Charles R. C. Sheppard, Simon K. Davy, and Graham M. Pilling
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198566359
- eISBN:
- 9780191713934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566359.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology, Aquatic Biology
Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result many have succumbed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrients and industrial pollution, ...
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Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result many have succumbed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrients and industrial pollution, shoreline alterations, diseases of corals and other important groups of organisms, and over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of about one third of the world's reefs. More recently, climate change, notably a rise in sea temperature which has led to coral bleaching and then death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and increased storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.Less
Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result many have succumbed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrients and industrial pollution, shoreline alterations, diseases of corals and other important groups of organisms, and over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of about one third of the world's reefs. More recently, climate change, notably a rise in sea temperature which has led to coral bleaching and then death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and increased storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.
Marcelo Sánchez
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520271937
- eISBN:
- 9780520952300
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271937.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit ...
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Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit new ecological opportunities or contributed to their demise. This chapter discusses the following topics: ocean acidification in the past and today; major patterns of larval evolution in the oceans; climate change and mammalian developmental evolution; Jurassic sharks; survival and diversification in the early mammalian lineage; and islands as experiments in life history evolution.Less
Fossils potentially provide direct evidence on how changes in growth strategies may have affected diversification patterns in geologic time. New strategies may have allowed some species to exploit new ecological opportunities or contributed to their demise. This chapter discusses the following topics: ocean acidification in the past and today; major patterns of larval evolution in the oceans; climate change and mammalian developmental evolution; Jurassic sharks; survival and diversification in the early mammalian lineage; and islands as experiments in life history evolution.
Dietland Müller-Schwarze
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450105
- eISBN:
- 9780801460869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450105.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Behavior / Behavioral Ecology
This chapter examines the impact of the so-called “nuisance beavers” on the landscape. It argues that “nuisance beaver” is a misnomer, since damage to crops, tree plantations, roads, water supplies, ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the so-called “nuisance beavers” on the landscape. It argues that “nuisance beaver” is a misnomer, since damage to crops, tree plantations, roads, water supplies, and recreational facilities such as golf courses and campgrounds results from human encroachment on the beaver's habitat, not the other way around. It also considers how the beaver's recent spectacular expansion of its range southward from wilderness to developed land has intensified the conflict between humans and animals. It shows that the beaver causes economic losses by flooding and softening roads as well as flooding often tens of acres of farmland and golf courses. Finally, it asks whether the beaver can help in the fight against acid precipitation or contributes more to the acidification of many bodies of water.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the so-called “nuisance beavers” on the landscape. It argues that “nuisance beaver” is a misnomer, since damage to crops, tree plantations, roads, water supplies, and recreational facilities such as golf courses and campgrounds results from human encroachment on the beaver's habitat, not the other way around. It also considers how the beaver's recent spectacular expansion of its range southward from wilderness to developed land has intensified the conflict between humans and animals. It shows that the beaver causes economic losses by flooding and softening roads as well as flooding often tens of acres of farmland and golf courses. Finally, it asks whether the beaver can help in the fight against acid precipitation or contributes more to the acidification of many bodies of water.
Michael Lannoo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520255883
- eISBN:
- 9780520942530
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520255883.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter lists the natural and manmade causes of frog malformations. The natural causes of malformations include wounds from failed predation attempts, fish excrement, extreme tadpole densities, ...
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This chapter lists the natural and manmade causes of frog malformations. The natural causes of malformations include wounds from failed predation attempts, fish excrement, extreme tadpole densities, lathyrogens, nutritional deficiencies, ultraviolet-B radiation, diseases, temperature, hereditary factors, and parasites. Several manmade causes of amphibian malformations include acidification, radioactive pollution, ozone depletion, heavy metals, retinoids, agricultural chemicals, and xenobiotics. The chapter also discusses the correlation between morphology and cause of malformation type.Less
This chapter lists the natural and manmade causes of frog malformations. The natural causes of malformations include wounds from failed predation attempts, fish excrement, extreme tadpole densities, lathyrogens, nutritional deficiencies, ultraviolet-B radiation, diseases, temperature, hereditary factors, and parasites. Several manmade causes of amphibian malformations include acidification, radioactive pollution, ozone depletion, heavy metals, retinoids, agricultural chemicals, and xenobiotics. The chapter also discusses the correlation between morphology and cause of malformation type.
