Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This work is a sociolinguistic study employing quantitative methods to explore age, gender, and social class differences in the use of a range of discourse features. It is based on a gender-balanced ...
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This work is a sociolinguistic study employing quantitative methods to explore age, gender, and social class differences in the use of a range of discourse features. It is based on a gender-balanced sample of middle-class and working-class adolescents and adults, recorded under the same conditions in Glasgow, Scotland. Unlike studies of phonetic or morphological variation, the study of discourse variation requires samples of talk in action with speakers interacting with one another. The speakers, who knew each other, were recorded talking in the presence of the tape-recorder for approximately half an hour without the investigator being present. The recordings were transcribed in their totality and the transcripts searched for the occurrence of features such as the use of pronouns, adverbs, you know, I mean, as well as grammatical features such as questions and passive voice. The frequencies of use of the variables by the different social groups (e.g., middle-class women, adolescent boys) were calibrated and the results compared. Differences between adults and adolescents provided the greatest number of statistically significant results, followed by differences between males and females. The smallest number of statistically significant differences were related to social class. Qualitative analysis, however, revealed important social class differences in discourse styles. The study shows the danger of generalizing about social class or gender on the basis of a limited sample of a few discourse features.Less
This work is a sociolinguistic study employing quantitative methods to explore age, gender, and social class differences in the use of a range of discourse features. It is based on a gender-balanced sample of middle-class and working-class adolescents and adults, recorded under the same conditions in Glasgow, Scotland. Unlike studies of phonetic or morphological variation, the study of discourse variation requires samples of talk in action with speakers interacting with one another. The speakers, who knew each other, were recorded talking in the presence of the tape-recorder for approximately half an hour without the investigator being present. The recordings were transcribed in their totality and the transcripts searched for the occurrence of features such as the use of pronouns, adverbs, you know, I mean, as well as grammatical features such as questions and passive voice. The frequencies of use of the variables by the different social groups (e.g., middle-class women, adolescent boys) were calibrated and the results compared. Differences between adults and adolescents provided the greatest number of statistically significant results, followed by differences between males and females. The smallest number of statistically significant differences were related to social class. Qualitative analysis, however, revealed important social class differences in discourse styles. The study shows the danger of generalizing about social class or gender on the basis of a limited sample of a few discourse features.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0068
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0069
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’,indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0070
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced,beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0071
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0072
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology ...
More
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin,distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).Less
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography, the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin,distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
Hagit Borer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544325
- eISBN:
- 9780191720536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544325.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This chapter relates two questions concerning bare noun arguments: (i) the contrast between the acceptability in Hebrew of sentence initial V‐S with bare noun subjects where V is unaccusative, and ...
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This chapter relates two questions concerning bare noun arguments: (i) the contrast between the acceptability in Hebrew of sentence initial V‐S with bare noun subjects where V is unaccusative, and its unacceptability where V is unergative; (ii) the telicity in Hebrew and English of achievements with bare noun arguments, in contrast to the atelicity of accomplishments with bare noun arguments. The argument that the two contrasts are related relies on the observation that both disappear under the presence of a locale (an indexical adverb of the sort found as subject of existential constructions). The major claim made in the chapter is thus about the central role locatives play both in forcing existential interpretations and in allowing telic readings with non‐quantity arguments.Less
This chapter relates two questions concerning bare noun arguments: (i) the contrast between the acceptability in Hebrew of sentence initial V‐S with bare noun subjects where V is unaccusative, and its unacceptability where V is unergative; (ii) the telicity in Hebrew and English of achievements with bare noun arguments, in contrast to the atelicity of accomplishments with bare noun arguments. The argument that the two contrasts are related relies on the observation that both disappear under the presence of a locale (an indexical adverb of the sort found as subject of existential constructions). The major claim made in the chapter is thus about the central role locatives play both in forcing existential interpretations and in allowing telic readings with non‐quantity arguments.
Claude Hagège
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199575008
- eISBN:
- 9780191722578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575008.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter provides a precise and full characterization of adpositions (Adps), by showing what they are, what they are not, and what they do, synchronically and diachronically. The chapter is ...
