Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286486
- eISBN:
- 9780191596773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286481.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The first section of the chapter summarizes the arguments of R. H. Tawney and C. A. R. Crosland against great (inherited) wealth––as opposed to great earnings (income)––and confronts the paradox that ...
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The first section of the chapter summarizes the arguments of R. H. Tawney and C. A. R. Crosland against great (inherited) wealth––as opposed to great earnings (income)––and confronts the paradox that although inequalities of wealth are much greater than those of earnings, the removal of this wealth would not much reduce inequality. However, since the possession of wealth is regarded as conferring power and status as well as income, there is reason to proceed with enquiry into its distribution. The answers to this enquiry are presented in three further sections. These discuss the limited sources of knowledge of wealth, contrast the distribution of wealth in the UK with that of income, and provide international comparisons of the distribution of wealth between the UK, USA, Canada, and the Republic of Ireland. Differences between the UK and USA are discussed in terms of age distribution, house ownership, and inheritance (and savings).Less
The first section of the chapter summarizes the arguments of R. H. Tawney and C. A. R. Crosland against great (inherited) wealth––as opposed to great earnings (income)––and confronts the paradox that although inequalities of wealth are much greater than those of earnings, the removal of this wealth would not much reduce inequality. However, since the possession of wealth is regarded as conferring power and status as well as income, there is reason to proceed with enquiry into its distribution. The answers to this enquiry are presented in three further sections. These discuss the limited sources of knowledge of wealth, contrast the distribution of wealth in the UK with that of income, and provide international comparisons of the distribution of wealth between the UK, USA, Canada, and the Republic of Ireland. Differences between the UK and USA are discussed in terms of age distribution, house ownership, and inheritance (and savings).
Fiona M. Blyth
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199235766
- eISBN:
- 9780191594816
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235766.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the demographic aspects of chronic pain. Topics covered include age distribution, gender distribution, socioeconomic status distribution, and implications for prevention and ...
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This chapter discusses the demographic aspects of chronic pain. Topics covered include age distribution, gender distribution, socioeconomic status distribution, and implications for prevention and management.Less
This chapter discusses the demographic aspects of chronic pain. Topics covered include age distribution, gender distribution, socioeconomic status distribution, and implications for prevention and management.
Louis W. Botsford, J. Wilson White, and Alan Hastings
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- November 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198758365
- eISBN:
- 9780191818301
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198758365.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
The chapter describes age-structured models that are linear (i.e. without density dependence). Like simple (non-age-structured) linear models they eventually either increase to infinity or decrease ...
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The chapter describes age-structured models that are linear (i.e. without density dependence). Like simple (non-age-structured) linear models they eventually either increase to infinity or decrease to zero. They are only appropriate when density dependence is not an important factor, such as recently introduced populations or those that have declined to low abundance. The chapter steps through several different ways of formulating such models. First are Lotka’s renewal equation and the M’Kendrick/von Foerster equation, both continuous time, continuous age models. Next is the Leslie matrix, which operates in discrete age and time. Solutions to linear matrix equations, such as the Leslie matrix, can be written in a general way in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. These form the basis of analyses of dynamic stability throughout the book. Practically speaking, the Leslie matrix approach is the primary model used in modern ecology.Less
The chapter describes age-structured models that are linear (i.e. without density dependence). Like simple (non-age-structured) linear models they eventually either increase to infinity or decrease to zero. They are only appropriate when density dependence is not an important factor, such as recently introduced populations or those that have declined to low abundance. The chapter steps through several different ways of formulating such models. First are Lotka’s renewal equation and the M’Kendrick/von Foerster equation, both continuous time, continuous age models. Next is the Leslie matrix, which operates in discrete age and time. Solutions to linear matrix equations, such as the Leslie matrix, can be written in a general way in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. These form the basis of analyses of dynamic stability throughout the book. Practically speaking, the Leslie matrix approach is the primary model used in modern ecology.
Helen F. Gilmore and Siân E. Halcrow
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049830
- eISBN:
- 9780813050324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049830.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Infanticide has been practised and documented in a wide range of cultures through time. However, its identification in archaeological contexts can be problematic, and has often been based solely on ...
