Rolf Loeber, David P. Farrington, James C. Howell, and Machteld Hoeve
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for ...
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Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for juveniles’ transition of offending from adolescence (up to age 18) into adulthood. Section I focuses on: (1) criminal careers, including criminal careers of special categories of offenders (e.g., drug dealers, homicide offenders); (2) explanations of persistence and desistance across adolescence and early adulthood; (3) vulnerable populations. Section II deals with practical issues and covers Chapters 6 to 9 and relevant portions of Chapter 10. The section focuses on six topics: (1) prediction and risk assessments to ascertain the risk of recidivism during the transition period between adolescence and adulthood; (2) legal boundaries between adolescence and adulthood and whether they need to be changed; (3) responses of the justice systems for juveniles and young adults; (4) preventive and remedial interventions outside of the justice system; (5) gender issues; and (6) ethnicity issues. Finally, Section III of this chapter contains the headline conclusions and recommendations for ways to move forward. Special sentencing and treatment provisions for young adult offenders and immaturity as mitigating factors are discussed.Less
Section I of this chapter summarizes the most important points of Chapters 2 to 5 and relevant portions of Chapter 10 (which concerns European issues) by addressing key findings that are relevant for juveniles’ transition of offending from adolescence (up to age 18) into adulthood. Section I focuses on: (1) criminal careers, including criminal careers of special categories of offenders (e.g., drug dealers, homicide offenders); (2) explanations of persistence and desistance across adolescence and early adulthood; (3) vulnerable populations. Section II deals with practical issues and covers Chapters 6 to 9 and relevant portions of Chapter 10. The section focuses on six topics: (1) prediction and risk assessments to ascertain the risk of recidivism during the transition period between adolescence and adulthood; (2) legal boundaries between adolescence and adulthood and whether they need to be changed; (3) responses of the justice systems for juveniles and young adults; (4) preventive and remedial interventions outside of the justice system; (5) gender issues; and (6) ethnicity issues. Finally, Section III of this chapter contains the headline conclusions and recommendations for ways to move forward. Special sentencing and treatment provisions for young adult offenders and immaturity as mitigating factors are discussed.
Rolf Loeber and David P. Farrington
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199828166
- eISBN:
- 9780199951208
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199828166.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about ...
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This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.Less
This chapter intrudes the key elements of this volume. This volume focuses on the age period between mid adolescence and early adulthood (roughly ages 15-29) and it addresses what we know about offending careers from the juvenile to the adult years. The volume draws on studies in North America and Europe and focuses on four key groups of young people: Juveniles whose offending persists from adolescence into early adulthood (and perhaps later); juvenile offenders who desisted during adolescence and do not continue to offend in early adulthood; adult-onset offenders who did not offend during adolescence but who became offenders during early adulthood; and, lastly, non-offenders who do not offend either in adolescence or early adulthood. Many juvenile delinquents tend to stop offending in late adolescence and early adulthood and this decrease is accompanied by a decrease in their impulsive behavior and an increase in their self-control. In most states in the U.S. the legal transition between adolescence and adulthood takes place at age 18. However, this age demarcation maps poorly onto maturational processes; research shows that many young people by age 18 do not yet have full control over their behavior and that brain maturation is not yet complete at that age. The implications of these findings for juvenile and adult justice are profound. Preventive and remedial interventions in and outside the justice system often shorten delinquency careers and reduce recidivism in adulthood.
Michael G. Vaughn, Carrie Pettus-Davis, and Jeffrey J. Shook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199782857
- eISBN:
- 9780199949663
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782857.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation, Communities and Organizations
The growth of the criminal justice system poses a number of significant problems that require ongoing research efforts by scholars across multiple disciplines. Despite the impact that the criminal ...
