Peter Boyle, Nigel Gray, Jack Henningfield, John Seffrin, and Witold Zatonski (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related ...
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This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related diseases with the successes and failures of tobacco control policies. The book looks at lessons learnt to help set health policy for reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases. It also deals with the international public health policy issues which bear on control of the problem of tobacco use and which vary between continents. New chapters in this edition cover subjects such as market manipulation, the ways in which the tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers, and how product design is manipulated in order to maintain addiction.Less
This book covers the science and policy issues relevant to one of the major public health disasters of modern times. It pulls together the aetiology and burden of the myriad of tobacco-related diseases with the successes and failures of tobacco control policies. The book looks at lessons learnt to help set health policy for reducing the burden of tobacco-related diseases. It also deals with the international public health policy issues which bear on control of the problem of tobacco use and which vary between continents. New chapters in this edition cover subjects such as market manipulation, the ways in which the tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers, and how product design is manipulated in order to maintain addiction.
Jaye P. F. Chin and Anthony M. Dart
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192623874
- eISBN:
- 9780191724671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192623874.003.0018
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The aetiology of hypertension remains obscure in the majority of cases, and treatment, therefore, somewhat empirical. However, abnormalities in the structure and function of the vasculature are ...
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The aetiology of hypertension remains obscure in the majority of cases, and treatment, therefore, somewhat empirical. However, abnormalities in the structure and function of the vasculature are increasingly recognized as contributing to the hypertensive state by increasing total peripheral resistance. This chapter briefly reviews some of these abnormalities with particular regard to the way in which they influence treatment, and suggests new therapeutic strategies. A minority of hypertensive individuals have a clearly identified hormonal or structural cause for their elevated pressure (‘secondary hypertension’) and are not specifically considered further here, although some animal models rely on such aetiologies to produce hypertension for experimental purposes.Less
The aetiology of hypertension remains obscure in the majority of cases, and treatment, therefore, somewhat empirical. However, abnormalities in the structure and function of the vasculature are increasingly recognized as contributing to the hypertensive state by increasing total peripheral resistance. This chapter briefly reviews some of these abnormalities with particular regard to the way in which they influence treatment, and suggests new therapeutic strategies. A minority of hypertensive individuals have a clearly identified hormonal or structural cause for their elevated pressure (‘secondary hypertension’) and are not specifically considered further here, although some animal models rely on such aetiologies to produce hypertension for experimental purposes.
James Beattie and Sarah Goodlin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570288
- eISBN:
- 9780191730030
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570288.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
Heart failure occurs in almost epidemic proportions, placing a huge burden on both the healthcare system, and sufferers and their families. The care of this group of patients has evolved ...
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Heart failure occurs in almost epidemic proportions, placing a huge burden on both the healthcare system, and sufferers and their families. The care of this group of patients has evolved significantly over recent years as our knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure has developed. This book provides an evidence-based overview of heart failure aetiology, its management, and the supportive care required by patients throughout the course of their disease. It also integrates the complexities of heart failure care, bridging knowledge bases from cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery, general medicine and palliative care. It reviews essential information about the epidemiology and pathophysiology of heart failure, and evidence-based medical, device, surgical, and interdisciplinary management. It addresses the evaluation and management of quality of life, common symptoms and problems associated with heart failure, and the holistic approach to supportive care throughout the course of the illness through to the end of life. Prognostication, communication, and ethical decision making are outlined in detail. By applying the principles of palliative medicine, it is possible to offer a supportive care approach that synthesizes the experience of both the heart failure specialist and the palliative care physician, and offers the best possible quality of care to this group of patients.Less
Heart failure occurs in almost epidemic proportions, placing a huge burden on both the healthcare system, and sufferers and their families. The care of this group of patients has evolved significantly over recent years as our knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure has developed. This book provides an evidence-based overview of heart failure aetiology, its management, and the supportive care required by patients throughout the course of their disease. It also integrates the complexities of heart failure care, bridging knowledge bases from cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery, general medicine and palliative care. It reviews essential information about the epidemiology and pathophysiology of heart failure, and evidence-based medical, device, surgical, and interdisciplinary management. It addresses the evaluation and management of quality of life, common symptoms and problems associated with heart failure, and the holistic approach to supportive care throughout the course of the illness through to the end of life. Prognostication, communication, and ethical decision making are outlined in detail. By applying the principles of palliative medicine, it is possible to offer a supportive care approach that synthesizes the experience of both the heart failure specialist and the palliative care physician, and offers the best possible quality of care to this group of patients.