Inna M. Sokolova, Omera B. Matoo, Gary H. Dickinson, and Elia Beniash
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718826
- eISBN:
- 9780191788352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718826.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about the diversity in physiological responses (including energy metabolism, acid–base balance, and biomineralization) to ocean acidification (OA) ...
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This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about the diversity in physiological responses (including energy metabolism, acid–base balance, and biomineralization) to ocean acidification (OA) in four major taxonomic groups of marine calcifiers—corals, molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The interactive effects between acidification and other commonly occurring environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, hypoxia, and trace metals, on the physiology of these animal calcifiers is reviewed. Assessment of the inter-phylum and inter-species variability in response of OA (either alone or in combination with other stressors) is critical in identifying most vulnerable ecosystems as a focus for conservation efforts, reducing the impact of other stressors such as pollution, and aquaculture efforts to improve resilience of existing stocks of economically important marine organisms.Less
This chapter reviews the current state of knowledge about the diversity in physiological responses (including energy metabolism, acid–base balance, and biomineralization) to ocean acidification (OA) in four major taxonomic groups of marine calcifiers—corals, molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The interactive effects between acidification and other commonly occurring environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, hypoxia, and trace metals, on the physiology of these animal calcifiers is reviewed. Assessment of the inter-phylum and inter-species variability in response of OA (either alone or in combination with other stressors) is critical in identifying most vulnerable ecosystems as a focus for conservation efforts, reducing the impact of other stressors such as pollution, and aquaculture efforts to improve resilience of existing stocks of economically important marine organisms.
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703188
- eISBN:
- 9781501706257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703188.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This chapter details the development of the regional air pollution information and simulation model (RAINS) in 1984, a project which has been retrospectively described as one of the highest ...
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This chapter details the development of the regional air pollution information and simulation model (RAINS) in 1984, a project which has been retrospectively described as one of the highest achievements of IIASA, substantiating East-West collaboration beyond scientific diplomacy. RAINS consisted of three blocs: pollution generation, atmospheric processes, and environmental impact, with further submodels to investigate emissions, long-range transport, and acidification. The model was interactive: a policy maker could select a particular national pathway of energy use, a strategy of pollution control, and environmental impact indicators. On the basis of this information, the computer model simulated the interaction of these three systems, enabling the user to examine the consequences of different alternatives to control acidification.Less
This chapter details the development of the regional air pollution information and simulation model (RAINS) in 1984, a project which has been retrospectively described as one of the highest achievements of IIASA, substantiating East-West collaboration beyond scientific diplomacy. RAINS consisted of three blocs: pollution generation, atmospheric processes, and environmental impact, with further submodels to investigate emissions, long-range transport, and acidification. The model was interactive: a policy maker could select a particular national pathway of energy use, a strategy of pollution control, and environmental impact indicators. On the basis of this information, the computer model simulated the interaction of these three systems, enabling the user to examine the consequences of different alternatives to control acidification.
Lawrence R. Walker
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199575299
- eISBN:
- 9780191774836
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199575299.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Disturbances disrupt ecosystem processes, thereby affecting the distribution and abundance of biota. Disturbances alter light and temperature regimes, carbon dioxide and nutrient fluxes, and ...
