Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter presents a theoretical framework for the EU’s active leverage, defined as the EU’s deliberate efforts to promote reform in candidate states moving towards EU membership. Active leverage ...
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This chapter presents a theoretical framework for the EU’s active leverage, defined as the EU’s deliberate efforts to promote reform in candidate states moving towards EU membership. Active leverage is animated by the fact that the benefits of membership create incentives for states to satisfy the entry requirements, setting the stage for the effectiveness of conditionality within the EU’s pre-accession process. Three characteristics of this process make it particularly powerful: asymmetric interdependence, enforcement, and meritocracy. This chapter explores the origins of the EU’s pre-accession process, unpacks the requirements of membership, and details all of the different tools that enable the EU to exercise conditionality within the process. It compares the EU’s active leverage to the efforts of NATO, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democratic standards and economic reform in Eastern Europe's new democracies.Less
This chapter presents a theoretical framework for the EU’s active leverage, defined as the EU’s deliberate efforts to promote reform in candidate states moving towards EU membership. Active leverage is animated by the fact that the benefits of membership create incentives for states to satisfy the entry requirements, setting the stage for the effectiveness of conditionality within the EU’s pre-accession process. Three characteristics of this process make it particularly powerful: asymmetric interdependence, enforcement, and meritocracy. This chapter explores the origins of the EU’s pre-accession process, unpacks the requirements of membership, and details all of the different tools that enable the EU to exercise conditionality within the process. It compares the EU’s active leverage to the efforts of NATO, the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to promote democratic standards and economic reform in Eastern Europe's new democracies.
Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has ...
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Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.Less
Ten new members, eight of them post-communist states, joined the EU on 1 May 2004. This chapter takes up three issues that will shape the future of an enlarged EU. First, the EU’s active leverage has had a substantial impact on the political and economic institutions of the new members: has it promoted robust democratic institutions and a vigorous economy, as I have argued, or did it in fact undermine them? Second, the endgame of the negotiations forced unfavourable terms of accession onto the new members: will these unfavourable terms translate into a permanent second-class status? Or will the new members, bargaining hard to improve their position and importing diversity, bring European integration to a standstill? I argue that both concerns are overblown. Third, why did the EU decide to enlarge to these eight post-communist states, and how much further it is likely to go? The EU’s active leverage has been working in parts of the Western Balkans and in Turkey, and it could work elsewhere. The costs of foreclosing future membership for countries such as Turkey, Ukraine, or Belarus could be substantial, yet EU elites and publics are far from reconciled to further enlargements.
Iain McLean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
EU membership and parliamentary sovereignty. The Schuman Plan and supranationalism. The United Kingdom's early attempts to join. The 1972 debates. The 1975 referendum. The Single European Act and its ...
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EU membership and parliamentary sovereignty. The Schuman Plan and supranationalism. The United Kingdom's early attempts to join. The 1972 debates. The 1975 referendum. The Single European Act and its incorporation into domestic law. Factortame and the destruction of parliamentary sovereignty.Less
EU membership and parliamentary sovereignty. The Schuman Plan and supranationalism. The United Kingdom's early attempts to join. The 1972 debates. The 1975 referendum. The Single European Act and its incorporation into domestic law. Factortame and the destruction of parliamentary sovereignty.
Michael Banton
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280613
- eISBN:
- 9780191598760
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280610.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Most states saw accession to the Convention as a matter of foreign policy. Many perceived it as a way of demonstrating their anti‐apartheid credentials, with but few implications for their internal ...
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Most states saw accession to the Convention as a matter of foreign policy. Many perceived it as a way of demonstrating their anti‐apartheid credentials, with but few implications for their internal affairs. In its first eight years, CERD had to concentrate upon establishing the novel reporting regime, upon tutoring state delegations as to the nature of their new obligations, and on agreeing some boundaries to the Committee's mandate.Less
Most states saw accession to the Convention as a matter of foreign policy. Many perceived it as a way of demonstrating their anti‐apartheid credentials, with but few implications for their internal affairs. In its first eight years, CERD had to concentrate upon establishing the novel reporting regime, upon tutoring state delegations as to the nature of their new obligations, and on agreeing some boundaries to the Committee's mandate.
José M. Magone
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535026
- eISBN:
- 9780191715860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535026.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the ...