Elena L. Grigorenko
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199600496
- eISBN:
- 9780191739187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600496.003.0049
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Behavioral Neuroscience
There is more and more traffic at the junction of genomic and social sciences, creating a complex pattern of intersecting questions, studies, and research possibilities. And it is likely to become ...
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There is more and more traffic at the junction of genomic and social sciences, creating a complex pattern of intersecting questions, studies, and research possibilities. And it is likely to become only heavier in the near future. What does this mean for such social sciences as psychology and education? This chapter explores these issues using the research on the genetic aetiology of reading ability and disability as an illustration.Less
There is more and more traffic at the junction of genomic and social sciences, creating a complex pattern of intersecting questions, studies, and research possibilities. And it is likely to become only heavier in the near future. What does this mean for such social sciences as psychology and education? This chapter explores these issues using the research on the genetic aetiology of reading ability and disability as an illustration.
Peter Hoskin and Wendy Makin
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192628114
- eISBN:
- 9780191730115
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192628114.003.0026
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter focuses on renal failure, adrenal failure, hypercalcaemia, paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia, limb oedema, and thrombosis. In it, the epidemiology, aetiology, interventions, and ...
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This chapter focuses on renal failure, adrenal failure, hypercalcaemia, paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia, limb oedema, and thrombosis. In it, the epidemiology, aetiology, interventions, and treatment of these diseases are detailed and examined.Less
This chapter focuses on renal failure, adrenal failure, hypercalcaemia, paraneoplastic syndromes, cachexia, limb oedema, and thrombosis. In it, the epidemiology, aetiology, interventions, and treatment of these diseases are detailed and examined.
Joseph Ziegler
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207269
- eISBN:
- 9780191677595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207269.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Religion
In the context of the traditional tensions between medicine and religion in Christian society, this chapter discusses the points of potential friction ...
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In the context of the traditional tensions between medicine and religion in Christian society, this chapter discusses the points of potential friction between medical and religious practice as they appear in Arnau's medical and spiritual texts. It employs Arnau as a means of contributing to a broader debate on the place of medicine and its practitioners in late-medieval culture. It tries to show that medicine in Arnau's time had a cultural role, in addition to its main function as a therapeutic art for curing physical ailments. The chapter concludes that it was normal for physicians and priests to cooperate. Potentially, there was ground for friction on theoretical and practical issues: medical practice was not religiously neutral. However, the one worry frequently expressed by priests was that medical practitioners would not always ensure that the seriously ill confessed before receiving treatment.Less
In the context of the traditional tensions between medicine and religion in Christian society, this chapter discusses the points of potential friction between medical and religious practice as they appear in Arnau's medical and spiritual texts. It employs Arnau as a means of contributing to a broader debate on the place of medicine and its practitioners in late-medieval culture. It tries to show that medicine in Arnau's time had a cultural role, in addition to its main function as a therapeutic art for curing physical ailments. The chapter concludes that it was normal for physicians and priests to cooperate. Potentially, there was ground for friction on theoretical and practical issues: medical practice was not religiously neutral. However, the one worry frequently expressed by priests was that medical practitioners would not always ensure that the seriously ill confessed before receiving treatment.
Mitja Lainscak, Anja Sandek, and Anker D. Stefan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570288
- eISBN:
- 9780191730030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570288.003.0013
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter concentrates on the pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia. It also discusses the possible clinical implications, and outlines the potential future development of therapeutic strategies. In ...