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This chapter provides a precise and full characterization of adpositions (Adps), by showing what they are, what they are not, and what they do, synchronically and diachronically. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 first proposes a general definition of Adps. Section 2.1 studies the relationship between Adps and case affixes. Section 2.3 characterizes Adps with respect to the term they govern. Section 2.4 presents word-types that might be mistaken for Adps, while Section 2.5 presents Adps as sources of new units. Finally, the ‘adposition’ is justified in relation to the other available terms.Less
This chapter provides a precise and full characterization of adpositions (Adps), by showing what they are, what they are not, and what they do, synchronically and diachronically. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1 first proposes a general definition of Adps. Section 2.1 studies the relationship between Adps and case affixes. Section 2.3 characterizes Adps with respect to the term they govern. Section 2.4 presents word-types that might be mistaken for Adps, while Section 2.5 presents Adps as sources of new units. Finally, the ‘adposition’ is justified in relation to the other available terms.
Anna Wierzbicka
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195174748
- eISBN:
- 9780199788514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174748.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
English has a much larger repertoire of epistemic (sentential) adverbs than other European languages, possibly indeed without parallel in other languages of the world. The set of these adverbs ...
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English has a much larger repertoire of epistemic (sentential) adverbs than other European languages, possibly indeed without parallel in other languages of the world. The set of these adverbs includes the following: probably, possibly, clearly, obviously, presumably, evidently, apparently, supposedly, conceivably, undoubtedly, allegedly, reportedly, arguably, unquestionably, seemingly, certainly, and in American English likely. As this chapter discusses in some detail, this rich repertoire of epistemic adverbs developed in English gradually. Undoubtedly, the rise of this semantico-grammatical category in English was related to the rise of verbal epistemic phrases, such as I presume, I assume, I gather, I understand, I suppose, and so on. The cultural concerns reflected in the two categories are essentially the same, and in both cases they can be linked with the post-Lockean emphasis on the limitations of human knowledge, on the need to distinguish knowledge from judgment, on differentiating between different “degrees of assent.” But to compare the class of “epistemic adverbs” in different languages one must first identify this class in each language, and for this one needs some explicit semantic criteria. In the absence of a detailed semantic analysis of the individual words it is impossible to rigorously delimit the class in question; and without delimiting it, it is impossible to compare its size across language boundaries. This chapter shows that the use of the NSM methodology makes it possible to carry out such detailed semantic analysis, and to establish that the proliferation of epistemic adverbs is indeed a distinctive feature of English. The legal scholar Larry Solan (1999) has observed that British “17th century thinkers, influenced heavily by John Locke, developed an epistemology that differentiated among various kinds of evidence.” It is shown that in the English-speaking world, this epistemology differentiating among various kinds and degrees of certainty has had an impact on ordinary ways of speaking, and on the English language itself, and this impact continues to this day.Less
English has a much larger repertoire of epistemic (sentential) adverbs than other European languages, possibly indeed without parallel in other languages of the world. The set of these adverbs includes the following: probably, possibly, clearly, obviously, presumably, evidently, apparently, supposedly, conceivably, undoubtedly, allegedly, reportedly, arguably, unquestionably, seemingly, certainly, and in American English likely. As this chapter discusses in some detail, this rich repertoire of epistemic adverbs developed in English gradually. Undoubtedly, the rise of this semantico-grammatical category in English was related to the rise of verbal epistemic phrases, such as I presume, I assume, I gather, I understand, I suppose, and so on. The cultural concerns reflected in the two categories are essentially the same, and in both cases they can be linked with the post-Lockean emphasis on the limitations of human knowledge, on the need to distinguish knowledge from judgment, on differentiating between different “degrees of assent.” But to compare the class of “epistemic adverbs” in different languages one must first identify this class in each language, and for this one needs some explicit semantic criteria. In the absence of a detailed semantic analysis of the individual words it is impossible to rigorously delimit the class in question; and without delimiting it, it is impossible to compare its size across language boundaries. This chapter shows that the use of the NSM methodology makes it possible to carry out such detailed semantic analysis, and to establish that the proliferation of epistemic adverbs is indeed a distinctive feature of English. The legal scholar Larry Solan (1999) has observed that British “17th century thinkers, influenced heavily by John Locke, developed an epistemology that differentiated among various kinds of evidence.” It is shown that in the English-speaking world, this epistemology differentiating among various kinds and degrees of certainty has had an impact on ordinary ways of speaking, and on the English language itself, and this impact continues to this day.
Nomi Erteschik‐Shir
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556861
- eISBN:
- 9780191722271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556861.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Phonetics / Phonology
MON types an ‘uncertainty’ question and non‐typing MON adds ‘uncertainty’ to questions typed by an overt or silent performative. This paper accounts for the placement of MON in both these cases and ...
