Jacques Werner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578184.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private ...
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This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.Less
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.
John Löwenadler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264607
- eISBN:
- 9780191734366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264607.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses the implications of an acceptability test designed to evaluate the Swedish native speakers's reluctance to form the neuter gender of certain adjectives such as the defective ...
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This chapter discusses the implications of an acceptability test designed to evaluate the Swedish native speakers's reluctance to form the neuter gender of certain adjectives such as the defective adjectives. This chapter provides some observations related to the Löwenadler paper. While the paper focused on the certain Swedish adjective forms which are regarded as ungrammatical by most Swedish speakers, the present chapter places emphasis on the actual evaluation of the logically possible yet unacceptable neuter alternatives. To provide a better understanding of the reluctance of speakers to use neuter gender, the chapter provides some additional factors aside from the inflectional process that define the judgements derived from the acceptability test.Less
This chapter discusses the implications of an acceptability test designed to evaluate the Swedish native speakers's reluctance to form the neuter gender of certain adjectives such as the defective adjectives. This chapter provides some observations related to the Löwenadler paper. While the paper focused on the certain Swedish adjective forms which are regarded as ungrammatical by most Swedish speakers, the present chapter places emphasis on the actual evaluation of the logically possible yet unacceptable neuter alternatives. To provide a better understanding of the reluctance of speakers to use neuter gender, the chapter provides some additional factors aside from the inflectional process that define the judgements derived from the acceptability test.
Theodore Markopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199539857
- eISBN:
- 9780191716317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539857.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Historical Linguistics
This chapter concludes the investigation. It summarizes some basic points of the discussion, placing emphasis on the occasional divergence between the findings of the investigation and predictions of ...
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This chapter concludes the investigation. It summarizes some basic points of the discussion, placing emphasis on the occasional divergence between the findings of the investigation and predictions of the relevant literature. This gives rise to suggested modifications on cognitive schemas, while the need for the sociolinguistic parameter to be properly considered in grammaticalization studies is also stressed on the basis of developments found to have occurred in the case of the Greek AVCs.Less
This chapter concludes the investigation. It summarizes some basic points of the discussion, placing emphasis on the occasional divergence between the findings of the investigation and predictions of the relevant literature. This gives rise to suggested modifications on cognitive schemas, while the need for the sociolinguistic parameter to be properly considered in grammaticalization studies is also stressed on the basis of developments found to have occurred in the case of the Greek AVCs.
David Royse, Michele Staton‐Tindall, Karen Badger, and J. Matthew Webster
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368789
- eISBN:
- 9780199863860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:royes/9780195368789.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter examines definitions and various perspectives of the terms need and needs assessment. Need is a relative term that can have different meanings to various individuals and communities. The ...
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This chapter examines definitions and various perspectives of the terms need and needs assessment. Need is a relative term that can have different meanings to various individuals and communities. The chapter teaches that there is not a single way to conceptualize needs assessment, rather the focus of a needs assessment effort can be directed specifically at the awareness of services, availability, accessibility, or acceptability of services. Knowledge about how clients or the community view an agency's services along these four foci improves service delivery and helps the agency to be more responsive and accountable. Needs assessments are part of a program planning development cycle that includes an evaluation of the impact of the intervention on the population with need. Social workers use needs assessments to secure resources to address macro problems, to assist in the modification of policy, to improve services, and to establish or strengthen partnerships with other agencies and organizations.Less
This chapter examines definitions and various perspectives of the terms need and needs assessment. Need is a relative term that can have different meanings to various individuals and communities. The chapter teaches that there is not a single way to conceptualize needs assessment, rather the focus of a needs assessment effort can be directed specifically at the awareness of services, availability, accessibility, or acceptability of services. Knowledge about how clients or the community view an agency's services along these four foci improves service delivery and helps the agency to be more responsive and accountable. Needs assessments are part of a program planning development cycle that includes an evaluation of the impact of the intervention on the population with need. Social workers use needs assessments to secure resources to address macro problems, to assist in the modification of policy, to improve services, and to establish or strengthen partnerships with other agencies and organizations.