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Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the southward expansion of the 1980s. They became second only to the Common Agricultural Policy in expenditure. Northern enlargement encouraged environmental, social, and employment policies, while Central and Eastern enlargement was based on democratic and anti-corruption conditionality. Members who favoured enlargement were Britain, the Scandinavian countries, and Germany, while the others were either reticent or hostile, notably France towards Turkish accession. Enlargement was on elite-led process, popular hostility contributing to the rejection of the constitutional referendum in France and the Netherlands. Enlargement has necessitated institutional and financial adjustments, increasing problems of convergence and of leadership.Less
Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the southward expansion of the 1980s. They became second only to the Common Agricultural Policy in expenditure. Northern enlargement encouraged environmental, social, and employment policies, while Central and Eastern enlargement was based on democratic and anti-corruption conditionality. Members who favoured enlargement were Britain, the Scandinavian countries, and Germany, while the others were either reticent or hostile, notably France towards Turkish accession. Enlargement was on elite-led process, popular hostility contributing to the rejection of the constitutional referendum in France and the Netherlands. Enlargement has necessitated institutional and financial adjustments, increasing problems of convergence and of leadership.
Sara Binzer Hobolt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199549948
- eISBN:
- 9780191720451
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549948.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. ...
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What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. The main argument put forward in the chapter is that that competent voting in EU referendums is based on issue‐specific preferences and requires political knowledge, but not necessarily high levels of factual political information, since information short‐cuts such as party cues can act as substitutes for detailed information. These theoretical questions are evaluated empirically in an analysis of the 1994 Norwegian referendum on EU membership. This case study reveals that most citizens can vote ‘competently’ by relying on the recommendations of political parties, although it does not follow that voters necessarily adhere to this advice.Less
What do voters need to know? That is the question examined in this chapter which explores voting behaviour in EU referendums from a normative perspective by considering the issue of voter competence. The main argument put forward in the chapter is that that competent voting in EU referendums is based on issue‐specific preferences and requires political knowledge, but not necessarily high levels of factual political information, since information short‐cuts such as party cues can act as substitutes for detailed information. These theoretical questions are evaluated empirically in an analysis of the 1994 Norwegian referendum on EU membership. This case study reveals that most citizens can vote ‘competently’ by relying on the recommendations of political parties, although it does not follow that voters necessarily adhere to this advice.
Volbert Alexander, George M. von Furstenberg, and Jacques Mélitz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly ...
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Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly critical for the choice of currency denomination. Conversely, the exchange value and prospective usefulness of small currencies becomes less certain, and transaction costs for them may rise. Economic instability is invited as currency and portfolio substitution with the dominant international currency denomination increase the likelihood of currency mismatches and financial crises. In view of these failings of many of the financially small currencies, the number of currencies worldwide well may shrink greatly in the decades ahead.Drawing lessons mostly from contemporary developments, this book analyzes current approaches to overcoming excessive monetary division within integrating regions. It focuses on the effects of monetary or currency unions on trade among members and on their financial development and stability. In the process, contributors analyze the promise and subversion of hard pegs such as that attempted by the currency board of Argentina. They also examine unilateral dollarization -- adopted in a few countries formally, and in many more informally without giving up the local currency -- and multilateral monetary union in Europe. There the euro functions as an innovative, non-hegemonic form of internationally shared and co-managed fiat money that will also be adopted by the 2004 class of European-Union accession countries in coming years.Less
Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly critical for the choice of currency denomination. Conversely, the exchange value and prospective usefulness of small currencies becomes less certain, and transaction costs for them may rise. Economic instability is invited as currency and portfolio substitution with the dominant international currency denomination increase the likelihood of currency mismatches and financial crises. In view of these failings of many of the financially small currencies, the number of currencies worldwide well may shrink greatly in the decades ahead.
Drawing lessons mostly from contemporary developments, this book analyzes current approaches to overcoming excessive monetary division within integrating regions. It focuses on the effects of monetary or currency unions on trade among members and on their financial development and stability. In the process, contributors analyze the promise and subversion of hard pegs such as that attempted by the currency board of Argentina. They also examine unilateral dollarization -- adopted in a few countries formally, and in many more informally without giving up the local currency -- and multilateral monetary union in Europe. There the euro functions as an innovative, non-hegemonic form of internationally shared and co-managed fiat money that will also be adopted by the 2004 class of European-Union accession countries in coming years.
