Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for ...
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This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.Less
This chapter begins by evaluating methods for determining how productive the firm's aggregate advertising spending is in both the short and long runs. Following this, it analyzes methods for determining the productivities of different media when the firm uses multiple media (including digital advertising); in particular, it focuses on the effects of measurement error. It shows how marketing-finance fusion allows privately and publicly held firms to allocate their advertising budgets between upfront and scatter advertising, based on their respective risk attitudes. Finally, it analyzes how recent changes in Internet marketing (e.g., the growth of electronic exchanges and the emergence of conquest advertising) are likely to affect the structure of the advertising industry.
Thomas L. Carson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199577415
- eISBN:
- 9780191722813
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577415.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, General
This book addresses questions in ethical theory and practical questions about lying, deception, and information disclosure in public affairs, business and professional ethics, and personal ...
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This book addresses questions in ethical theory and practical questions about lying, deception, and information disclosure in public affairs, business and professional ethics, and personal relationships. Part I is a conceptual map for the rest of the book. It proposes an analysis of the concepts of lying and deception and related concepts such as withholding information, “keeping someone in the dark,” and “half-truths.” Part II addresses questions in ethical theory. The book examines the implications of Kant's theory, act-utilitarianism, Ross's theory, and rule-consequentialism for moral questions about lying and deception. The book argues that Kant's absolutism about lying is untenable and that his moral theory doesn't commit him to being an absolutist. It also argues that the standard debates about lying and deception between act-utilitarians and their critics are inconclusive because they rest on appeals to disputed intuitions. The book defends a version of the golden rule and a theory of moral reasoning. The book's theory implies that there is a moral presumption against lying and deception that cause harm — a presumption that is at least as strong as that endorsed by act-utilitarianism. The book uses this theory to justify its claims about the issues it addresses in Part III: deception and withholding information in sales, deception in advertising, bluffing and deception in negotiations, the duty of professionals to inform their clients, lying and deception by leaders as a pretext for fighting wars (or avoiding wars), lying and deception about history (with special attention to the Holocaust), and cases of distorting the historical record by telling half truths. The book concludes with a qualified defense of the view that honesty is a virtue.Less
This book addresses questions in ethical theory and practical questions about lying, deception, and information disclosure in public affairs, business and professional ethics, and personal relationships. Part I is a conceptual map for the rest of the book. It proposes an analysis of the concepts of lying and deception and related concepts such as withholding information, “keeping someone in the dark,” and “half-truths.” Part II addresses questions in ethical theory. The book examines the implications of Kant's theory, act-utilitarianism, Ross's theory, and rule-consequentialism for moral questions about lying and deception. The book argues that Kant's absolutism about lying is untenable and that his moral theory doesn't commit him to being an absolutist. It also argues that the standard debates about lying and deception between act-utilitarians and their critics are inconclusive because they rest on appeals to disputed intuitions. The book defends a version of the golden rule and a theory of moral reasoning. The book's theory implies that there is a moral presumption against lying and deception that cause harm — a presumption that is at least as strong as that endorsed by act-utilitarianism. The book uses this theory to justify its claims about the issues it addresses in Part III: deception and withholding information in sales, deception in advertising, bluffing and deception in negotiations, the duty of professionals to inform their clients, lying and deception by leaders as a pretext for fighting wars (or avoiding wars), lying and deception about history (with special attention to the Holocaust), and cases of distorting the historical record by telling half truths. The book concludes with a qualified defense of the view that honesty is a virtue.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising message, branding, and product positioning strategies. It distinguishs between the short and long runs, single-product and ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising message, branding, and product positioning strategies. It distinguishs between the short and long runs, single-product and multiproduct firms, established and new products, durable and nondurable products, and whether the firm is a market leader or not.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should coordinate its advertising message, branding, and product positioning strategies. It distinguishs between the short and long runs, single-product and multiproduct firms, established and new products, durable and nondurable products, and whether the firm is a market leader or not.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0020
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter analyzes how the firm's marketing strategies affect consumers and society. The topics covered include the effects of: the firm's pricing policy for durables; volume-based pricing (e.g., ...