K.M. Jaszczolt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261987
- eISBN:
- 9780191718656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261987.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter defends a thesis of temporality as a species of modality. As a preliminary study of temporality as modality, it focuses on futurity in English and various ways of expressing it, as well ...
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This chapter defends a thesis of temporality as a species of modality. As a preliminary study of temporality as modality, it focuses on futurity in English and various ways of expressing it, as well as on various (future and non-future modal) uses to which the English auxiliary will can be put. Degrees of modality are proposed, including merger representations for the pertinent constructions, in which an amended version of Grice’s sentential operator Acc is used to capture types and degrees of modality of the constructions.Less
This chapter defends a thesis of temporality as a species of modality. As a preliminary study of temporality as modality, it focuses on futurity in English and various ways of expressing it, as well as on various (future and non-future modal) uses to which the English auxiliary will can be put. Degrees of modality are proposed, including merger representations for the pertinent constructions, in which an amended version of Grice’s sentential operator Acc is used to capture types and degrees of modality of the constructions.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
In the mid-1990s, a proposal by the Pangasinan Cement Corporation to build a cement plant and sprawling industrial center in Bolinao, Pangasinan, split the fishing town, which is the home of the ...
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In the mid-1990s, a proposal by the Pangasinan Cement Corporation to build a cement plant and sprawling industrial center in Bolinao, Pangasinan, split the fishing town, which is the home of the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute. The undersecretary responsible for the case at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Antonio La Vina, focused the decision about the necessary Environmental Compliance Certificate on the principal of social acceptability: whether or not the rapid industrialization would be acceptable to the community. This case study provides an important example of how difficult decisions about sustainable development can be made at the local level, how they can be made with transparency and community involvement, and how a community may respond to the potential changes brought about by rapid industrialization.Less
In the mid-1990s, a proposal by the Pangasinan Cement Corporation to build a cement plant and sprawling industrial center in Bolinao, Pangasinan, split the fishing town, which is the home of the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute. The undersecretary responsible for the case at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Antonio La Vina, focused the decision about the necessary Environmental Compliance Certificate on the principal of social acceptability: whether or not the rapid industrialization would be acceptable to the community. This case study provides an important example of how difficult decisions about sustainable development can be made at the local level, how they can be made with transparency and community involvement, and how a community may respond to the potential changes brought about by rapid industrialization.
Vladimir Rys
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847426413
- eISBN:
- 9781447303176
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847426413.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This concluding chapter discusses the lessons that have been learned from lifelong observation of the workings of social security. It tries to identify a specific number of fundamentals that are ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the lessons that have been learned from lifelong observation of the workings of social security. It tries to identify a specific number of fundamentals that are emphasised by its historical evolution. This chapter also reviews the main points that were discussed in the three parts of the book. It looks at the communist model of social comfort, the macro-sociological studies of social security, political acceptability, recent trends in the global development of social security, and progress in the formulation of human rights and freedom guarantees.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the lessons that have been learned from lifelong observation of the workings of social security. It tries to identify a specific number of fundamentals that are emphasised by its historical evolution. This chapter also reviews the main points that were discussed in the three parts of the book. It looks at the communist model of social comfort, the macro-sociological studies of social security, political acceptability, recent trends in the global development of social security, and progress in the formulation of human rights and freedom guarantees.
Carole B. Cox and Paul H. Ephross
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195099317
- eISBN:
- 9780199864744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195099317.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
The primary role of social services is to improve the functioning of the individual, family, group, or community. But this role can be enacted only if the need for assistance is recognized. ...