Edgar L. Feige and James W. Dean
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign ...
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The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.Less
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.
Hans Genberg
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is ...
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Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.Less
Countries in Eastern and Central Europe that are joining the European Union will eventually also join EMU. The process of accession entails a transition period at whose end the domestic currency is certain to be replaced by the euro. This chapter argues that this programmed demise of the domestic currency may bring about significant spontaneous euroization already during the transition period. If the euro is adopted by the private sector in anticipation of the official changeover, the country incurs a resource cost in the form of lost seignorage.
Marise Cremona (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199260942
- eISBN:
- 9780191698705
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260942.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This collection of chapters reflects on the fifth enlargement of the European Union, projected to take place in 2004. It examines the process of enlargement, its impact on both the candidate States ...
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This collection of chapters reflects on the fifth enlargement of the European Union, projected to take place in 2004. It examines the process of enlargement, its impact on both the candidate States and on the institutions and policies of the European Union. In so doing, it discusses these issues from a variety of perspectives — legal, economic, and political — reflecting the different dimensions of the enlargement project. This enlargement will be unlike any other, not only in terms of its scale, and the unprecedented nature of the lengthy and complex pre-accession process, but also in its wider implications for the future direction of the European Union itself and for the whole of Europe. The contributions thus focus not only on the adjustments having to be made by the candidate States and the EU's institutions, but also on enlargement as an interaction between the candidate States and the European Union, and between the EU and the wider world community. Policies that have developed and matured during this enlargement, such as conditionality, also have effects on regions and States which are outside the current enlargement process, such as the Balkans.Less
This collection of chapters reflects on the fifth enlargement of the European Union, projected to take place in 2004. It examines the process of enlargement, its impact on both the candidate States and on the institutions and policies of the European Union. In so doing, it discusses these issues from a variety of perspectives — legal, economic, and political — reflecting the different dimensions of the enlargement project. This enlargement will be unlike any other, not only in terms of its scale, and the unprecedented nature of the lengthy and complex pre-accession process, but also in its wider implications for the future direction of the European Union itself and for the whole of Europe. The contributions thus focus not only on the adjustments having to be made by the candidate States and the EU's institutions, but also on enlargement as an interaction between the candidate States and the European Union, and between the EU and the wider world community. Policies that have developed and matured during this enlargement, such as conditionality, also have effects on regions and States which are outside the current enlargement process, such as the Balkans.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT ...
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An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), its sister bodies on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Scope, functions and structure of the WTO; Decision‐making; Transparency: notification and surveillance; Accession; The WTO and other international organizations; Nongovernmental actors and the WTO; and Conclusion.Less
An account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), its sister bodies on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Scope, functions and structure of the WTO; Decision‐making; Transparency: notification and surveillance; Accession; The WTO and other international organizations; Nongovernmental actors and the WTO; and Conclusion.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced ...
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The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced to principles of clarity. Hume's theory is outlined, discussed from an ethological perspective, and related to the theory of property rights. The tension between ‘moral’ and ‘instrumental’ aspects of property is particularly pronounced in long‐term contracts.Less
The theory of property proposed by David Hume can be interpreted as an application of the theory developed in this book. The tension between instrumental and moral aspects of property can be traced to principles of clarity. Hume's theory is outlined, discussed from an ethological perspective, and related to the theory of property rights. The tension between ‘moral’ and ‘instrumental’ aspects of property is particularly pronounced in long‐term contracts.
Hiromitsu Ishi
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242566
- eISBN:
- 9780191596452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242569.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Deal with the tax issues on estate transfer, bequests and gifts, which are considered to be appropriate objects of taxation. The structural features of the Japanese inheritance and gifts taxes are ...
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Deal with the tax issues on estate transfer, bequests and gifts, which are considered to be appropriate objects of taxation. The structural features of the Japanese inheritance and gifts taxes are explored in an historical perspective, and the role of property transfer taxes in affecting the tax burden and redistribution effects is considered.Less
Deal with the tax issues on estate transfer, bequests and gifts, which are considered to be appropriate objects of taxation. The structural features of the Japanese inheritance and gifts taxes are explored in an historical perspective, and the role of property transfer taxes in affecting the tax burden and redistribution effects is considered.