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MON types an ‘uncertainty’ question and non‐typing MON adds ‘uncertainty’ to questions typed by an overt or silent performative. This paper accounts for the placement of MON in both these cases and also explains why V‐2 is not triggered when MON occurs sentence initially. The explanation rests on the idea that MON is linearized in the phonology as are other adverbs and that V‐2 is phonologically motivated.Less
MON types an ‘uncertainty’ question and non‐typing MON adds ‘uncertainty’ to questions typed by an overt or silent performative. This paper accounts for the placement of MON in both these cases and also explains why V‐2 is not triggered when MON occurs sentence initially. The explanation rests on the idea that MON is linearized in the phonology as are other adverbs and that V‐2 is phonologically motivated.
Ronald W. Langacker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331967
- eISBN:
- 9780199868209
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of ...
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The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.Less
The standard doctrine that basic grammatical classes (parts of speech) are not semantically definable rests on erroneous assumptions about the nature of linguistic meaning. With a proper view of meaning, basic categories—notably noun and verb—have plausible conceptual characterizations at both the prototype level (for typical examples) and the schema level (valid for all instances). The prototypes are based on conceptual archetypes: objects for nouns, and actions for verbs. The schemas are independent of any particular conceptual content, residing instead in basic cognitive abilities immanent in the archetypes: for nouns, grouping and reification; in the case of verbs, the ability to apprend relationships and to track their evolution through time. An expression's grammatical category specifically depends on the nature of its profile (not its overall content). Thus a noun profiles a thing (defined abstractly as any product of grouping and reification), while a verb profiles a process (a relationship tracked through time). Expressions that profile non-processual relationships include adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, infinitives, and participles. Relational expressions can be categorized in different ways, depending on factors like the number and type of focused participants, whether the profiled relation is simplex or complex, and whether it is apprehended holistically or sequentially. These characterizations prove efficacious in describing how relational expressions function as noun modifiers and in clausal organization.
Christopher Potts
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199273829
- eISBN:
- 9780191706653
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273829.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
Supplements (i.e., parentheticals, appositives) provide one of the major sources of evidence for conventional implicatures discussed in this book. After some general discussion of supplements, the ...
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Supplements (i.e., parentheticals, appositives) provide one of the major sources of evidence for conventional implicatures discussed in this book. After some general discussion of supplements, the focus narrows to supplemental relatives and nominal appositives. The proposed syntax is conservative: supplements are argued to be fully integrated syntactically and morphologically, with their ‘peripheral’ feel attributed to their semantics and their comma intonation. Appositives are shown to manifest all of the properties Grice specified for conventional implicatures, and are analyzed in the terms of Chapter 3. The final major section extends the analysis to a range of sentence-level adverbs.Less
Supplements (i.e., parentheticals, appositives) provide one of the major sources of evidence for conventional implicatures discussed in this book. After some general discussion of supplements, the focus narrows to supplemental relatives and nominal appositives. The proposed syntax is conservative: supplements are argued to be fully integrated syntactically and morphologically, with their ‘peripheral’ feel attributed to their semantics and their comma intonation. Appositives are shown to manifest all of the properties Grice specified for conventional implicatures, and are analyzed in the terms of Chapter 3. The final major section extends the analysis to a range of sentence-level adverbs.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
As had been found in the previous study in Ayr, middle-class speakers used derived adverbs in -ly significantly more frequently than working-class speakers. This is true of both adults and ...
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As had been found in the previous study in Ayr, middle-class speakers used derived adverbs in -ly significantly more frequently than working-class speakers. This is true of both adults and adolescents. The middle-class speakers also use very and quite significantly more than the working-class speakers, but there are no differences in the use of just. The adolescents rarely use very, preferring pure and dead. The middle-class speakers also use evaluative adjectives twice as frequently as the working-class speakers.Less
As had been found in the previous study in Ayr, middle-class speakers used derived adverbs in -ly significantly more frequently than working-class speakers. This is true of both adults and adolescents. The middle-class speakers also use very and quite significantly more than the working-class speakers, but there are no differences in the use of just. The adolescents rarely use very, preferring pure and dead. The middle-class speakers also use evaluative adjectives twice as frequently as the working-class speakers.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use ...
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This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use between the middle-class speakers and the working-class speakers are shown to reflect a basic difference in discourse style. The middle-class speakers make frequent evaluative comments, whereas the working-class speakers avoid them. The results contradict the inference Bernstein drew about social class differences in speech.Less
This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use between the middle-class speakers and the working-class speakers are shown to reflect a basic difference in discourse style. The middle-class speakers make frequent evaluative comments, whereas the working-class speakers avoid them. The results contradict the inference Bernstein drew about social class differences in speech.