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Disturbances disrupt ecosystem processes, thereby affecting the distribution and abundance of biota. Disturbances alter light and temperature regimes, carbon dioxide and nutrient fluxes, and productivity. The disturbance of one ecosystem factor is likely to affect most others, as biogeochemical cycles are coupled — to each other and also to landscape and anthropogenic factors. This chapter addresses how organisms respond to alterations of ecosystem processes in the air, soil, and water. Specifically, how do disturbances alter terrestrial light levels, air temperature, carbon dioxide levels, soil nutrients, soil pH, and soil organisms? In aquatic habitats, how do disturbances alter nutrient fluxes, enrichment, and acidification? In addition, transfers of energy and matter across interfaces of aerial, terrestrial, and aqueous parts of an ecosystem are covered. The responses of productivity to disturbance are also examined.Less
Disturbances disrupt ecosystem processes, thereby affecting the distribution and abundance of biota. Disturbances alter light and temperature regimes, carbon dioxide and nutrient fluxes, and productivity. The disturbance of one ecosystem factor is likely to affect most others, as biogeochemical cycles are coupled — to each other and also to landscape and anthropogenic factors. This chapter addresses how organisms respond to alterations of ecosystem processes in the air, soil, and water. Specifically, how do disturbances alter terrestrial light levels, air temperature, carbon dioxide levels, soil nutrients, soil pH, and soil organisms? In aquatic habitats, how do disturbances alter nutrient fluxes, enrichment, and acidification? In addition, transfers of energy and matter across interfaces of aerial, terrestrial, and aqueous parts of an ecosystem are covered. The responses of productivity to disturbance are also examined.
Randall S. Abate (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
Ocean and Coastal Law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within Natural Resources Law and Environmental Law. The protection of oceans and coasts has received increased ...
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Ocean and Coastal Law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within Natural Resources Law and Environmental Law. The protection of oceans and coasts has received increased attention because of sea-level rise, beach erosion, ocean acidification, the global overfishing crisis, widespread depletion of marine living resources such as marine mammals and coral reefs, and marine pollution. Dozens of law schools in the United States and abroad now offer courses on topics including Ocean and Coastal Law, law of the sea, and marine pollution, and several have developed specialty programs in these areas. During this same period, climate change regulation has emerged as a focus of international environmental diplomacy, and has gained increased attention in the wake of disturbing and abrupt climate-change-related impacts throughout the world that have profound implications for ocean and coastal regulation and marine resources. This book unites the two worlds of climate change regulation and ocean and coastal management. It raises important questions about whether and how ocean and coastal law will respond to the regulatory challenges that climate change presents to resources in the oceans and coasts of the United States and the world. Divided into two major units—one for oceans and the other for coasts—this comprehensive work assembles the insights of global experts from academia and major NGOs (e.g., Center for International Environmental Law, Ocean Conservancy, and Environmental Law Institute) to address regulatory challenges from the perspectives of U.S. law foreign domestic law, and international law.Less
Ocean and Coastal Law has grown rapidly in the past three decades as a specialty area within Natural Resources Law and Environmental Law. The protection of oceans and coasts has received increased attention because of sea-level rise, beach erosion, ocean acidification, the global overfishing crisis, widespread depletion of marine living resources such as marine mammals and coral reefs, and marine pollution. Dozens of law schools in the United States and abroad now offer courses on topics including Ocean and Coastal Law, law of the sea, and marine pollution, and several have developed specialty programs in these areas. During this same period, climate change regulation has emerged as a focus of international environmental diplomacy, and has gained increased attention in the wake of disturbing and abrupt climate-change-related impacts throughout the world that have profound implications for ocean and coastal regulation and marine resources. This book unites the two worlds of climate change regulation and ocean and coastal management. It raises important questions about whether and how ocean and coastal law will respond to the regulatory challenges that climate change presents to resources in the oceans and coasts of the United States and the world. Divided into two major units—one for oceans and the other for coasts—this comprehensive work assembles the insights of global experts from academia and major NGOs (e.g., Center for International Environmental Law, Ocean Conservancy, and Environmental Law Institute) to address regulatory challenges from the perspectives of U.S. law foreign domestic law, and international law.