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The primary role of social services is to improve the functioning of the individual, family, group, or community. But this role can be enacted only if the need for assistance is recognized. Mainstream agencies using ethnic sensitive interventions are increasingly concerned with serving the needs of diverse clients and groups, frequently competing with ethnic agencies composed of community members. Although the latter may be more attractive to persons through their innate understanding of culture and traditions and the similarity of the staff, many prefer outside programs. Middle class persons may prefer mainstream agencies, while some may be reticent to share intimate or possibly culturally deviant information with persons from their own community. Availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services are critical factors in service utilization. Having a clear ethnic lens, free of stereotypes and prejudices is tantamount to effectively serving the community.Less
The primary role of social services is to improve the functioning of the individual, family, group, or community. But this role can be enacted only if the need for assistance is recognized. Mainstream agencies using ethnic sensitive interventions are increasingly concerned with serving the needs of diverse clients and groups, frequently competing with ethnic agencies composed of community members. Although the latter may be more attractive to persons through their innate understanding of culture and traditions and the similarity of the staff, many prefer outside programs. Middle class persons may prefer mainstream agencies, while some may be reticent to share intimate or possibly culturally deviant information with persons from their own community. Availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services are critical factors in service utilization. Having a clear ethnic lens, free of stereotypes and prejudices is tantamount to effectively serving the community.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195315493
- eISBN:
- 9780199865475
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315493.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter is organized into two sections. First, additional considerations that can affect sample size are discussed, including ethical concerns, costs, and synthesis of power and precision. ...
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This chapter is organized into two sections. First, additional considerations that can affect sample size are discussed, including ethical concerns, costs, and synthesis of power and precision. Second, recommendations concerning future efforts to refine tactics and techniques for determining sample size are presented.Less
This chapter is organized into two sections. First, additional considerations that can affect sample size are discussed, including ethical concerns, costs, and synthesis of power and precision. Second, recommendations concerning future efforts to refine tactics and techniques for determining sample size are presented.
John H. Dunning
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257010
- eISBN:
- 9780191596223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257019.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
In the final chapter, John Dunning attempts to draw together the main themes and thoughts of the contributors to the book, and to summarize his own views on what might be done to upgrade the economic ...
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In the final chapter, John Dunning attempts to draw together the main themes and thoughts of the contributors to the book, and to summarize his own views on what might be done to upgrade the economic and moral ecology of global capitalism––in other words, to make globalization good. In doing so, he pays especial attention to the role that the globally oriented and promulgated values and behavioural norms of the various religious persuasions can play in advancing this goal. The chapter is divided into three main sections corresponding to the three questions that each of the chapter authors was asked to address: (1) How far, and in what respects, does the current stage of global (or globalizing) capitalism (GC) fall short of its social acceptability and long‐term sustainability? (2) To what extent can its deficiencies be attributed to a dearth, or misuse, of moral capital, or an inadequacy of incentive or control mechanisms to minimize moral failure? (3) What might be done to upgrade the moral attitudes and behaviour of individuals and the ethical mores of the institutions of GC––and of the system itself––without sacrificing its many economic and social benefits, and, most noticeably, the freedom of choice and lifestyles that it offers its participants?Less
In the final chapter, John Dunning attempts to draw together the main themes and thoughts of the contributors to the book, and to summarize his own views on what might be done to upgrade the economic and moral ecology of global capitalism––in other words, to make globalization good. In doing so, he pays especial attention to the role that the globally oriented and promulgated values and behavioural norms of the various religious persuasions can play in advancing this goal. The chapter is divided into three main sections corresponding to the three questions that each of the chapter authors was asked to address: (1) How far, and in what respects, does the current stage of global (or globalizing) capitalism (GC) fall short of its social acceptability and long‐term sustainability? (2) To what extent can its deficiencies be attributed to a dearth, or misuse, of moral capital, or an inadequacy of incentive or control mechanisms to minimize moral failure? (3) What might be done to upgrade the moral attitudes and behaviour of individuals and the ethical mores of the institutions of GC––and of the system itself––without sacrificing its many economic and social benefits, and, most noticeably, the freedom of choice and lifestyles that it offers its participants?
Brian Griffiths
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199257010
- eISBN:
- 9780191596223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257019.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Brian Griffiths sets out his interpretation of the Christian attitude and response to global capitalism. After identifying the foundations of a Christian perspective, viz. the nature of the world God ...