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This chapter concentrates on the pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia. It also discusses the possible clinical implications, and outlines the potential future development of therapeutic strategies. In particular, it explores the epidemiology and aetiology of cardiac cachexia. It then evaluates the alterations of body composition and the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia. The therapeutic options include pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, and physical training. With improved knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, a number of emerging treatment strategies for prevention and treatment are being developed and tested. Although no specific treatment is currently available, several approaches with the use of neurohormonal drugs, nutritional support, ghrelin, and physical training appear to show potential benefits and the results of ongoing clinical trials in cardiac cachexia are awaited.Less
This chapter concentrates on the pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia. It also discusses the possible clinical implications, and outlines the potential future development of therapeutic strategies. In particular, it explores the epidemiology and aetiology of cardiac cachexia. It then evaluates the alterations of body composition and the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia. The therapeutic options include pharmacological treatment, nutritional support, and physical training. With improved knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, a number of emerging treatment strategies for prevention and treatment are being developed and tested. Although no specific treatment is currently available, several approaches with the use of neurohormonal drugs, nutritional support, ghrelin, and physical training appear to show potential benefits and the results of ongoing clinical trials in cardiac cachexia are awaited.
Giuseppe Zuccalà, Alice Laudisio, and Roberto Bernabei
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570288
- eISBN:
- 9780191730030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570288.003.0014
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter starts by addressing the epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure (HF) with cognitive impairment. The clinical features and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with HF are ...
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This chapter starts by addressing the epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure (HF) with cognitive impairment. The clinical features and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with HF are shown. All the available evidence regarding cognitive impairment associated with HF clearly indicates that mortality and readmission rates cannot be considered any longer the only outcome variables in the management of patients with HF. As stated by several authors, research in the field of HF should broaden to a comprehensive view of health outcomes, so yielding evidence that might support clinical decision-making, improve clinical practice, and guide health policy. The course of research on the multidimensional assessment of older patients with HF, that begun nearly twenty years ago, is still far from its end.Less
This chapter starts by addressing the epidemiology and aetiology of heart failure (HF) with cognitive impairment. The clinical features and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with HF are shown. All the available evidence regarding cognitive impairment associated with HF clearly indicates that mortality and readmission rates cannot be considered any longer the only outcome variables in the management of patients with HF. As stated by several authors, research in the field of HF should broaden to a comprehensive view of health outcomes, so yielding evidence that might support clinical decision-making, improve clinical practice, and guide health policy. The course of research on the multidimensional assessment of older patients with HF, that begun nearly twenty years ago, is still far from its end.
Christopher Ward and Neil Gillespie
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198570288
- eISBN:
- 9780191730030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570288.003.0017
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter starts by discussing older patients, and by presenting the aspirations of patients with heart failure (HF) and specific age-related problems. The aetiology of HF in the elderly and the ...
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This chapter starts by discussing older patients, and by presenting the aspirations of patients with heart failure (HF) and specific age-related problems. The aetiology of HF in the elderly and the significance of the normal aging process are reported. It is more difficult to diagnose the elderly because symptoms are often mild or difficult to interpret and echocardiography is frequently less informative because of the high prevalence of HF with preserved systolic function (HF-PSF). The recommended treatment for HF in the elderly is, as in younger patients, based on national and international guidelines for medication regimes, non-pharmacological advice, and interventional and surgical procedures. In addition, the rationale for guideline-based medications in elderly patients is given. Medication for patients with HF with preserved left ventricular systolic function is then shown. Moreover, the quality of life, hospitalization, disease management programmes, and end-stage HF and end-of-life care are emphasized.Less
This chapter starts by discussing older patients, and by presenting the aspirations of patients with heart failure (HF) and specific age-related problems. The aetiology of HF in the elderly and the significance of the normal aging process are reported. It is more difficult to diagnose the elderly because symptoms are often mild or difficult to interpret and echocardiography is frequently less informative because of the high prevalence of HF with preserved systolic function (HF-PSF). The recommended treatment for HF in the elderly is, as in younger patients, based on national and international guidelines for medication regimes, non-pharmacological advice, and interventional and surgical procedures. In addition, the rationale for guideline-based medications in elderly patients is given. Medication for patients with HF with preserved left ventricular systolic function is then shown. Moreover, the quality of life, hospitalization, disease management programmes, and end-stage HF and end-of-life care are emphasized.