Randall S. Abate and Sarah Ellen Krejci
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
This chapter provides an overview of the challenges that Ocean and Coastal Law faces in responding to climate change impacts. First, it describes the geological history of climate change and explains ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the challenges that Ocean and Coastal Law faces in responding to climate change impacts. First, it describes the geological history of climate change and explains the mechanisms behind the recent anthropogenic alterations in the Earth’s climate precipitated by fossil fuel emissions. Second, it discusses the impacts of these changes on ocean acidification, stratification, thermal expansion, shifting atmospheric cells, tropical cyclone activity, and saltwater intrusion into coastal freshwater. The chapter reviews the impacts of temperature on a variety of scales from cellular, organism, population, and ecosystem level using species-specific case studies. It also examines information on the impacts and potential impacts of temperature change on major coastal habitats such as seagrass, coral reefs, and mangroves. The chapter concludes with an assessment of trends in climate change impacts on marine resources by region.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the challenges that Ocean and Coastal Law faces in responding to climate change impacts. First, it describes the geological history of climate change and explains the mechanisms behind the recent anthropogenic alterations in the Earth’s climate precipitated by fossil fuel emissions. Second, it discusses the impacts of these changes on ocean acidification, stratification, thermal expansion, shifting atmospheric cells, tropical cyclone activity, and saltwater intrusion into coastal freshwater. The chapter reviews the impacts of temperature on a variety of scales from cellular, organism, population, and ecosystem level using species-specific case studies. It also examines information on the impacts and potential impacts of temperature change on major coastal habitats such as seagrass, coral reefs, and mangroves. The chapter concludes with an assessment of trends in climate change impacts on marine resources by region.
Miyoko Sakashita
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
This chapter highlights that the United States has the ability and the duty under existing U.S. law to regulate carbon dioxide pollution that is causing ocean acidification. Specifically, it explains ...
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This chapter highlights that the United States has the ability and the duty under existing U.S. law to regulate carbon dioxide pollution that is causing ocean acidification. Specifically, it explains how the Clean Water Act and other environmental laws may be brought to bear to force such reductions. The Clean Water Act is the nation’s strongest law protecting water quality, and it specifically regulates changes in acidity. The chapter discusses new developments under the Clean Water Act concerning waters impaired by acidification, and how the pollution controls under the law may apply to regulation of carbon dioxide. The chapter considers Washington State as a case study because it is at the forefront of adopting legal and policy approaches to ocean acidification.Less
This chapter highlights that the United States has the ability and the duty under existing U.S. law to regulate carbon dioxide pollution that is causing ocean acidification. Specifically, it explains how the Clean Water Act and other environmental laws may be brought to bear to force such reductions. The Clean Water Act is the nation’s strongest law protecting water quality, and it specifically regulates changes in acidity. The chapter discusses new developments under the Clean Water Act concerning waters impaired by acidification, and how the pollution controls under the law may apply to regulation of carbon dioxide. The chapter considers Washington State as a case study because it is at the forefront of adopting legal and policy approaches to ocean acidification.
Margaret E. Peloso
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199368747
- eISBN:
- 9780199368761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368747.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Public International Law
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major ...
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The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.Less
The most significant driver of ocean acidification globally is rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere, which result in increasing concentrations of dissolved CO2 in seawater. Because this major contributor to ocean acidification is not a conventional water pollutant that is discharged from a point source directly into a receiving water, the Clean Water Act is a limited tool to curb ocean acidification. In contrast, the Clean Air Act provides direct legal mechanisms by which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be curtailed, potentially reducing atmospheric concentrations and thereby slowing further ocean acidification. This chapter explains EPA’s efforts to date to regulate GHGs under the Clean Air Act and explores the role of potential future regulations under the CAA as a tool to address ocean acidification.
Peter J. Hogarth
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198716549
- eISBN:
- 9780191802676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716549.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
Global climate change will significantly affect mangroves and seagrasses. Rising atmospheric CO2 and concomitant ocean acidification will probably have only minor effects. Increasing temperature will ...
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Global climate change will significantly affect mangroves and seagrasses. Rising atmospheric CO2 and concomitant ocean acidification will probably have only minor effects. Increasing temperature will cause a shift in geographical distribution of many species, in a poleward direction: this has already been observed. Rising sea levels, depending on the setting, may allow landward expansion of mangroves and seagrasses, or, where this is not possible, ‘squeezing’ and loss of area. Both mangroves and seagrasses may play an important part in countering the impact of climate change, through their role in coastal protection and in sequestration of carbon.Less
Global climate change will significantly affect mangroves and seagrasses. Rising atmospheric CO2 and concomitant ocean acidification will probably have only minor effects. Increasing temperature will cause a shift in geographical distribution of many species, in a poleward direction: this has already been observed. Rising sea levels, depending on the setting, may allow landward expansion of mangroves and seagrasses, or, where this is not possible, ‘squeezing’ and loss of area. Both mangroves and seagrasses may play an important part in countering the impact of climate change, through their role in coastal protection and in sequestration of carbon.