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The growth of the criminal justice system poses a number of significant problems that require ongoing research efforts by scholars across multiple disciplines. Despite the impact that the criminal justice system has on client populations served by social workers and related professions, there are few practical sources available to guide research in these settings. Conducting Research in Juvenile and Criminal Justice Settings: Strategies and Issues fills this gap and represents a cutting-edge yet user friendly book that will be of interest not only to researchers but also to graduate students and agency administrators. This book covers major issues in conducting field research with adults and juveniles and using extant and administrative data sources on criminal justice populations. In particular, the chapters explore the many challenges that often arise in criminal justice settings and offer practical strategies to issues such as how to gain and maintain IRB approval, how to manage a project across multiple agencies, courts, and institutions, and how to maintain relationships with key stakeholders. Furthermore, discussion of issues related to planning a research project in adult and juvenile justice settings, including research designs, recruitment, and retention, are delineated. An extensive bibliographic description of data sources, case studies, and research forms and letters is included.Less
The growth of the criminal justice system poses a number of significant problems that require ongoing research efforts by scholars across multiple disciplines. Despite the impact that the criminal justice system has on client populations served by social workers and related professions, there are few practical sources available to guide research in these settings. Conducting Research in Juvenile and Criminal Justice Settings: Strategies and Issues fills this gap and represents a cutting-edge yet user friendly book that will be of interest not only to researchers but also to graduate students and agency administrators. This book covers major issues in conducting field research with adults and juveniles and using extant and administrative data sources on criminal justice populations. In particular, the chapters explore the many challenges that often arise in criminal justice settings and offer practical strategies to issues such as how to gain and maintain IRB approval, how to manage a project across multiple agencies, courts, and institutions, and how to maintain relationships with key stakeholders. Furthermore, discussion of issues related to planning a research project in adult and juvenile justice settings, including research designs, recruitment, and retention, are delineated. An extensive bibliographic description of data sources, case studies, and research forms and letters is included.
Georgia Zara
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199917938
- eISBN:
- 9780199950430
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917938.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early ...
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This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early risk factors have a long-term impact, that many factors play a protective role in childhood and adulthood, but that this protective effect may cease in adulthood, that psychological insulation or resilience toward antisocial and criminogenic factors may not last long, and that delinquency abstention is not necessarily a sign of good adjustment in adolescence. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the chapter presents important findings and formulates an agenda for future work on adult-onset offending.Less
This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early risk factors have a long-term impact, that many factors play a protective role in childhood and adulthood, but that this protective effect may cease in adulthood, that psychological insulation or resilience toward antisocial and criminogenic factors may not last long, and that delinquency abstention is not necessarily a sign of good adjustment in adolescence. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the chapter presents important findings and formulates an agenda for future work on adult-onset offending.
Michael Rocque, Agnieszka Serwik, and Judy Plummer-Beale
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190260637
- eISBN:
- 9780190672737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0046
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
The criminal justice system has long been delineated along juvenile and adult lines. The ostensible rationale for this separation was that juveniles are developmentally distinct from adults; they ...
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The criminal justice system has long been delineated along juvenile and adult lines. The ostensible rationale for this separation was that juveniles are developmentally distinct from adults; they require less punitive, more rehabilitative treatment than adults in order to improve their behavior. The underlying assumption is that adults are fully mature, and so developmental programs will be ineffective for them. However, recent research has indicated that young or emerging adults are not fully mature, either socially or physiologically. This has led for some to call for a new, “third way” approach for young adult offenders. We describe a program in Maine designed for young adult offenders, in which inmates are separated from both juveniles and adults and provided a diverse array of programming.Less
The criminal justice system has long been delineated along juvenile and adult lines. The ostensible rationale for this separation was that juveniles are developmentally distinct from adults; they require less punitive, more rehabilitative treatment than adults in order to improve their behavior. The underlying assumption is that adults are fully mature, and so developmental programs will be ineffective for them. However, recent research has indicated that young or emerging adults are not fully mature, either socially or physiologically. This has led for some to call for a new, “third way” approach for young adult offenders. We describe a program in Maine designed for young adult offenders, in which inmates are separated from both juveniles and adults and provided a diverse array of programming.
Maggie Blyth, Enver Solomon, and Kerry Baker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420008
- eISBN:
- 9781447304364
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Alongside the current media public preoccupation with high-risk offenders, there has been a shift towards a greater focus on risk and public protection in UK criminal justice policy. Much of the ...
More
Alongside the current media public preoccupation with high-risk offenders, there has been a shift towards a greater focus on risk and public protection in UK criminal justice policy. Much of the academic debate has centred on the impact of the risk paradigm on adult offender management services; less attention has been given to the arena of youth justice and young adults. Yet, there are critical questions for both theory — are the principles of risk management the same when working with young people? — and practice — how can practitioners respond to those young people who cause serious harm to others? — that need to be considered. The chapters to this book consider risk not only in terms of public protection but also in terms of young people's own vulnerability to being harmed (either by others or through self-inflicted behaviour). One of the report's key objectives is to explore the links between these two distinct, but related, aspects of risk.Less
Alongside the current media public preoccupation with high-risk offenders, there has been a shift towards a greater focus on risk and public protection in UK criminal justice policy. Much of the academic debate has centred on the impact of the risk paradigm on adult offender management services; less attention has been given to the arena of youth justice and young adults. Yet, there are critical questions for both theory — are the principles of risk management the same when working with young people? — and practice — how can practitioners respond to those young people who cause serious harm to others? — that need to be considered. The chapters to this book consider risk not only in terms of public protection but also in terms of young people's own vulnerability to being harmed (either by others or through self-inflicted behaviour). One of the report's key objectives is to explore the links between these two distinct, but related, aspects of risk.
