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Diffusion

Robert J. Bennett

in Local Business Voice: The History of Chambers of Commerce in Britain, Ireland, and Revolutionary America, 1760-2011

Chambers were initially small in number and focused in the main ports. This was explained by their political weight, experience of lobbying for private Bills for infrastructure development ... More

Chambers were initially small in number and focused in the main ports. This was explained by their political weight, experience of lobbying for private Bills for infrastructure development (especially wet docks and canals), and their focus on networks of economic and social exchange. This chapter shows that their diffusion was generally down the population rank-size distribution of cities, eventually penetrating the whole market for local voice. However, the chapter shows that there was important regional differentiation, and there were some notable barriers to diffusion as a result of resistance. In London this included resistance from central government. In centres, such as Bristol, Dublin, Cork, and Londonderry, it was resistance from the pre-Reform local corporation; other centres had mixed support from pre-existing bodies such as the Merchant Adventurers, Staplers, and commercial committees.Less

Commonwealth

David Brown

in Empire and Enterprise: Money, Power and the Adventurers for Irish Land during the British Civil Wars

The Adventurers for Irish land applied their English war profits to colonial development and commandeered England’s great trading companies, the East India Company, Levant Company and Fellowship of ... More

The Adventurers for Irish land applied their English war profits to colonial development and commandeered England’s great trading companies, the East India Company, Levant Company and Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers. They strengthened their grip on state finance and targeted their colonial profits towards specific loans to finance the parliamentary army, which resulted in further trading concessions. Firmly allied to the War Party in parliament, the Adventurers navigated their way through the political upheavals in England, 1647–49, and although quietly opposed to the execution of Charles I they made no attempt to oppose it.Less

Migration to Haiti in the Context of Other Contemporary Migrations

Sara Fanning

in Caribbean Crossing: African Americans and the Haitian Emigration Movement

This chapter examines the migration to Haiti in the context of other contemporary migrations. Although organizations and sponsors called the migrants from the U.S. to Haiti “emigrants,” in some ... More

This chapter examines the migration to Haiti in the context of other contemporary migrations. Although organizations and sponsors called the migrants from the U.S. to Haiti “emigrants,” in some senses they were colonists and in other senses exiles. The African American migrants differed from most European colonists in that they were attracted to their destination by its independence from their home nation. But they were not forced to leave; leaving was an act of conscience. To a greater extent than any Europeans since the Puritan “Pilgrims,” they sought refuge from exclusion in the home nation in the actively sympathetic philosophy of the new nation. Even as they retained American customs, the free blacks embraced Haiti's constitution, tacitly rejecting that of the United States. Ultimately, the African American emigrants were political pilgrims, and this is what distinguishes their experience from that of contemporary migrants and colonial adventurers.Less

Conquest

Emma Widdis

in Visions of a New Land: Soviet Film from the Revolution to the Second World War

This chapter discusses creation of the boundaries in the almost boundless Soviet Union territory. In the 1930s, the boundaries of the Soviet Union served as a protective divide from the influences of ... More

This chapter discusses creation of the boundaries in the almost boundless Soviet Union territory. In the 1930s, the boundaries of the Soviet Union served as a protective divide from the influences of the capitalist West. Because of this, a symbolic icon in the form of the border guard emerged in Soviet cinema, as the mythical protector of the Soviet way of life. The chapter notes that the border guard was only one of the numerous heroes that represented the modern Soviet socialist culture: as there is also the little man, who served as the honest representation of the Soviet masses; and the hero-adventurer, who served as the representation of the Soviet exploration.Less

Continental Adventurer

Phyllis Birnbaum

in Manchu Princess, Japanese Spy: The Story of Kawashima Yoshiko, the Cross-Dressing Spy Who Commanded Her Own Army

This chapter focuses on the life of Kawashima Naniwa, the adoptive father of Kawashima Yoshiko. A native of Nagano Prefecture, Naniwa traveled widely but returned home at the end, ever true to his ... More

This chapter focuses on the life of Kawashima Naniwa, the adoptive father of Kawashima Yoshiko. A native of Nagano Prefecture, Naniwa traveled widely but returned home at the end, ever true to his visionary ideals. He went back and forth between Japan and China throughout his life. He eventually joined the ranks of the Japanese men known as tairiku rōnin—“continental adventurers”—who, for various reasons, made China the center of their lives. In 1889 Naniwa set off with two friends on a hike to Manchuria, where he intended to implement his ideas. In recounting his escapades, Naniwa strives to create a winning impression of a youth with a noble mission in mind. To his detractors, Naniwa was an ultranationalistic betrayer of China; his supporters, however, continue to view his legacy with reverence and hold up his activities as an example to all.Less

Cromwellian Transplantations of the Irish to the Colonies

Heidi J. Coburn

in Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives

The notion that Cromwell was associated with slavery following his comments at Drogheda is challenged here, while the problem posed by erstwhile enemies to the London government is set in a broader ... More

The notion that Cromwell was associated with slavery following his comments at Drogheda is challenged here, while the problem posed by erstwhile enemies to the London government is set in a broader transplantation context.Less

A Scramble for Ireland: Cromwell and the Land Settlement

John Cunningham

in Cromwell and Ireland: New Perspectives

An attempt to take Cromwell out of the Cromwellian Settlement, a programme of which Cromwell himself seemed to disapprove, despite having a personal financial interest in Ireland as an adventurer.