Christer Brönmark and Lars-Anders Hansson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198713593
- eISBN:
- 9780191781902
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198713593.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
The last chapter of Lakes and Ponds deals with how human activities affect the natural ecosystems and their function through eutrophication, contamination, acidification, brownification and increases ...
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The last chapter of Lakes and Ponds deals with how human activities affect the natural ecosystems and their function through eutrophication, contamination, acidification, brownification and increases in UV radiation, and how such anthropogenic disturbances may affect biodiversity and the ability of organisms to utilize a specific habitat. In addition, the chapter addresses novel environmental threats, such as global climate change and effects from our everyday chemicals, such as contraceptives, nanoparticles and antidepressant drugs. However, also possibilities and signs of improvement are discussed, providing hope for coming generations.Less
The last chapter of Lakes and Ponds deals with how human activities affect the natural ecosystems and their function through eutrophication, contamination, acidification, brownification and increases in UV radiation, and how such anthropogenic disturbances may affect biodiversity and the ability of organisms to utilize a specific habitat. In addition, the chapter addresses novel environmental threats, such as global climate change and effects from our everyday chemicals, such as contraceptives, nanoparticles and antidepressant drugs. However, also possibilities and signs of improvement are discussed, providing hope for coming generations.
David J. Burritt and Miles D. Lamare
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718826
- eISBN:
- 9780191788352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718826.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
This chapter provides an overview of the key physiological responses in marine algae and invertebrates exposed to ultraviolet radiation. It outlines the importance of spectral irradiances and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the key physiological responses in marine algae and invertebrates exposed to ultraviolet radiation. It outlines the importance of spectral irradiances and biological weighting functions and discusses in what ways UV-B radiation may influence the responses of marine organisms to stressors associated with climate change and pollution, including ocean warming, elevated pCO2 and ocean acidification, desiccation, and salinity. This chapter also evaluates whether the interaction of UV-B and these other stressors could impact physiological processes in marine organisms, and where multiple-stressor interactions should be considered when determining the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. Finally, the chapter discusses possible cellular mechanisms for stressor interactions, with an emphasis on oxidative stress, and additional areas for future research.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the key physiological responses in marine algae and invertebrates exposed to ultraviolet radiation. It outlines the importance of spectral irradiances and biological weighting functions and discusses in what ways UV-B radiation may influence the responses of marine organisms to stressors associated with climate change and pollution, including ocean warming, elevated pCO2 and ocean acidification, desiccation, and salinity. This chapter also evaluates whether the interaction of UV-B and these other stressors could impact physiological processes in marine organisms, and where multiple-stressor interactions should be considered when determining the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. Finally, the chapter discusses possible cellular mechanisms for stressor interactions, with an emphasis on oxidative stress, and additional areas for future research.
M. Débora Iglesias-Rodriguez, Katharina E. Fabricius, and Paul McElhany
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718826
- eISBN:
- 9780191788352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718826.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
Changes in seawater chemistry driven by ocean acidification are altering the physiological performance and ecology of marine biota. Ocean acidification effects on calcification, photosynthesis, and ...