Frank C. DiCataldo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814720011
- eISBN:
- 9780814785225
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814720011.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Over the past two decades, concern about adolescent sex offenders has grown at an astonishing pace, garnering heated coverage in the media and providing fodder for television shows like Law and ...
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Over the past two decades, concern about adolescent sex offenders has grown at an astonishing pace, garnering heated coverage in the media and providing fodder for television shows like Law and Order. Americans' reaction to such stories has prompted the unquestioned application to adolescents of harsh legal and clinical intervention strategies designed for serious adult offenders, with little attention being paid to the psychological maturity of the offender. Many strategies being used today to deal with juvenile sex offenders—and even to define what criteria to use in defining “juvenile sex offender”—do not have empirical support and, this book cautions, may be doing more harm to children and society than good. The book critiques the current system and its methods for treating and categorizing juveniles, and calls for a major reevaluation of how these cases should be managed in the future. Through an analysis of the history of the problem and an empirical review of the literature, including specific cases and their outcomes, it demonstrates that current practices are based more on our collective fears and moral passions than on any supportive science or sound policy.Less
Over the past two decades, concern about adolescent sex offenders has grown at an astonishing pace, garnering heated coverage in the media and providing fodder for television shows like Law and Order. Americans' reaction to such stories has prompted the unquestioned application to adolescents of harsh legal and clinical intervention strategies designed for serious adult offenders, with little attention being paid to the psychological maturity of the offender. Many strategies being used today to deal with juvenile sex offenders—and even to define what criteria to use in defining “juvenile sex offender”—do not have empirical support and, this book cautions, may be doing more harm to children and society than good. The book critiques the current system and its methods for treating and categorizing juveniles, and calls for a major reevaluation of how these cases should be managed in the future. Through an analysis of the history of the problem and an empirical review of the literature, including specific cases and their outcomes, it demonstrates that current practices are based more on our collective fears and moral passions than on any supportive science or sound policy.
Kathleen M. Heide
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195176667
- eISBN:
- 9780199979028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176667.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter discusses issues related to charging and prosecuting parricide offenders. It includes a discussion on juvenile parricide offenders who were sentenced to death when that was legally ...
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This chapter discusses issues related to charging and prosecuting parricide offenders. It includes a discussion on juvenile parricide offenders who were sentenced to death when that was legally permissible in the United States. Portraits of these cases differ dramatically from the prototypical severely abused youth and provide clear examples of adult parricide offenders who appeared dangerously antisocial. Life without parole (LWOP) is also addressed, and an example of an abused child sentenced to a mandatory LWOP sentence prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama is presented.Less
This chapter discusses issues related to charging and prosecuting parricide offenders. It includes a discussion on juvenile parricide offenders who were sentenced to death when that was legally permissible in the United States. Portraits of these cases differ dramatically from the prototypical severely abused youth and provide clear examples of adult parricide offenders who appeared dangerously antisocial. Life without parole (LWOP) is also addressed, and an example of an abused child sentenced to a mandatory LWOP sentence prior to the Supreme Court's decision in Miller v. Alabama is presented.
Mark R. Fondacaro
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479898800
- eISBN:
- 9781479800308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479898800.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
This chapter provides a critical perspective on the emerging developmental orientation of juvenile justice, particularly looking at the perspective that justifies treating youth differently because ...
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This chapter provides a critical perspective on the emerging developmental orientation of juvenile justice, particularly looking at the perspective that justifies treating youth differently because of their developmental differences. This perspective makes them less culpable and more amenable to rehabilitation. Indeed, in a relatively recent series of cases, the Supreme Court has held that offenders under the age of 18 were not only ineligible for the death penalty, but ineligible for life without parole for non-capital crimes, and ineligible for life without parole for capital crimes when no individualized assessment is provided. The chapter argues that juvenile offenders should certainly be treated differently from adult offenders, not because they are less mature or malleable but because empirical research shows that adult offenders should not be treated the way they are in the adult criminal justice system.Less
This chapter provides a critical perspective on the emerging developmental orientation of juvenile justice, particularly looking at the perspective that justifies treating youth differently because of their developmental differences. This perspective makes them less culpable and more amenable to rehabilitation. Indeed, in a relatively recent series of cases, the Supreme Court has held that offenders under the age of 18 were not only ineligible for the death penalty, but ineligible for life without parole for non-capital crimes, and ineligible for life without parole for capital crimes when no individualized assessment is provided. The chapter argues that juvenile offenders should certainly be treated differently from adult offenders, not because they are less mature or malleable but because empirical research shows that adult offenders should not be treated the way they are in the adult criminal justice system.