Romila Thapar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077244
- eISBN:
- 9780199081073
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter examines the early life and the chronology of the reign of Aśoka Maurya. It mentions the romantic hypotheses that either Aśoka's mother or grandmother was a Greek princess and discusses ...
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This chapter examines the early life and the chronology of the reign of Aśoka Maurya. It mentions the romantic hypotheses that either Aśoka's mother or grandmother was a Greek princess and discusses the controversy concerning his actual accession given the general agreement that Aśoka was not the crown prince, and that there was a struggle among the princes for the throne. It suggests that Aśoka probably realised his potentialities as a ruler through his ability in handling the revolt at Taxila and his successful viceroyalty at Ujjain, which probably determined him to make an attempt for the throne. The first major event of the reign of Aśoka, the Kalinga War, is also discussed. This chapter concludes by looking at various versions of the life of Aśoka which were adapted to suit religious purposes.Less
This chapter examines the early life and the chronology of the reign of Aśoka Maurya. It mentions the romantic hypotheses that either Aśoka's mother or grandmother was a Greek princess and discusses the controversy concerning his actual accession given the general agreement that Aśoka was not the crown prince, and that there was a struggle among the princes for the throne. It suggests that Aśoka probably realised his potentialities as a ruler through his ability in handling the revolt at Taxila and his successful viceroyalty at Ujjain, which probably determined him to make an attempt for the throne. The first major event of the reign of Aśoka, the Kalinga War, is also discussed. This chapter concludes by looking at various versions of the life of Aśoka which were adapted to suit religious purposes.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
A brief review is presented of the history of developing country involvement in GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the experience of the first five years of the WTO (World Trade ...
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A brief review is presented of the history of developing country involvement in GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the experience of the first five years of the WTO (World Trade Organization), including efforts to negotiate the accession of China and Russia. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Special and differential treatment; Changing attitudes towards the trading system; Developing country participation in the WTO; Implementation of multilateral agreements; Expanding membership; and Conclusion.Less
A brief review is presented of the history of developing country involvement in GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the experience of the first five years of the WTO (World Trade Organization), including efforts to negotiate the accession of China and Russia. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Special and differential treatment; Changing attitudes towards the trading system; Developing country participation in the WTO; Implementation of multilateral agreements; Expanding membership; and Conclusion.
Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199235216
- eISBN:
- 9780191715624
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235216.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter reviews methods used to identify and quantify barriers to international trade in services. Barriers typically take the form of regulations that either restrict supply or make it more ...
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This chapter reviews methods used to identify and quantify barriers to international trade in services. Barriers typically take the form of regulations that either restrict supply or make it more costly. The economic impact of barriers can, in principle, be quantified as a ‘tariff equivalent’, defined as the percentage tax on foreign suppliers that would have the same effect on the domestic market for the service as is caused by the barrier. Barriers to trade in services can be those that restrict entry of firms versus those that affect firms' operations, and those that discriminate against foreign-service providers versus those that do not. The measurement of services barriers are either direct or indirect. Direct measurement involves documenting barriers that are known to exist, either by extracting information about them from government documents or by questioning those market participants who confront them. Indirect measurement attempts to infer the presence of barriers from their market effects, much as non-tariff barriers on trade in goods are often inferred from price differences across borders. Approaches to measuring services barriers are illustrated by citing a number of studies that have been carried out. The chapter concludes with a presentation of guideline principles and recommended procedures for measuring services barriers and assessing the consequences of their liberalization.Less
This chapter reviews methods used to identify and quantify barriers to international trade in services. Barriers typically take the form of regulations that either restrict supply or make it more costly. The economic impact of barriers can, in principle, be quantified as a ‘tariff equivalent’, defined as the percentage tax on foreign suppliers that would have the same effect on the domestic market for the service as is caused by the barrier. Barriers to trade in services can be those that restrict entry of firms versus those that affect firms' operations, and those that discriminate against foreign-service providers versus those that do not. The measurement of services barriers are either direct or indirect. Direct measurement involves documenting barriers that are known to exist, either by extracting information about them from government documents or by questioning those market participants who confront them. Indirect measurement attempts to infer the presence of barriers from their market effects, much as non-tariff barriers on trade in goods are often inferred from price differences across borders. Approaches to measuring services barriers are illustrated by citing a number of studies that have been carried out. The chapter concludes with a presentation of guideline principles and recommended procedures for measuring services barriers and assessing the consequences of their liberalization.