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Changes in seawater chemistry driven by ocean acidification are altering the physiological performance and ecology of marine biota. Ocean acidification effects on calcification, photosynthesis, and neurophysiological functions differ between taxa and life stages, and such differential responses can lead to important ecological shifts in populations and communities. Two of the main challenges in predicting the ecological effects of ocean acidification are (1) integration across these levels of organization, from seawater chemistry to multi-species interactions, and (2) assessing the synergistic effect with other climate stressors that operate in parallel. While the literature is full of examples of taxa with high sensitivity, a small proportion of taxa appears resilient or displays some ability to acclimate or adapt to changes in inorganic carbon chemistry. Knowledge of the specific energetic costs of acclimation to ocean acidification is scarce, but energetic trade-offs are likely required in these resilient types to maintain physiological processes such as calcification under low pH conditions. Ocean acidification must be investigated in the context of other climate stressors, and new depth and temperature ranges will require complex adaptation strategies. High latitude and upwelling regions are already experiencing pronounced chemical shifts and, in some cases, seasonal calcium carbonate undersaturation, and many calcifiers are responding physiologically and ecologically to those changes. Although there is substantial uncertainty in the predictions of future ecosystem structures, it appears inevitable that the composition and function of many marine ecosystems will be altered in the near future due to the rapidly progressing acidification and warming of the oceans.Less
Changes in seawater chemistry driven by ocean acidification are altering the physiological performance and ecology of marine biota. Ocean acidification effects on calcification, photosynthesis, and neurophysiological functions differ between taxa and life stages, and such differential responses can lead to important ecological shifts in populations and communities. Two of the main challenges in predicting the ecological effects of ocean acidification are (1) integration across these levels of organization, from seawater chemistry to multi-species interactions, and (2) assessing the synergistic effect with other climate stressors that operate in parallel. While the literature is full of examples of taxa with high sensitivity, a small proportion of taxa appears resilient or displays some ability to acclimate or adapt to changes in inorganic carbon chemistry. Knowledge of the specific energetic costs of acclimation to ocean acidification is scarce, but energetic trade-offs are likely required in these resilient types to maintain physiological processes such as calcification under low pH conditions. Ocean acidification must be investigated in the context of other climate stressors, and new depth and temperature ranges will require complex adaptation strategies. High latitude and upwelling regions are already experiencing pronounced chemical shifts and, in some cases, seasonal calcium carbonate undersaturation, and many calcifiers are responding physiologically and ecologically to those changes. Although there is substantial uncertainty in the predictions of future ecosystem structures, it appears inevitable that the composition and function of many marine ecosystems will be altered in the near future due to the rapidly progressing acidification and warming of the oceans.
Sébastien Moreau, Francesca Vidussi, Gustavo Ferreyra, and Behzad Mostajir
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718826
- eISBN:
- 9780191788352
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718826.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR, 280–320 nm), the most biologically damaging portion of the solar spectra reaching the Earth’s ground, received considerable scientific attention after the discovery of ...
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Ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR, 280–320 nm), the most biologically damaging portion of the solar spectra reaching the Earth’s ground, received considerable scientific attention after the discovery of the spring stratospheric ‘ozone hole’ formation in the late 1970s over Antarctica. Recently, similar low ozone conditions were observed over the Arctic and occasionally at lower latitudes. Furthermore, expected ocean acidification, increased surface water temperatures, and modifications in the structure of the water column due to global change expanded the concerns regarding the potential damage of global change to the structure of marine food webs. This chapter reviews the effects of UVBR on various marine ecosystems. Introduction of the chapter gives a description of factors that influence the UVBR intensities that reach these ecosystems such as latitude, season, stratospheric ozone layer thickness, and penetration within the water column. Then, the chapter depicts the effects of UVBR on the food webs of some important marine ecosystems, such as polar oceans, coastal waters, fronts and upwellings, oceanic gyres, and benthic ecosystems including coral reefs. Finally, this chapter investigates the potential interactions of enhanced UVBR along with other climate change stressors such as global warming and ocean acidification.Less
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR, 280–320 nm), the most biologically damaging portion of the solar spectra reaching the Earth’s ground, received considerable scientific attention after the discovery of the spring stratospheric ‘ozone hole’ formation in the late 1970s over Antarctica. Recently, similar low ozone conditions were observed over the Arctic and occasionally at lower latitudes. Furthermore, expected ocean acidification, increased surface water temperatures, and modifications in the structure of the water column due to global change expanded the concerns regarding the potential damage of global change to the structure of marine food webs. This chapter reviews the effects of UVBR on various marine ecosystems. Introduction of the chapter gives a description of factors that influence the UVBR intensities that reach these ecosystems such as latitude, season, stratospheric ozone layer thickness, and penetration within the water column. Then, the chapter depicts the effects of UVBR on the food webs of some important marine ecosystems, such as polar oceans, coastal waters, fronts and upwellings, oceanic gyres, and benthic ecosystems including coral reefs. Finally, this chapter investigates the potential interactions of enhanced UVBR along with other climate change stressors such as global warming and ocean acidification.