R. J. Hankinson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246564
- eISBN:
- 9780191597572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246564.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
In this chapter, Hankinson discusses the sceptical attacks on dogmatic accounts of cause and explanation, beginning with the Eight Modes of Aenesidemus, before moving on to discuss Sextus Empiricus’ ...
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In this chapter, Hankinson discusses the sceptical attacks on dogmatic accounts of cause and explanation, beginning with the Eight Modes of Aenesidemus, before moving on to discuss Sextus Empiricus’ general attack on the very coherence of the notions of causation. Aenesidemus’ Eight Modes (or tropoi, i.e. general patterns of argument) are a set of arguments of varying scope and power against the Aetiology of the Dogmatists; they demonstrate the fundamental difficulties in any attempt to investigate the hidden structures of things, and also raise methodological difficulties. Sextus Empiricus argues that the very concepts of cause and effect are incoherent, and he also criticizes the notions of agent and patient, and the dogmatist account of sign‐inference. Hankinson also discusses the Modes of Agrippa, according to which an explanation is either circular, infinitely regressive, or arbitrary. The sceptical attacks on astrology and divination are also important in that they undermine the claims of pseudo‐science; such arguments, Hankinson adds, contribute to the understanding of the standards towards which genuine science must strive.Less
In this chapter, Hankinson discusses the sceptical attacks on dogmatic accounts of cause and explanation, beginning with the Eight Modes of Aenesidemus, before moving on to discuss Sextus Empiricus’ general attack on the very coherence of the notions of causation. Aenesidemus’ Eight Modes (or tropoi, i.e. general patterns of argument) are a set of arguments of varying scope and power against the Aetiology of the Dogmatists; they demonstrate the fundamental difficulties in any attempt to investigate the hidden structures of things, and also raise methodological difficulties. Sextus Empiricus argues that the very concepts of cause and effect are incoherent, and he also criticizes the notions of agent and patient, and the dogmatist account of sign‐inference. Hankinson also discusses the Modes of Agrippa, according to which an explanation is either circular, infinitely regressive, or arbitrary. The sceptical attacks on astrology and divination are also important in that they undermine the claims of pseudo‐science; such arguments, Hankinson adds, contribute to the understanding of the standards towards which genuine science must strive.
Anthony Swerdlow, Isable Dos Santos silva, and Richard Doll
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192627483
- eISBN:
- 9780191723698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192627483.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the issues to consider when interpreting data on cancer trends. These include mortality data, cancer registration data, comparison of mortality and incidence trends, ...
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This chapter discusses the issues to consider when interpreting data on cancer trends. These include mortality data, cancer registration data, comparison of mortality and incidence trends, consideration of trends at young and older ages, accuracy of denominations, and aetiology.Less
This chapter discusses the issues to consider when interpreting data on cancer trends. These include mortality data, cancer registration data, comparison of mortality and incidence trends, consideration of trends at young and older ages, accuracy of denominations, and aetiology.
G. Rose
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198525738
- eISBN:
- 9780191724114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525738.003.0037
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews two strategies for preventing coronary heart disease. The individual or clinical approach seeks to identify and help those in whom an amalgam of genetic susceptibility and ...
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This chapter reviews two strategies for preventing coronary heart disease. The individual or clinical approach seeks to identify and help those in whom an amalgam of genetic susceptibility and unhealthy lifestyle indicates unusual risk, but the public health approach seeks changes in those features of the population's behaviour or environment which are held responsible for the overall incidence rate. Thus, the individual strategy is a rescue operation for individuals in need, whereas the population strategy is a radical attempt to deal with the underlying causes.Less
This chapter reviews two strategies for preventing coronary heart disease. The individual or clinical approach seeks to identify and help those in whom an amalgam of genetic susceptibility and unhealthy lifestyle indicates unusual risk, but the public health approach seeks changes in those features of the population's behaviour or environment which are held responsible for the overall incidence rate. Thus, the individual strategy is a rescue operation for individuals in need, whereas the population strategy is a radical attempt to deal with the underlying causes.