Presbyterianism in Practice?

in English Presbyterianism 1590–1640

This chapter addresses the practice of Presbyterianism. Conflicts within, without, and between congregations can show presbyterian inflections in English nonconformity. The complaint of “the constant ... More

This chapter addresses the practice of Presbyterianism. Conflicts within, without, and between congregations can show presbyterian inflections in English nonconformity. The complaint of “the constant to-ing and fro-ing” of English Merchant households by Walter Travers points to the routine traffic between England and Antwerp and the direct association between the English Merchant Adventurer in Antwerp and the company's base in London. Some presbyterians have been concerned to stress church unity alongside their defense against heterodoxy. The informal link of the godly has worried anti-puritan activists less than organization through institutions that could do more to subvert the authority of the Church of England. The clash between Thomas Potts and the Newland membership quite strikingly reveals that the godly laity was prepared to override the wishes of a particular congregation.Less

Henry Hudson Has a Very Bad Day, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610

Roger M. McCoy

in On the Edge: Mapping North America's Coasts

This chapter focuses on Henry Hudson's voyages of exploration in 1607, 1608, 1609, and 1610: the first two for the Muscovy Company of England, the third for the Dutch East India Company, and the last ... More

This chapter focuses on Henry Hudson's voyages of exploration in 1607, 1608, 1609, and 1610: the first two for the Muscovy Company of England, the third for the Dutch East India Company, and the last for the Merchant Adventurers. Hudson, English sea captain, had tried to sail to China across the North Pole in 1607, hoping to encounter an open polar sea, but ice prevented his success. Hudson also made two unsuccessful attempts to find a sea route through North America in 1609 and 1610. Given these experiences, Hudson might be considered a failure, but he saw possibilities for new sea routes and accomplished many things during his four attempts to find a route to China.Less

The Devil, the Papist, the Player: The Virginia Company’s Anti-Theatricalism

Gavin Hollis

in The Absence of America: The London Stage, 1576-1642

This chapter analyzes the Virginia Company’s accusations that the players were the enemy of Virginia. The Company’s insistence on the players being diabolical, papist, and idle takes on renewed ... More

This chapter analyzes the Virginia Company’s accusations that the players were the enemy of Virginia. The Company’s insistence on the players being diabolical, papist, and idle takes on renewed significance in the context of Virginia, precisely because the image of the adventurer as craven bankrupt chimed with two other types that were invested in New World exploration: the Spanish and the players themselves. While the Virginia Company distinguished between the ideal adventurer and the unholy trinity of devil, papist, and player, plays collapsed the adventurer, devil, papist, and player into one another. Through analyses of both Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair (1614), which unfavorably compares Virginia adventuring and the experience of playgoing, and of the promotion and ubiquity of tobacco in playhouse drama, we might begin to think of the playing companies as constructing and even celebrating a vision of the New World as anti-Virginian, albeit not anti-colonial.Less

Early Adopters: Women Investors in the Early Years of the Financial Revolution

Amy M. Froide

in Silent Partners: Women as Public Investors during Britain's Financial Revolution, 1690-1750

This chapter explores the women who were early adopters of the new financial investments brought about by England’s Financial Revolution. A survey is provided of female subscribers to the Bank of ... More

This chapter explores the women who were early adopters of the new financial investments brought about by England’s Financial Revolution. A survey is provided of female subscribers to the Bank of England, the Land Bank, the Royal African, and East India Companies, the Company of Mine Adventurers, and various early government loans in the 1680s–1700s. The remainder of the chapter provides three case studies of women who were early adopters to the Financial Revolution: the courtier Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, the tradeswoman Martha Hutchins, and the provincial gentlewoman Elizabeth Freke. These women acclimated easily and enthusiastically to public investment, showing themselves willing to take on some risk for a good return. All three women also invested on their own, despite the fact they were married women. In the early decades of the Financial Revolution femes coverts were able to be investors.Less

Gender and Risk in the Early Stock Market

Amy M. Froide

in Silent Partners: Women as Public Investors during Britain's Financial Revolution, 1690-1750

This chapter examines female investors’ exposure to risk in the early stock market. While today we assume women investors are less likely to take risks, in the eighteenth century this was not the ... More

This chapter examines female investors’ exposure to risk in the early stock market. While today we assume women investors are less likely to take risks, in the eighteenth century this was not the case. Women exposed themselves to risk in their embrace of new financial opportunities. While female investors were definitely hurt by the most famous crash of the era, the South Sea Bubble, there were other lesser known bubbles that proved risky as well. This chapter examines the financial scandals that beset the London Orphan’s Fund, the Mine Adventurers Company, and the Charitable Corporation and how they impacted women. Lastly, this chapter explores women’s role in creating risk rather than merely being victims of it. The Financial Revolution also provided illicit opportunities for women to make money by defrauding others.Less