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This chapter focuses on adaptive automation, which seeks to address some of the shortcomings of traditional automation. In adaptive automation, the level of automation or the number of systems operating under automation can be modified in real time. Changes in the state of automation can also be initiated by either the human or the system. Adaptive strategies, examples of adaptive automation systems, workload and situation awareness, human-computer etiquette, and living with adaptive automation are discussed.

This chapter focuses on the idea of adaptive strategies that build upon, utilise and challenge the present conditions in such ways as to bring about change that creates environments and settings that are more in line with democratic values and the human need for meaning and holistic development. Adaptive strategies understand the force of a socio-political critique of the possibilities for paradigmatic democratic change, based on an appreciation of the tensions between substantive and instrumental rationalities in education. They are grounded in clear priorities: at the top are higher order values such as social justice, democracy and connectedness; second, organic belonging such as freedom and fellowship; and finally, lie the material aims of measured performance and income. The ultimate aim of adaptive strategies, however, is to build a unified practice, integrating these priorities by giving ideal aims a practical cutting edge that strengthens the possibilities emerging from current educational policy.

This chapter describes how practitioners can design activities to improve adolescent skills via assessment, counseling, education, and guidance. It explains how to encourage adolescents to recognize their own strengths and weaknesses so that skills can be developed to effectively cope with challenging situations. Adaptive coping strategies for facilitating auditory-based spoken communication skills are provided; this chapter specifically includes those repair strategies needed for effective interpersonal relations and telephone usage.

The conclusion underscores how instead of only focusing on economic incorporation or taking a celebratory position on transnational lives and identities, the case studies presented in this book call for more attention to the role of the imaginary, to geopolitical forces, and to nationality as well as to the migrant’s social, religious, racial, and gender positioning in the country of settlement. These multiple positionings ultimately shape how the cultural tool kit that migrants bring with them is reconstituted in light of the structural arrangements they encounter in their new settlements. It shows how migrants develop distinct adaptive strategies in each social context, depending on the milieux they encounter. It is in this meeting—between the individual and surrounding social structures—that all of our lives are given shape. The migrant experience, of course, necessitates an additional, and more complex, meeting, as the individual reckons with social structures across multiple borders. The conclusion ends by stating the author’s hope that by immersing oneself in the particulars of these transnational lives, one can gain a better understanding both of migrants and refugees themselves and of the shifting contours of a globalized yet highly bordered world.

The first period of Pandit Chitresh Das’s teaching in California (approximately 1971–88) was marked by culture clashes largely deriving from differences in the expectations of his primarily white, female students and those of Pandit Das, who worked to replicate the strict training he had received from his guru in India. For his new dance students, Pandit Das’s training concentrated on physical “readiness” and rhythmic virtuosity, through relatively linear movements and strong footwork. This chapter introduces readers to the basics of kathak footwork, while arguing that Pandit Das’s focus on particular areas of dance technique was an adaptive strategy; by providing such objective, quantifiable means of displaying his students’ skill, he sought to circumvent criticisms of these non-Indian dancers for not “looking Indian.

This chapter focuses on a specific kind of politicisation of social policy. It considers the nature of the language, the knowledge, and the values of policy, using the probation service as a sample case to study the values of ‘policy politics’. It links the case of the probation service to the wider developments in crime control policies. Faced with the socioeconomic features of late modernity and the penal crisis since the 1970s, the US and British governments adopted two strategies: an adaptive strategy that focuses on ‘preventive partnership’ and a sovereign state strategy that focuses on ‘punitive segregation’. In this chapter, focus is particularly given to the probation policy language since the 1970s up to the present time and to how language supports particular versions of values and practices. This chapter is not intended as a detailed discourse analysis of policy documents. Rather, it aims to demonstrate how attention to language enables assessment of some of the conceptual matters that underlie policy intent. It also seeks to demonstrate the power of language in the transformation of probation policy and practice, specifically, how changes in policy language became a vehicle for changing the way practitioners operate. This chapter begins with an overview of early social work/probation values. It also shows how this language of values became contested over time as the criminal policy agenda underwent transformations. It also traces how the policy discourse has shifted from ‘advise, assist and befriend’ to ‘manage, control and punish’. It is argued that this form of language or ‘punitive managerialism’ leads to differing forms of practice and consequences for service users. The chapter ends by considering the future of values and the possibility of alternative policy discourse.

Such a process of de-ethnicization is unavoidably affected by constraints and opportunities encountered by transnational movements on the local level. The book’s fourth chapter shows the importance of national responses to religious diversity and of the physiognomy of national religious landscapes for understanding religious movements’ adaptive strategies (why, for instance, some neo-Hindu movements claim to be universal in some places, but Hindu in others) and the effect of these strategies (why, when the Kabbalah Centre started to present itself as a “universal wisdom,” some local branches declined while others expanded). It underscores again the fact that the availability of exotic religious resources depends, in part, on specific social environments.

This chapter examines the hominin tribe as it branches off within the hominoid diversification. It considers the differences between humans and chimpanzees, and explores the systems of classification of the human lineage. Next come the different adaptive strategies of the various genera of the human lineage. An outcome of different adaptations are the derived characteristic human traits, from large brains to bipedalism, which is the only apomorphy universally shared by the human lineage. Bipedalism is analyzed in detail, morphologically as well as functionally, including biomechanical features, comparing fossil exemplars to preserved footprints. The final issue explored is the narrowing of the birth canal caused by different degrees of bipedalism. Bipedalism changed somewhat its function when adjusting to running in the open savannas.

Variations of individual traits are usually cross-constrained, and the components of fitness are generically traded off. A series of examples illustrate that constraints on inherited variation are the consequences of morphological or physiological features, most of which are inevitable due to physical or chemical laws and often can be modelled by allocation trade-offs. Life-history trade-offs can be easily masked by differences in individual environmental conditions or individual qualities. A certain set of environmental conditions impose directional phenotypic selection on inherited variation implying that the actual trade-off function between the fitness components is subject to optimization. However, optimal strategies change in response to regulating and modifying environmental conditions. Density-dependent optimization theory and experiments reveal that increased mortality levels can be balanced by increased optimal fecundity in a regulated population. The chapter concludes with a classification of primary plant strategies corresponding to the levels of the main regulating and modifying factors.