A. M. Devine and Laurence D. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181685
- eISBN:
- 9780199789146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181685.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and ...
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This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and focus particles. It concludes with an account of weak pronoun raising.Less
This chapter begins with an analysis of narrow focus in replacive negation constructions, questions, and various types of chiasmus. It also covers association of focus with frequency adverbs and focus particles. It concludes with an account of weak pronoun raising.
Aniko Csirmaz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553266
- eISBN:
- 9780191720833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553266.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility, the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these times. ...
More
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility, the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these times. The flexible view of temporal modification offers a natural account of a variety of novel phenomena and a coherent view of earlier accounts of durative modification.Less
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility, the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these times. The flexible view of temporal modification offers a natural account of a variety of novel phenomena and a coherent view of earlier accounts of durative modification.
Heather Lee Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199553266
- eISBN:
- 9780191720833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553266.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility — the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these ...
More
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility — the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these times. The flexible view of temporal modification offers a natural account of a variety of novel phenomena and a coherent view of earlier accounts of durative modification.Less
Following an overview of time intervals in the clause, this chapter tackles the appropriate characterization of divisibility — the requirement of durative adverbs which can measure any of these times. The flexible view of temporal modification offers a natural account of a variety of novel phenomena and a coherent view of earlier accounts of durative modification.
Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199290932
- eISBN:
- 9780191710445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290932.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter considers how adjectival and adverbial modification can be handled in a compositional meaning theory. The basic approach in each case is to treat the modifiers as contributing a ...
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This chapter considers how adjectival and adverbial modification can be handled in a compositional meaning theory. The basic approach in each case is to treat the modifiers as contributing a predicate to the satisfaction conditions of the sentence in which they appear. In the case of adverbs, this forces the introduction of a suppressed quantifier over events (or states) into the account of the logical form of most sentences. The chapter considers also how to treat topic dependent adjectives and adverbs that interact with the noun or verb that they modify (as in ‘Beavers are large rodents’ and ‘John drank slowly’).Less
This chapter considers how adjectival and adverbial modification can be handled in a compositional meaning theory. The basic approach in each case is to treat the modifiers as contributing a predicate to the satisfaction conditions of the sentence in which they appear. In the case of adverbs, this forces the introduction of a suppressed quantifier over events (or states) into the account of the logical form of most sentences. The chapter considers also how to treat topic dependent adjectives and adverbs that interact with the noun or verb that they modify (as in ‘Beavers are large rodents’ and ‘John drank slowly’).
Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199290932
- eISBN:
- 9780191710445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290932.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the ...
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This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the relation of temporal adverbials to the event analysis of adverbial modification.Less
This chapter discusses relational temporal adverbs and adverbials, the interaction of tense with ‘before’ and ‘after’, temporal quantifiers, habitual sentences, and frequency adverbs, and the relation of temporal adverbials to the event analysis of adverbial modification.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0049
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
In Lecture 49, the chapter begins the discussion of the cases by drawing attention to indeclinable nouns and defective nouns (nouns lacking one or more case-forms), and by considering the relation ...
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In Lecture 49, the chapter begins the discussion of the cases by drawing attention to indeclinable nouns and defective nouns (nouns lacking one or more case-forms), and by considering the relation between case-forms and adverbs. The chapter proceeds (Lecture 50) to the question of the number of cases to be found in Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, and to the diachronic phenomenon of syncretism (reduction over time in the number of cases) and reasons for it. Postponed to a later lecture (one never published) is the treatment of the use of the individual cases,with the exception of the vocative, which, together with the use of nominative for vocative, and some remarks on the use of the vocative particles Gk □ and Lat. ο, is the subject of the last lecture of the first series (Lecture 51).Less
In Lecture 49, the chapter begins the discussion of the cases by drawing attention to indeclinable nouns and defective nouns (nouns lacking one or more case-forms), and by considering the relation between case-forms and adverbs. The chapter proceeds (Lecture 50) to the question of the number of cases to be found in Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages, and to the diachronic phenomenon of syncretism (reduction over time in the number of cases) and reasons for it. Postponed to a later lecture (one never published) is the treatment of the use of the individual cases,with the exception of the vocative, which, together with the use of nominative for vocative, and some remarks on the use of the vocative particles Gk □ and Lat. ο, is the subject of the last lecture of the first series (Lecture 51).