Charles R. C. Sheppard, Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198787341
- eISBN:
- 9780191829420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, ...
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Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, industrial pollution, landfill, coral diseases and diseases of other important groups of organisms, as well as over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of over one-third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably causing a sea temperature rise, which in turn has led to coral bleaching and the death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In the future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and severity of storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.Less
Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, industrial pollution, landfill, coral diseases and diseases of other important groups of organisms, as well as over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of over one-third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably causing a sea temperature rise, which in turn has led to coral bleaching and the death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In the future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and severity of storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.
Maria Byrne, Pauline M. Ross, Symon A. Dworjanyn, and Laura Parker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786962
- eISBN:
- 9780191829086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Ecology
Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic ...
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Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.Less
Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.
Ray Hilborn and Ulrike Hilborn
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198839767
- eISBN:
- 9780191875533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839767.003.0016
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Climate Change. The oceans are changing. There is no doubt that the oceans are rapidly getting warmer and more acidic, and this will have significant impacts on fish production. Warmer water causes ...
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Climate Change. The oceans are changing. There is no doubt that the oceans are rapidly getting warmer and more acidic, and this will have significant impacts on fish production. Warmer water causes species to migrate toward polar regions, and increasing acidification will make it more difficult for many species for form shells. It is challenging to make detailed predictions in the face of such unprecedented changes, but the important questions are how, whether, and which species will be able to adapt. The key to management in the face of climate change is the adaptability of our fisheries and fisheries management systems.Less
Climate Change. The oceans are changing. There is no doubt that the oceans are rapidly getting warmer and more acidic, and this will have significant impacts on fish production. Warmer water causes species to migrate toward polar regions, and increasing acidification will make it more difficult for many species for form shells. It is challenging to make detailed predictions in the face of such unprecedented changes, but the important questions are how, whether, and which species will be able to adapt. The key to management in the face of climate change is the adaptability of our fisheries and fisheries management systems.
Matthieu Roy-Barman and Catherine Jeandel
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198787495
- eISBN:
- 9780191829604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198787495.003.0008
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
The global carbon cycle is strongly controlled by the ocean because it is the largest carbon reservoir at the Earth surface and it absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The net ...
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The global carbon cycle is strongly controlled by the ocean because it is the largest carbon reservoir at the Earth surface and it absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The net ocean–atmosphere CO2 flux is controlled by a thermodynamic pump (CO2 solubility is higher when water get colder) and a biological pump (photosynthesis consumes CO2). Hence carbon is transferred from the surface ocean to the deep ocean by downwelling of cold and dense waters and by sinking of dead organic matter. In the surface ocean, the average dissolved CO2 concentration increases at the same rate than the atmospheric CO2. The buffering effect of carbonate system chemical equilibria amplifies carbon storage and reduces the lowering of the pH also called acidification. Elemental and isotopic tracers show that anthropic CO2 has invaded the thermocline and has started spreading in the deep Atlantic ocean with NADW and AABW.Less
The global carbon cycle is strongly controlled by the ocean because it is the largest carbon reservoir at the Earth surface and it absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The net ocean–atmosphere CO2 flux is controlled by a thermodynamic pump (CO2 solubility is higher when water get colder) and a biological pump (photosynthesis consumes CO2). Hence carbon is transferred from the surface ocean to the deep ocean by downwelling of cold and dense waters and by sinking of dead organic matter. In the surface ocean, the average dissolved CO2 concentration increases at the same rate than the atmospheric CO2. The buffering effect of carbonate system chemical equilibria amplifies carbon storage and reduces the lowering of the pH also called acidification. Elemental and isotopic tracers show that anthropic CO2 has invaded the thermocline and has started spreading in the deep Atlantic ocean with NADW and AABW.