J.R. Fozard
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
The fact that antagonists at certain 5-HT receptor subtypes are effective in the prophylaxis or treatment of migraine implicates the endogenous amine in a causal role in the condition. On the basis ...
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The fact that antagonists at certain 5-HT receptor subtypes are effective in the prophylaxis or treatment of migraine implicates the endogenous amine in a causal role in the condition. On the basis of the properties and selectivities of such antagonists, this chapter discusses the potential significance of 5-HTlc, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 receptors in the initiation, development, and symptomatology of migraine. The likely source(s) of the 5-HT needed to stimulate these sites are considered, and a hypothesis is proposed to implicate the activity of the 5-HT neurones arising in the mid-brain raphe nuclei in a key role in the aetiology of migraine. The ideas discussed here are developments and extensions of those expressed over a number of years in several review articles and are by no means unique.Less
The fact that antagonists at certain 5-HT receptor subtypes are effective in the prophylaxis or treatment of migraine implicates the endogenous amine in a causal role in the condition. On the basis of the properties and selectivities of such antagonists, this chapter discusses the potential significance of 5-HTlc, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 receptors in the initiation, development, and symptomatology of migraine. The likely source(s) of the 5-HT needed to stimulate these sites are considered, and a hypothesis is proposed to implicate the activity of the 5-HT neurones arising in the mid-brain raphe nuclei in a key role in the aetiology of migraine. The ideas discussed here are developments and extensions of those expressed over a number of years in several review articles and are by no means unique.
P.P.A. Humphrey, W. Feniuk, and M.J. Perren
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Regardless of the many considerations, GR43175 has been shown to be effective when administered subcutaneously and orally as well as when administered intravenously in the treatment of acute ...
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Regardless of the many considerations, GR43175 has been shown to be effective when administered subcutaneously and orally as well as when administered intravenously in the treatment of acute migraine. It is now in phase III clinical trials and promises to provide a major breakthrough in migraine therapy. Importantly, further studies on its clinical mechanism of action are in progress and they will, it is hoped, be invaluable in elucidating the pathogenesis of migraine and vascular headache.Less
Regardless of the many considerations, GR43175 has been shown to be effective when administered subcutaneously and orally as well as when administered intravenously in the treatment of acute migraine. It is now in phase III clinical trials and promises to provide a major breakthrough in migraine therapy. Importantly, further studies on its clinical mechanism of action are in progress and they will, it is hoped, be invaluable in elucidating the pathogenesis of migraine and vascular headache.
Jane Gwiazda, Joseph Bauer, Frank Thorn, and Richard Held
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523161
- eISBN:
- 9780191724558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523161.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Children who become myopic generally do so sometime between seven and thirteen years of age. The aetiology of this school-age myopia has been debated for centuries. The latest research indicates ...
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Children who become myopic generally do so sometime between seven and thirteen years of age. The aetiology of this school-age myopia has been debated for centuries. The latest research indicates that, although myopia has a genetic component, close-up visual activity, such as reading and playing computer games, also contributes to the genesis and progression of myopia in susceptible eyes. Recent findings from longitudinal studies of refraction indicate that it is now possible to predict whether an infant will become myopic at school age. This chapter reviews some of the new findings relevant to the prediction of myopia in children.Less
Children who become myopic generally do so sometime between seven and thirteen years of age. The aetiology of this school-age myopia has been debated for centuries. The latest research indicates that, although myopia has a genetic component, close-up visual activity, such as reading and playing computer games, also contributes to the genesis and progression of myopia in susceptible eyes. Recent findings from longitudinal studies of refraction indicate that it is now possible to predict whether an infant will become myopic at school age. This chapter reviews some of the new findings relevant to the prediction of myopia in children.
Mary Miller
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198528081
- eISBN:
- 9780191730399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528081.003.0013
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Sweating is an uncommon symptom, but it creates great discomfort in patients with advanced cancer. Sweating is the secretion of fluids, primarily water and sodium chloride, from the sweat glands onto ...