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This chapter analyzes how the firm's marketing strategies affect consumers and society. The topics covered include the effects of: the firm's pricing policy for durables; volume-based pricing (e.g., quantity discounts); the distribution of free samples; cost dynamics; demand dynamics; informative, persuasive, and mixed advertising; the product life cycle; bundling innovative and commoditized products; mixed bundling plans; sequential new product introduction over time; and secondhand markets for durables. In particular, it shows how the combined effect of the firm's marketing and finance strategies affect consumer well-being and social welfare.Less
This chapter analyzes how the firm's marketing strategies affect consumers and society. The topics covered include the effects of: the firm's pricing policy for durables; volume-based pricing (e.g., quantity discounts); the distribution of free samples; cost dynamics; demand dynamics; informative, persuasive, and mixed advertising; the product life cycle; bundling innovative and commoditized products; mixed bundling plans; sequential new product introduction over time; and secondhand markets for durables. In particular, it shows how the combined effect of the firm's marketing and finance strategies affect consumer well-being and social welfare.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Ellen Gruber Garvey
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195108224
- eISBN:
- 9780199855070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195108224.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
This chapter begins with a discussion of how television commercials have continued to sprawl into written fiction in ways more familiar from the 1890s. It then describes how advertising, as a product ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of how television commercials have continued to sprawl into written fiction in ways more familiar from the 1890s. It then describes how advertising, as a product of and promoter of new technologies, encouraged readers to see mass-produced products as not just compatible with, but even the material for, constructing their unique individuality. Manufacturers also learned to appropriate the technologies of fiction, as well as of transportation and mass manufacture, to sell more goods.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of how television commercials have continued to sprawl into written fiction in ways more familiar from the 1890s. It then describes how advertising, as a product of and promoter of new technologies, encouraged readers to see mass-produced products as not just compatible with, but even the material for, constructing their unique individuality. Manufacturers also learned to appropriate the technologies of fiction, as well as of transportation and mass manufacture, to sell more goods.
Michael Suk-Young Chwe
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158280
- eISBN:
- 9781400846436
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158280.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Why do Internet, financial service, and beer commercials dominate Super Bowl advertising? How do political ceremonies establish authority? Why does repetition characterize anthems and ritual speech? ...
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Why do Internet, financial service, and beer commercials dominate Super Bowl advertising? How do political ceremonies establish authority? Why does repetition characterize anthems and ritual speech? Why were circular forms favored for public festivals during the French Revolution? This book answers these questions using a single concept: common knowledge. Game theory shows that in order to coordinate its actions, a group of people must form “common knowledge.” Each person wants to participate only if others also participate. Members must have knowledge of each other, knowledge of that knowledge, knowledge of the knowledge of that knowledge, and so on. The book applies this insight to analyze a range of rituals across history and cultures. It shows that public ceremonies are powerful not simply because they transmit meaning from a central source to each audience member but because they let audience members know what other members know. For instance, people watching the Super Bowl know that many others are seeing precisely what they see and that those people know in turn that many others are also watching. This creates common knowledge, and advertisers selling products that depend on consensus are willing to pay large sums to gain access to it. Remarkably, a great variety of rituals and ceremonies, such as formal inaugurations, work in much the same way. By using a rational-choice argument to explain diverse cultural practices, the book argues for a close reciprocal relationship between the perspectives of rationality and culture. It illustrates how game theory can be applied to an unexpectedly broad spectrum of problems, while showing in an admirably clear way what game theory might hold for scholars in the social sciences and humanities who are not yet acquainted with it. A new afterword delves into new applications of common knowledge, both in the real world and in experiments, and considers how generating common knowledge has become easier in the digital age.Less
Why do Internet, financial service, and beer commercials dominate Super Bowl advertising? How do political ceremonies establish authority? Why does repetition characterize anthems and ritual speech? Why were circular forms favored for public festivals during the French Revolution? This book answers these questions using a single concept: common knowledge. Game theory shows that in order to coordinate its actions, a group of people must form “common knowledge.” Each person wants to participate only if others also participate. Members must have knowledge of each other, knowledge of that knowledge, knowledge of the knowledge of that knowledge, and so on. The book applies this insight to analyze a range of rituals across history and cultures. It shows that public ceremonies are powerful not simply because they transmit meaning from a central source to each audience member but because they let audience members know what other members know. For instance, people watching the Super Bowl know that many others are seeing precisely what they see and that those people know in turn that many others are also watching. This creates common knowledge, and advertisers selling products that depend on consensus are willing to pay large sums to gain access to it. Remarkably, a great variety of rituals and ceremonies, such as formal inaugurations, work in much the same way. By using a rational-choice argument to explain diverse cultural practices, the book argues for a close reciprocal relationship between the perspectives of rationality and culture. It illustrates how game theory can be applied to an unexpectedly broad spectrum of problems, while showing in an admirably clear way what game theory might hold for scholars in the social sciences and humanities who are not yet acquainted with it. A new afterword delves into new applications of common knowledge, both in the real world and in experiments, and considers how generating common knowledge has become easier in the digital age.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Marketing is a key area for developing economies of scale and scope. This chapter focuses on the Coasian argument about the nature of transaction costs, with British industry tending to look to ...