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Brian Griffiths sets out his interpretation of the Christian attitude and response to global capitalism. After identifying the foundations of a Christian perspective, viz. the nature of the world God created, the covenants, the moral law of the Old Testament, and the Incarnation, Griffiths identifies six distinctive components of an acceptable global economy. He then goes on to distinguish between the Christian viewpoint and that of liberal economists who tend to regard the market (as one of the critical institutions of capitalism) as an autonomous entity and independent of any reference to morality; he has little sympathy for those theologians who view capitalism ’as powered by the unremitting stimulation of covetousness’, and indeed, as a Christian, he strongly defends the moral legitimacy of the concept of private ownership, and the freedom of individuals and firms to do business in the market place. At the same time, Griffiths is in no doubt that without a vigorous and clearly enunciated moral framework that embraces Christian values, the risks of extreme poverty, social injustice, and exclusivity, and the threat to the environment (the three downsides of the present state of capitalism discussed in the chapter) will remain. Finally, he avers that individual Christians and the Christian church bear a major responsibility for advocating and promulgating their beliefs and opinions, and also for cooperating with other religious persuasions, to identify ways of upgrading the moral ecology of the constituent institutions of global capitalism.Less
Brian Griffiths sets out his interpretation of the Christian attitude and response to global capitalism. After identifying the foundations of a Christian perspective, viz. the nature of the world God created, the covenants, the moral law of the Old Testament, and the Incarnation, Griffiths identifies six distinctive components of an acceptable global economy. He then goes on to distinguish between the Christian viewpoint and that of liberal economists who tend to regard the market (as one of the critical institutions of capitalism) as an autonomous entity and independent of any reference to morality; he has little sympathy for those theologians who view capitalism ’as powered by the unremitting stimulation of covetousness’, and indeed, as a Christian, he strongly defends the moral legitimacy of the concept of private ownership, and the freedom of individuals and firms to do business in the market place. At the same time, Griffiths is in no doubt that without a vigorous and clearly enunciated moral framework that embraces Christian values, the risks of extreme poverty, social injustice, and exclusivity, and the threat to the environment (the three downsides of the present state of capitalism discussed in the chapter) will remain. Finally, he avers that individual Christians and the Christian church bear a major responsibility for advocating and promulgating their beliefs and opinions, and also for cooperating with other religious persuasions, to identify ways of upgrading the moral ecology of the constituent institutions of global capitalism.
William Green
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479876990
- eISBN:
- 9781479825929
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479876990.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
The odyssey of Depo-Provera is a study of the politics of contraceptive drug risk management, which involves a lengthy struggle over the scientific assessment of the drug's health risk and ...
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The odyssey of Depo-Provera is a study of the politics of contraceptive drug risk management, which involves a lengthy struggle over the scientific assessment of the drug's health risk and acceptability of the injectable drug's use. In this struggle, the FDA, the federal government's drug licensing agency, has limited authority to manage the drug's risk and is one participant in a fragmented system of drug risk management that includes The Upjohn Company, physicians, and state judges and legislators. Depo-Provera's odyssey joins its national controversy over its contraceptive approval to its state civil and criminal legal experiences, which take the form of three overlapping stories told by Judith Weisz, Anne MacMurdo, and Roger Gauntlett. At the center of each of their stories is a trial.Judith Weisz chaired the FDA's Depo-Provera Public Board of Inquiry, a science court; Anne MacMurdo was the plaintiff in a state products liability suit against The Upjohn Company; and Roger Gauntlett, the defendant in a state statutory rape trial. Together their stories join the twenty-five-year national controversy over Upjohn's FDA application to have the drug licensed as a female contraceptive to the state medical malpractice and products liability issues raised by its contraceptive use and the criminal justice issues raised by its use as a probation and parole condition for sex offenders. Together they tell a collective story that provides an agenda for the principal participants to more effectively manage Depo-Provera's health risk and for the FDA to seriously consider banning the drug.Less
The odyssey of Depo-Provera is a study of the politics of contraceptive drug risk management, which involves a lengthy struggle over the scientific assessment of the drug's health risk and acceptability of the injectable drug's use. In this struggle, the FDA, the federal government's drug licensing agency, has limited authority to manage the drug's risk and is one participant in a fragmented system of drug risk management that includes The Upjohn Company, physicians, and state judges and legislators. Depo-Provera's odyssey joins its national controversy over its contraceptive approval to its state civil and criminal legal experiences, which take the form of three overlapping stories told by Judith Weisz, Anne MacMurdo, and Roger Gauntlett. At the center of each of their stories is a trial.Judith Weisz chaired the FDA's Depo-Provera Public Board of Inquiry, a science court; Anne MacMurdo was the plaintiff in a state products liability suit against The Upjohn Company; and Roger Gauntlett, the defendant in a state statutory rape trial. Together their stories join the twenty-five-year national controversy over Upjohn's FDA application to have the drug licensed as a female contraceptive to the state medical malpractice and products liability issues raised by its contraceptive use and the criminal justice issues raised by its use as a probation and parole condition for sex offenders. Together they tell a collective story that provides an agenda for the principal participants to more effectively manage Depo-Provera's health risk and for the FDA to seriously consider banning the drug.