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Sweating is an uncommon symptom, but it creates great discomfort in patients with advanced cancer. Sweating is the secretion of fluids, primarily water and sodium chloride, from the sweat glands onto the surface of the skin to maintain homeostasis. In patients with advanced cancer, the rate of sweating exceeds the normal rate. This excessive sweating and production of a large volume of sweat is called hyperhydrosis. This chapter discusses methods for managing sweating in patients with advanced disease. It discusses the physiology and aetiology of sweating to provide a better understanding of it, including the determinants that define severe sweating. The chapter also provides an assessment of sweating and other contributing factors to this symptom. Among the management strategies it describes are: the treatment of sepsis and para neoplastic fever; and the management of sex-hormone insufficiency. Aside from these palliative methods, the chapter also discusses pharmacological measures that can be used when the diagnosis of the cause of the sweating is unclear and when the management designed to address the symptom has failed. Drugs that can aid in managing the symptom are propantheline, thalidomide, and clonidine.Less
Sweating is an uncommon symptom, but it creates great discomfort in patients with advanced cancer. Sweating is the secretion of fluids, primarily water and sodium chloride, from the sweat glands onto the surface of the skin to maintain homeostasis. In patients with advanced cancer, the rate of sweating exceeds the normal rate. This excessive sweating and production of a large volume of sweat is called hyperhydrosis. This chapter discusses methods for managing sweating in patients with advanced disease. It discusses the physiology and aetiology of sweating to provide a better understanding of it, including the determinants that define severe sweating. The chapter also provides an assessment of sweating and other contributing factors to this symptom. Among the management strategies it describes are: the treatment of sepsis and para neoplastic fever; and the management of sex-hormone insufficiency. Aside from these palliative methods, the chapter also discusses pharmacological measures that can be used when the diagnosis of the cause of the sweating is unclear and when the management designed to address the symptom has failed. Drugs that can aid in managing the symptom are propantheline, thalidomide, and clonidine.
Ghulam Mufti and Kavita Raj
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198528081
- eISBN:
- 9780191730399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528081.003.0004
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), which are a spectrum of pre-leukaemic disorders that manifest in the elderly and can have a prolonged course. Patients afflicted with MDS ...
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This chapter discusses myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), which are a spectrum of pre-leukaemic disorders that manifest in the elderly and can have a prolonged course. Patients afflicted with MDS require regular monitoring for evidence of disease progression, infections, and cytopenias that may be alleviated through proper treatment. Decision and administration of interventions such as high-dose chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation should be guided by the IPSS scoring system. In younger patients, the timing of the administration of such interventions should involve a delicate balance between the risk of progression and their current life situation. In adults, meanwhile, palliation of symptoms and appropriate supportive care should be given more attention, as intensive interventions are not appropriate due to their medical conditions and performance status. In addition to discussing the pathology and aetiology of MDS, the chapter also discusses the classification of MDS, such as the FAB and WHO classifications; the overlapping features of MDS syndromes with other stem cell disorders; and the prognostic factors of MDS.Less
This chapter discusses myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), which are a spectrum of pre-leukaemic disorders that manifest in the elderly and can have a prolonged course. Patients afflicted with MDS require regular monitoring for evidence of disease progression, infections, and cytopenias that may be alleviated through proper treatment. Decision and administration of interventions such as high-dose chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation should be guided by the IPSS scoring system. In younger patients, the timing of the administration of such interventions should involve a delicate balance between the risk of progression and their current life situation. In adults, meanwhile, palliation of symptoms and appropriate supportive care should be given more attention, as intensive interventions are not appropriate due to their medical conditions and performance status. In addition to discussing the pathology and aetiology of MDS, the chapter also discusses the classification of MDS, such as the FAB and WHO classifications; the overlapping features of MDS syndromes with other stem cell disorders; and the prognostic factors of MDS.
Diane Laverty
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530749
- eISBN:
- 9780191730467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530749.003.0008
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses and explores the aetiology of and treatment options for complex wounds in head and neck cancer. It examines the symptoms and management of these wounds, as well as the impact ...