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Marketing is a key area for developing economies of scale and scope. This chapter focuses on the Coasian argument about the nature of transaction costs, with British industry tending to look to externalization rather than internalization and the development of a corps of marketing managers. Due to the relatively small scale nature of most firms, it paid entrepreneurs to operate their market relationships through intermediaries in a system generally known as merchanting, rather than have a direct relationship with the market. Moreover, anti-competitive practices were rife until the 1960s, so that there was no strong requirement for sophisticated competitive marketing. A further aspect was the outsourcing of key marketing functions, mainly to advertising agencies. These features resulted in a lack of substantial central offices for coordination and resource allocation, which would have been desirable for effective strategic marketing.Less
Marketing is a key area for developing economies of scale and scope. This chapter focuses on the Coasian argument about the nature of transaction costs, with British industry tending to look to externalization rather than internalization and the development of a corps of marketing managers. Due to the relatively small scale nature of most firms, it paid entrepreneurs to operate their market relationships through intermediaries in a system generally known as merchanting, rather than have a direct relationship with the market. Moreover, anti-competitive practices were rife until the 1960s, so that there was no strong requirement for sophisticated competitive marketing. A further aspect was the outsourcing of key marketing functions, mainly to advertising agencies. These features resulted in a lack of substantial central offices for coordination and resource allocation, which would have been desirable for effective strategic marketing.
Dilwyn Porter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199226009
- eISBN:
- 9780191710315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226009.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important ...
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Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important aspects of this transformation. Firstly, the institutions governing British sport, most of them dating from the era of amateur hegemony, which began in the mid 19th century, were subject to a long drawn-out process of modernization, starting in the early 1960s when the distinction between ‘gentlemen’ and ‘players’ was abandoned in English cricket and ending with the arrival of ‘open’ rugby union in 1995. Secondly, as the constraints on commercialism dating from the amateur era were progressively abandoned, sport and business became more closely related as companies began to view sports sponsorship as a cost-effective way of raising consumer awareness of the goods and services that they offered. It is argued that the demands of building relationships with sponsors helped to change the way that sports businesses were run, as the stadium gradually made way for the ‘tradium’. Thirdly, it is clear that business sponsorship, the effectiveness of which was determined by the level of television exposure, helped to push sport into an ever-closer relationship with the media, especially television. The part played by the media, especially BSkyB, in bringing about structural changes in English football and rugby league since the 1990s are explored against this backdrop.Less
Sport in Britain, especially elite sport, has been transformed over the period since 1960, increasingly taking on the appearance and attributes of big business. This chapter discusses three important aspects of this transformation. Firstly, the institutions governing British sport, most of them dating from the era of amateur hegemony, which began in the mid 19th century, were subject to a long drawn-out process of modernization, starting in the early 1960s when the distinction between ‘gentlemen’ and ‘players’ was abandoned in English cricket and ending with the arrival of ‘open’ rugby union in 1995. Secondly, as the constraints on commercialism dating from the amateur era were progressively abandoned, sport and business became more closely related as companies began to view sports sponsorship as a cost-effective way of raising consumer awareness of the goods and services that they offered. It is argued that the demands of building relationships with sponsors helped to change the way that sports businesses were run, as the stadium gradually made way for the ‘tradium’. Thirdly, it is clear that business sponsorship, the effectiveness of which was determined by the level of television exposure, helped to push sport into an ever-closer relationship with the media, especially television. The part played by the media, especially BSkyB, in bringing about structural changes in English football and rugby league since the 1990s are explored against this backdrop.
Witham Larry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394757
- eISBN:
- 9780199777372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394757.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Religion is a form of risk management in human lives and in religious groups. Pascal’s Wager famously illustrates the calculation of loss and benefit in religious belief. But there are other economic ...