Phillip Brown, Anthony Hesketh, and Sara Williams
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269532
- eISBN:
- 9780191699412
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269532.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Political Economy
This chapter takes on the perspective of the employers and captures their experiences and observations regarding the recruitment practice of university graduates. The first part of this chapter ...
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This chapter takes on the perspective of the employers and captures their experiences and observations regarding the recruitment practice of university graduates. The first part of this chapter presents and evaluates the discourse that employers use to see whether an individual possesses the skills and attributes that may signal employability by using the following criteria: suitability, capability to proactivity, and acceptability. On the other hand, the second part goes beyond the rhetoric and analyses what exactly employers deliberate about in their final recruitment decisions at assessment centres. Employers differentiate the potential employees and group them into the following categories, according to their hard currencies and soft currencies: razors, stars, geeks, nerds, iffys, safe bets, non-starters and freezers.Less
This chapter takes on the perspective of the employers and captures their experiences and observations regarding the recruitment practice of university graduates. The first part of this chapter presents and evaluates the discourse that employers use to see whether an individual possesses the skills and attributes that may signal employability by using the following criteria: suitability, capability to proactivity, and acceptability. On the other hand, the second part goes beyond the rhetoric and analyses what exactly employers deliberate about in their final recruitment decisions at assessment centres. Employers differentiate the potential employees and group them into the following categories, according to their hard currencies and soft currencies: razors, stars, geeks, nerds, iffys, safe bets, non-starters and freezers.
Gisbert Fanselow, Caroline Féry, Matthias Schlesewsky, and Ralf Vogel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274796
- eISBN:
- 9780191705861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book represents the state of the art in the study of gradience in grammar: the degree to which utterances are acceptable or grammatical, and the relationship between acceptability and ...
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This book represents the state of the art in the study of gradience in grammar: the degree to which utterances are acceptable or grammatical, and the relationship between acceptability and grammaticality. Gradience is at the centre of controversial issues in the theory of grammar and the understanding of language. The acceptability of words and sentences may be linked to the frequency of their use and measured on a scale. Among the questions considered in the book are: whether such measures are beyond the scope of a generative grammar or, in other words, whether the factors influencing acceptability are internal or external to grammar; whether observed gradience is a property of the mentally represented grammar or a reflection of variation among speakers; and what gradient phenomena reveal about the relationship between acceptability and grammaticality, and between competence and performance. The book is divided into four parts. Part I clarifies the nature of gradience from the perspectives of phonology, generative syntax, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. Parts II and III examine issues in phonology and syntax. Part IV considers long wh-movement from different methodological perspectives. The data discussed comes from a wide range of languages and dialects, and includes tone and stress patterns, word order variation, and question formation.Less
This book represents the state of the art in the study of gradience in grammar: the degree to which utterances are acceptable or grammatical, and the relationship between acceptability and grammaticality. Gradience is at the centre of controversial issues in the theory of grammar and the understanding of language. The acceptability of words and sentences may be linked to the frequency of their use and measured on a scale. Among the questions considered in the book are: whether such measures are beyond the scope of a generative grammar or, in other words, whether the factors influencing acceptability are internal or external to grammar; whether observed gradience is a property of the mentally represented grammar or a reflection of variation among speakers; and what gradient phenomena reveal about the relationship between acceptability and grammaticality, and between competence and performance. The book is divided into four parts. Part I clarifies the nature of gradience from the perspectives of phonology, generative syntax, psycholinguistics, and sociolinguistics. Parts II and III examine issues in phonology and syntax. Part IV considers long wh-movement from different methodological perspectives. The data discussed comes from a wide range of languages and dialects, and includes tone and stress patterns, word order variation, and question formation.