Kathryn Farrow, Gill Kelly, and Bernadette Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347879
- eISBN:
- 9781447302865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347879.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter looks at the development of practice with adult offenders, along with far-reaching changes that have taken place in how society views and responds to offending by young people. There has ...
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This chapter looks at the development of practice with adult offenders, along with far-reaching changes that have taken place in how society views and responds to offending by young people. There has been a growth of the number and range of professionals and organisations involved in work with offenders both adults and young people. As the delivery of practice has become more diverse, so too have understandings of crime and those who commit it. The relative simplicity of the original police court missionary's role has given way to more complex and complicated responses to crime; responses which require policy, coordination and management. This chapter briefly touches on some of the developments that have taken place over the last century in face-to-face work with offenders. It emphasises the changing nature of the worker-offender relationship and its continued importance as an alliance in the process of managing change. It also discusses organisational changes and case management, the ‘What Works’ initiative and the development of effective practice, and the risk of reoffending.Less
This chapter looks at the development of practice with adult offenders, along with far-reaching changes that have taken place in how society views and responds to offending by young people. There has been a growth of the number and range of professionals and organisations involved in work with offenders both adults and young people. As the delivery of practice has become more diverse, so too have understandings of crime and those who commit it. The relative simplicity of the original police court missionary's role has given way to more complex and complicated responses to crime; responses which require policy, coordination and management. This chapter briefly touches on some of the developments that have taken place over the last century in face-to-face work with offenders. It emphasises the changing nature of the worker-offender relationship and its continued importance as an alliance in the process of managing change. It also discusses organisational changes and case management, the ‘What Works’ initiative and the development of effective practice, and the risk of reoffending.
Michaela Soyer
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520296701
- eISBN:
- 9780520969087
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520296701.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Lost Childhoods focuses on the life-course histories of thirty young men serving time in the adult prison system in Pennsylvania for crimes they committed when they were minors. The narratives of ...
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Lost Childhoods focuses on the life-course histories of thirty young men serving time in the adult prison system in Pennsylvania for crimes they committed when they were minors. The narratives of these young men, their friends, and relatives reveal the invisible yet deep-seated connection between the childhood traumas they suffered and the violent criminal behavior they committed during adolescence. By living through domestic violence, poverty, the crack epidemic, and other circumstances, these men were forced to grow up fast, while familial ties that should have sustained them were broken at each turn. The book connects large-scale social policy decisions and their effect on family dynamics, and it demonstrates the limits of punitive justice.Less
Lost Childhoods focuses on the life-course histories of thirty young men serving time in the adult prison system in Pennsylvania for crimes they committed when they were minors. The narratives of these young men, their friends, and relatives reveal the invisible yet deep-seated connection between the childhood traumas they suffered and the violent criminal behavior they committed during adolescence. By living through domestic violence, poverty, the crack epidemic, and other circumstances, these men were forced to grow up fast, while familial ties that should have sustained them were broken at each turn. The book connects large-scale social policy decisions and their effect on family dynamics, and it demonstrates the limits of punitive justice.
Michael G. Vaughn, Carrie Pettus-Davis, and Jeffrey J. Shook
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199782857
- eISBN:
- 9780199949663
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782857.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation, Communities and Organizations
Administrative data offer unique opportunities for producing useful knowledge on the criminal justice system. Courts, institutions, and agencies collect information on the individuals involved in the ...
More
Administrative data offer unique opportunities for producing useful knowledge on the criminal justice system. Courts, institutions, and agencies collect information on the individuals involved in the system, but this information is typically not used for research purposes. Thus, these databases represent an important resource for etiological and evaluation research. At the same time, these sources of data can be quite challenging to work with as they are not collected for the purpose of research. This chapter facilitates research using administrative data by discussing the types of studies that can be done using administrative data and providing straightforward techniques for building partnerships with and accessing administrative data from courts, jails, prison systems, and community corrections offices. It offers innovative and practical approaches to managing the unique challenges and strategies associated with the use of these forms of data.Less
Administrative data offer unique opportunities for producing useful knowledge on the criminal justice system. Courts, institutions, and agencies collect information on the individuals involved in the system, but this information is typically not used for research purposes. Thus, these databases represent an important resource for etiological and evaluation research. At the same time, these sources of data can be quite challenging to work with as they are not collected for the purpose of research. This chapter facilitates research using administrative data by discussing the types of studies that can be done using administrative data and providing straightforward techniques for building partnerships with and accessing administrative data from courts, jails, prison systems, and community corrections offices. It offers innovative and practical approaches to managing the unique challenges and strategies associated with the use of these forms of data.