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Religion is a form of risk management in human lives and in religious groups. Pascal’s Wager famously illustrates the calculation of loss and benefit in religious belief. But there are other economic models for how religion deals with uncertainty, and this chapter looks at three. First is insurance against risk, with its byproduct of “moral hazard. Second is the need to verify the reliability of religious “goods,” which economists call “credence goods.” Religions, like businesses, seek to assure consumers of reliability. Finally, consumers search for reliable information, which in religion means explanations about the gods, the afterlife, and ultimate religious consequences, such as hell. Typically, monotheistic faiths are deemed “high risk” religions because of their belief in ultimate consequences. But all religions have this feature to some extent, speaking to the human incentive to avoid risk.Less
Religion is a form of risk management in human lives and in religious groups. Pascal’s Wager famously illustrates the calculation of loss and benefit in religious belief. But there are other economic models for how religion deals with uncertainty, and this chapter looks at three. First is insurance against risk, with its byproduct of “moral hazard. Second is the need to verify the reliability of religious “goods,” which economists call “credence goods.” Religions, like businesses, seek to assure consumers of reliability. Finally, consumers search for reliable information, which in religion means explanations about the gods, the afterlife, and ultimate religious consequences, such as hell. Typically, monotheistic faiths are deemed “high risk” religions because of their belief in ultimate consequences. But all religions have this feature to some extent, speaking to the human incentive to avoid risk.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter introduces the main subjects of the book — Sherwin Cody and his famous home study course on the English language. The chapter sets the context of the book and introduces the long‐running ...
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This chapter introduces the main subjects of the book — Sherwin Cody and his famous home study course on the English language. The chapter sets the context of the book and introduces the long‐running advertising campaign begun by Cody and Maxwell Sackheim.Less
This chapter introduces the main subjects of the book — Sherwin Cody and his famous home study course on the English language. The chapter sets the context of the book and introduces the long‐running advertising campaign begun by Cody and Maxwell Sackheim.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Cody's early years are recounted, from his being orphaned in the Midwest to his studying at Amherst College and attempting at a literary career. We follow him as he blends his classical education ...
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Cody's early years are recounted, from his being orphaned in the Midwest to his studying at Amherst College and attempting at a literary career. We follow him as he blends his classical education with growing experience in the world as a practical writer and entrepreneur.Less
Cody's early years are recounted, from his being orphaned in the Midwest to his studying at Amherst College and attempting at a literary career. We follow him as he blends his classical education with growing experience in the world as a practical writer and entrepreneur.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable ...
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This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable correspondence course, an advertising campaign and a marketing strategy.Less
This chapter describes the emergence of the modern advertising industry and Cody's connection with legendary copywriters Maxwell Sackheim and Victor Schwab as he developed a commercially‐viable correspondence course, an advertising campaign and a marketing strategy.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Beginning with Cody advertising prospectus, this chapter examine the self‐correcting courses and its major themes—practical speaking, spelling and pronunciation, and punctuation. Included are some ...
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Beginning with Cody advertising prospectus, this chapter examine the self‐correcting courses and its major themes—practical speaking, spelling and pronunciation, and punctuation. Included are some samples of Cody's lessons.Less
Beginning with Cody advertising prospectus, this chapter examine the self‐correcting courses and its major themes—practical speaking, spelling and pronunciation, and punctuation. Included are some samples of Cody's lessons.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Chapter Eight begins a survey of other popular self‐improvements products that drew on the same advertising themes and social anxieties as Cody's course.
Chapter Eight begins a survey of other popular self‐improvements products that drew on the same advertising themes and social anxieties as Cody's course.
Edwin L. Battistella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367126
- eISBN:
- 9780199867356
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367126.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
Chapter 9 looks at the advertising and cultural positioning of mail‐order book culture, focusing on the Harvard Classics and the Book‐of‐the Month Club.
Chapter 9 looks at the advertising and cultural positioning of mail‐order book culture, focusing on the Harvard Classics and the Book‐of‐the Month Club.
William J. Talbott
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195173482
- eISBN:
- 9780199872176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173482.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social ...
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This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.Less
This chapter applies the Millian epistemology to ground a robust, inalienable right to freedom of expression and to ground the other autonomy rights, as necessary for the process of the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. The chapter considers a variety of exceptions to freedom of expression, including product advertising and political advertising. He uses the examples of Google and Wikipedia to provide empirical confirmation for Mill’s claims about the social process of the free give-and-take of opinion. He also shows how the Millian case for freedom of propositional expression can be extended to cover nonpropositional expression in art and literature. The chapter shows that the Millian argument does not limit freedom of expression to reasonable views. The chapter argues that the distinction between reasonable and unreasonable comprehensive views, which plays a large role in Rawls’s theory and in contemporary discussions of human rights, cannot support the weight that it is intended to bear. This leads to an extended discussion of intolerant subversive advocacy, in which the chapter argues that neither Habermas’s nor Rawls’s theory can explain why the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court upholding the Smith Act (which made membership in the Communist Party illegal) in Dennis v. U.S. was erroneous. The chapter also explains why Mill’s social process epistemology does not undermine his political philosophy. The author concludes by explaining why the main principle would endorse a human right to freedom of expression.