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This chapter discusses and explores the aetiology of and treatment options for complex wounds in head and neck cancer. It examines the symptoms and management of these wounds, as well as the impact they have on the life of the patient. Holistic assessment is important because it focuses on caring for the patient and not just the wound.Less
This chapter discusses and explores the aetiology of and treatment options for complex wounds in head and neck cancer. It examines the symptoms and management of these wounds, as well as the impact they have on the life of the patient. Holistic assessment is important because it focuses on caring for the patient and not just the wound.
Matthew Fox
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199662326
- eISBN:
- 9780191799174
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662326.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter focuses on Plutarch’s Numa. Martial’s treatment of Numa is used as an opening example, to bring out the central theme of the paper: the mutability of aetiology, and its rhetorical ...
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This chapter focuses on Plutarch’s Numa. Martial’s treatment of Numa is used as an opening example, to bring out the central theme of the paper: the mutability of aetiology, and its rhetorical potential. The chapter then examines some earlier accounts of the king (Cicero, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ovid), discussing the manner in which they shape a chaotic tradition to their own purposes. Plutarch’s account shares much with Ovid’s and, though clearly influenced by Dionysius, prefers the more absurd elements of the tradition, and develops them to a new extreme. Contradicting his own statements that point to chronological impossibility, Plutarch makes Numa a fully fledged Pythagorean, seeming to relish the comic potential of this idea. The paper argues that the keys to Plutarch’s Numa are the king’s rhetorical skill and his position as an outsider at Rome. Both are areas in which Plutarch’s own agenda can be seen.Less
This chapter focuses on Plutarch’s Numa. Martial’s treatment of Numa is used as an opening example, to bring out the central theme of the paper: the mutability of aetiology, and its rhetorical potential. The chapter then examines some earlier accounts of the king (Cicero, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Ovid), discussing the manner in which they shape a chaotic tradition to their own purposes. Plutarch’s account shares much with Ovid’s and, though clearly influenced by Dionysius, prefers the more absurd elements of the tradition, and develops them to a new extreme. Contradicting his own statements that point to chronological impossibility, Plutarch makes Numa a fully fledged Pythagorean, seeming to relish the comic potential of this idea. The paper argues that the keys to Plutarch’s Numa are the king’s rhetorical skill and his position as an outsider at Rome. Both are areas in which Plutarch’s own agenda can be seen.
Daryn Lehoux, A. D. Morrison, and Alison Sharrock (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199605408
- eISBN:
- 9780191750595
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605408.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This collection of ten chapters on Lucretius' poem of the world, Dererumnatura(DRN), attempts to combine within one book and within the individual contributions the three main strands of approaches ...
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This collection of ten chapters on Lucretius' poem of the world, Dererumnatura(DRN), attempts to combine within one book and within the individual contributions the three main strands of approaches to this beautiful and difficult text, as reflected in the title of the volume: poetry, philosophy, science. All too often, DRN has been mined by the critics, philosophers, and historians of science for nuggets relevant to their purposes, rather than read as a work of interdisciplinary genius. The range of the chapters is broad in chronology as well as disciplinary approach: from the poem’s relationship with Greek literature and philosophy (Hesiod, Empedocles, Epicurus) to its reception by later Roman readers (Ovid, Lucan) as well as by early modern and modern cosmological scientists and contributors to the creationist debate.Less
This collection of ten chapters on Lucretius' poem of the world, Dererumnatura(DRN), attempts to combine within one book and within the individual contributions the three main strands of approaches to this beautiful and difficult text, as reflected in the title of the volume: poetry, philosophy, science. All too often, DRN has been mined by the critics, philosophers, and historians of science for nuggets relevant to their purposes, rather than read as a work of interdisciplinary genius. The range of the chapters is broad in chronology as well as disciplinary approach: from the poem’s relationship with Greek literature and philosophy (Hesiod, Empedocles, Epicurus) to its reception by later Roman readers (Ovid, Lucan) as well as by early modern and modern cosmological scientists and contributors to the creationist debate.