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Infanticide has been practised and documented in a wide range of cultures through time. However, its identification in archaeological contexts can be problematic, and has often been based solely on the evidence of a high incidence of perinatal mortality. Do these interpretations always make sense, or are bioarchaeologists inclining towards the sensational explanation? In this chapter it is argued that investigations of infanticide should be based on more evidence than gestational age-at-death distributions. Corroborative evidence from the socio-cultural, environmental and chronological contexts of the site is essential for the interpretation of whether or not infanticide occurred. Using this approach we evaluate the evidence for the occurrence of infanticide at two archaeological sites, Ashkelon in Roman-period Israel, and the Romano-British Hambleden site in Buckinghamshire.Less
Infanticide has been practised and documented in a wide range of cultures through time. However, its identification in archaeological contexts can be problematic, and has often been based solely on the evidence of a high incidence of perinatal mortality. Do these interpretations always make sense, or are bioarchaeologists inclining towards the sensational explanation? In this chapter it is argued that investigations of infanticide should be based on more evidence than gestational age-at-death distributions. Corroborative evidence from the socio-cultural, environmental and chronological contexts of the site is essential for the interpretation of whether or not infanticide occurred. Using this approach we evaluate the evidence for the occurrence of infanticide at two archaeological sites, Ashkelon in Roman-period Israel, and the Romano-British Hambleden site in Buckinghamshire.
Frank R. Lichtenberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226116129
- eISBN:
- 9780226116174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226116174.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter evaluates the contribution of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) to longevity increase by analyzing the relationship between Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of ...
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This chapter evaluates the contribution of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) to longevity increase by analyzing the relationship between Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of new molecular entities and changes in the age distribution of deaths from all diseases, using longitudinal disease-level data. It explains the measurement of pharmaceutical knowledge-capital accumulation and proposes an econometric model of the effect of pharmaceutical knowledge-capital accumulation on the age distribution of deaths. The findings reveal that the estimates indicated that approval of standard-review drugs has no effect on longevity, but that approval of priority-review drugs has a significant positive impact on longevity.Less
This chapter evaluates the contribution of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) to longevity increase by analyzing the relationship between Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of new molecular entities and changes in the age distribution of deaths from all diseases, using longitudinal disease-level data. It explains the measurement of pharmaceutical knowledge-capital accumulation and proposes an econometric model of the effect of pharmaceutical knowledge-capital accumulation on the age distribution of deaths. The findings reveal that the estimates indicated that approval of standard-review drugs has no effect on longevity, but that approval of priority-review drugs has a significant positive impact on longevity.
Tim Haughton and Kevin Deegan-Krause
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198812920
- eISBN:
- 9780191850714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198812920.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In order to better understand the dynamics of party politics in Central Europe, it is necessary to map and measure the party systems and the rise of new parties. The chapter maps in graphic form the ...
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In order to better understand the dynamics of party politics in Central Europe, it is necessary to map and measure the party systems and the rise of new parties. The chapter maps in graphic form the development of the party systems in eleven states (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) since 1989, showing the rise and fall of parties, and all the splits, splinters, and mergers. Using the party change and newness frameworks of Chapter 2, this chapter assess all eleven party systems using a variety of measures including volatility, party age, and weighted party age. Although the results show considerable variation across the region, all countries have seen significant volatility and the frequent appearance of sizeable new parties. These findings underline a process of continual change in the party systems of Central Europe.Less
In order to better understand the dynamics of party politics in Central Europe, it is necessary to map and measure the party systems and the rise of new parties. The chapter maps in graphic form the development of the party systems in eleven states (Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia) since 1989, showing the rise and fall of parties, and all the splits, splinters, and mergers. Using the party change and newness frameworks of Chapter 2, this chapter assess all eleven party systems using a variety of measures including volatility, party age, and weighted party age. Although the results show considerable variation across the region, all countries have seen significant volatility and the frequent appearance of sizeable new parties. These findings underline a process of continual change in the party systems of Central Europe.
Mary Johnson, Mary L. Gautier, Patricia Wittberg, and Thu T. Do
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190933098
- eISBN:
- 9780190933128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190933098.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter provides a look at the demographics of Catholic international sisters in the United States today. The demographics highlight the immense diversity of these sisters. Multiple questions ...
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This chapter provides a look at the demographics of Catholic international sisters in the United States today. The demographics highlight the immense diversity of these sisters. Multiple questions examine facets of the identity of international sisters, such as their continent of origin, year of arrival in the United States, ethnic/cultural background, native language, age distribution and age of arrival in the United States, level of education, and legal status. Other questions explore their current ministry status (active or retired), the various ministries in which they are involved, their current living situation, their type of housing, and the resources that aid them in adjusting to life in the United States.Less
This chapter provides a look at the demographics of Catholic international sisters in the United States today. The demographics highlight the immense diversity of these sisters. Multiple questions examine facets of the identity of international sisters, such as their continent of origin, year of arrival in the United States, ethnic/cultural background, native language, age distribution and age of arrival in the United States, level of education, and legal status. Other questions explore their current ministry status (active or retired), the various ministries in which they are involved, their current living situation, their type of housing, and the resources that aid them in adjusting to life in the United States.