Michael Suk-Young Chwe
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691158280
- eISBN:
- 9781400846436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691158280.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter begins by considering the question of how cultural practices such as rituals and ceremonies constitute power. It then discusses how rituals work; generating common knowledge through eye ...
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This chapter begins by considering the question of how cultural practices such as rituals and ceremonies constitute power. It then discusses how rituals work; generating common knowledge through eye contact or, for larger groups, facing each other in a circle to enable each person to see that everyone else is paying attention; and understanding advertising in terms of common knowledge generation. The chapter then offers quantitative evidence by looking at 119 brands advertised on three U.S. networks in October 1988, February 1989, and July 1989. The data suggests that social goods are advertised on more popular shows and that advertisers goods are willing to pay more per viewer to do so. More popular shows generate common knowledge and hence are better at solving coordination problems.Less
This chapter begins by considering the question of how cultural practices such as rituals and ceremonies constitute power. It then discusses how rituals work; generating common knowledge through eye contact or, for larger groups, facing each other in a circle to enable each person to see that everyone else is paying attention; and understanding advertising in terms of common knowledge generation. The chapter then offers quantitative evidence by looking at 119 brands advertised on three U.S. networks in October 1988, February 1989, and July 1989. The data suggests that social goods are advertised on more popular shows and that advertisers goods are willing to pay more per viewer to do so. More popular shows generate common knowledge and hence are better at solving coordination problems.
Ron Rodman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340242
- eISBN:
- 9780199863778
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340242.003.0008
- Subject:
- Music, Popular, History, American
This chapter traces the development of the television commercial from its hard sell early years to the soft sell paradigm that predominated since the 1980s. Winfried Nöth (1992) has called this trend ...
More
This chapter traces the development of the television commercial from its hard sell early years to the soft sell paradigm that predominated since the 1980s. Winfried Nöth (1992) has called this trend a “strategy of occultation” wherein advertisement's primary function of commodity exchange gives way to semiotic spaces that frequently hide the motivation of a commercial by the artistic artifice of the text itself. In TV commercials from this era, however, the use of various musical styles to render an impression of a product may be better termed a “strategy of imbuement” wherein the music conveys traits about a product. Two examples are cited to reinforce this concept: an ad for Chevrolet trucks and an ad for Infiniti luxury cars.Less
This chapter traces the development of the television commercial from its hard sell early years to the soft sell paradigm that predominated since the 1980s. Winfried Nöth (1992) has called this trend a “strategy of occultation” wherein advertisement's primary function of commodity exchange gives way to semiotic spaces that frequently hide the motivation of a commercial by the artistic artifice of the text itself. In TV commercials from this era, however, the use of various musical styles to render an impression of a product may be better termed a “strategy of imbuement” wherein the music conveys traits about a product. Two examples are cited to reinforce this concept: an ad for Chevrolet trucks and an ad for Infiniti luxury cars.
John D. Skrentny
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159966
- eISBN:
- 9781400848492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159966.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter explores racial realism in the advertising and entertainment industries (movies, TV, and professional sports). These cases are distinctive because they are almost totally focused on ...
More
This chapter explores racial realism in the advertising and entertainment industries (movies, TV, and professional sports). These cases are distinctive because they are almost totally focused on racial signaling—the image of the worker is very much the product that the employers are selling. Racial signaling is thus common in all of them, though rarer in sports than the other sectors, especially in the last few decades. Hence, the chapter shows that civil rights law does not authorize these practices. It also examines the possibility that television shows' dependence on use of federally regulated airwaves, and sports teams' dependence on the public financing of stadiums might provide legal openings for racial realism in these sectors. Since this employment sector is about expression, this chapter also explores possible First Amendment defenses for these employers, and shows that at least one court has found a constitutionally protected freedom to discriminate.Less
This chapter explores racial realism in the advertising and entertainment industries (movies, TV, and professional sports). These cases are distinctive because they are almost totally focused on racial signaling—the image of the worker is very much the product that the employers are selling. Racial signaling is thus common in all of them, though rarer in sports than the other sectors, especially in the last few decades. Hence, the chapter shows that civil rights law does not authorize these practices. It also examines the possibility that television shows' dependence on use of federally regulated airwaves, and sports teams' dependence on the public financing of stadiums might provide legal openings for racial realism in these sectors. Since this employment sector is about expression, this chapter also explores possible First Amendment defenses for these employers, and shows that at least one court has found a constitutionally protected freedom to discriminate.
