression is typically restricted to adult males. In some taxa, dispersal is female-biased, whereas in others both sexes disperse.