Aida Torres Pérez
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199568710
- eISBN:
- 9780191705571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568710.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter places this book's project in the context of the plurality of systems protecting fundamental rights in Europe. In Europe, there are at least three spheres of rights protection: the ...
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This chapter places this book's project in the context of the plurality of systems protecting fundamental rights in Europe. In Europe, there are at least three spheres of rights protection: the states, the EU, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Each of these systems includes a bill of rights and a specific court with the supreme authority to interpret them: state constitutional (or supreme) courts, the ECJ, and the European Court on Human Rights. The European Court on Human Rights has created a quasi-constitutional European order of human rights. Although this work will focus on the interplay between state courts and the ECJ, the existence of the European Convention and its Court should not be ignored for a complete picture of the multilevel system of rights protection in Europe.Less
This chapter places this book's project in the context of the plurality of systems protecting fundamental rights in Europe. In Europe, there are at least three spheres of rights protection: the states, the EU, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Each of these systems includes a bill of rights and a specific court with the supreme authority to interpret them: state constitutional (or supreme) courts, the ECJ, and the European Court on Human Rights. The European Court on Human Rights has created a quasi-constitutional European order of human rights. Although this work will focus on the interplay between state courts and the ECJ, the existence of the European Convention and its Court should not be ignored for a complete picture of the multilevel system of rights protection in Europe.
Martin Wiggins
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199650590
- eISBN:
- 9780191741982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650590.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
The introduction outlines the overall historical context of the book, with special attention begin given to the tensions associated with the transfer of power in the sixteenth and seventeenth ...
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The introduction outlines the overall historical context of the book, with special attention begin given to the tensions associated with the transfer of power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and describes the methodology used to analyse the content of plays whose texts have been lost but for which other documentary evidence survives.Less
The introduction outlines the overall historical context of the book, with special attention begin given to the tensions associated with the transfer of power in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and describes the methodology used to analyse the content of plays whose texts have been lost but for which other documentary evidence survives.
Martin Wiggins
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199650590
- eISBN:
- 9780191741982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650590.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter analyses and reconstructs the dramatic response to the return of Protestantism to the heart of English government with the accession of Elizabeth I after five years of Mary I's ...
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This chapter analyses and reconstructs the dramatic response to the return of Protestantism to the heart of English government with the accession of Elizabeth I after five years of Mary I's counter-Reformation court. The first court masque of the reign is reconstructed from documentary evidence, and the diplomatic repercussions of its caricature of the Catholic clergy are analysed. Attempts by common players to stage similarly anti-Catholic and political plays, however, led to embarrassment and the imposition of censorship. The queen's attitude to the expression of political opinions in drama rapidly became more circumspect.Less
This chapter analyses and reconstructs the dramatic response to the return of Protestantism to the heart of English government with the accession of Elizabeth I after five years of Mary I's counter-Reformation court. The first court masque of the reign is reconstructed from documentary evidence, and the diplomatic repercussions of its caricature of the Catholic clergy are analysed. Attempts by common players to stage similarly anti-Catholic and political plays, however, led to embarrassment and the imposition of censorship. The queen's attitude to the expression of political opinions in drama rapidly became more circumspect.
Martin Wiggins
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199650590
- eISBN:
- 9780191741982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650590.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter analyses six progress entertainments and court masques staged during the first year of James I's reign. The entertainments, one of them by Ben Jonson, are connected with bids for power ...
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This chapter analyses six progress entertainments and court masques staged during the first year of James I's reign. The entertainments, one of them by Ben Jonson, are connected with bids for power and influence by courtiers. The masques, one of them by Samuel Daniel, are statements of power by the new regime, asserting the change of dynasty by drawing contrast with Elizabeth I, and also setting forth James's new and distinctive line of policy in respect of the projected union of his two kingdoms of England and Scotland.Less
This chapter analyses six progress entertainments and court masques staged during the first year of James I's reign. The entertainments, one of them by Ben Jonson, are connected with bids for power and influence by courtiers. The masques, one of them by Samuel Daniel, are statements of power by the new regime, asserting the change of dynasty by drawing contrast with Elizabeth I, and also setting forth James's new and distinctive line of policy in respect of the projected union of his two kingdoms of England and Scotland.