Wolfgang Künne
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241316
- eISBN:
- 9780191597831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241317.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
According to alethic anti‐realism, truth does not outrun justifiability. I first expound three classical versions of alethic anti‐realism,––Brentano's foundationalism, neo‐Hegelian and neopositivist ...
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According to alethic anti‐realism, truth does not outrun justifiability. I first expound three classical versions of alethic anti‐realism,––Brentano's foundationalism, neo‐Hegelian and neopositivist coherentism, and Peircean consensualism,––and point at problems that are peculiar to them. I go on to scrutinize the very liberal variety Putnam upheld for a while (truth is idealized rational acceptability), comparing it with Dummett's conception of ‘global anti‐realism’ and with kindred proposals made by Goodman (truth is permanent credibility) and, in an exploratory spirit, by Wright (truth is superassertibility). I give various reasons for dissatisfaction, among them why Putnam himself recanted. Then I try to support this recantation by presenting an objection, inspired by what has come to be called the Fitch Argument, against all versions of alethic anti‐realism: the argument from blind spots in the field of justification. I conclude my case against Frege's redundancy/omnipresence thesis, and I close with a brief sermon against alethic pluralism.Less
According to alethic anti‐realism, truth does not outrun justifiability. I first expound three classical versions of alethic anti‐realism,––Brentano's foundationalism, neo‐Hegelian and neopositivist coherentism, and Peircean consensualism,––and point at problems that are peculiar to them. I go on to scrutinize the very liberal variety Putnam upheld for a while (truth is idealized rational acceptability), comparing it with Dummett's conception of ‘global anti‐realism’ and with kindred proposals made by Goodman (truth is permanent credibility) and, in an exploratory spirit, by Wright (truth is superassertibility). I give various reasons for dissatisfaction, among them why Putnam himself recanted. Then I try to support this recantation by presenting an objection, inspired by what has come to be called the Fitch Argument, against all versions of alethic anti‐realism: the argument from blind spots in the field of justification. I conclude my case against Frege's redundancy/omnipresence thesis, and I close with a brief sermon against alethic pluralism.
Paul Grice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198242529
- eISBN:
- 9780191597534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198242522.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Grice continues his project of proving the univocality of common modals (the ‘Equivocality Thesis’) by showing how a univocal structural representation can be applied to a certain (non‐moral) class ...
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Grice continues his project of proving the univocality of common modals (the ‘Equivocality Thesis’) by showing how a univocal structural representation can be applied to a certain (non‐moral) class of alethic and practical acceptability statements that are at least sometimes (informally) valid, subject to license of the involved transitional inferences from a ‘Principle of Total Evidence’. Grice also shows that these acceptability statements can be modified to account for defeasible (ceteris paribus, degrees of probability/desirability) and non‐defeasible (‘unqualified’) generalizations, which in turn can be utilized to account for a univocal set of modals such as ‘ought’ and ‘must’. The chapter closes with a discussion of the ‘Principle of Total Evidence’.Less
Grice continues his project of proving the univocality of common modals (the ‘Equivocality Thesis’) by showing how a univocal structural representation can be applied to a certain (non‐moral) class of alethic and practical acceptability statements that are at least sometimes (informally) valid, subject to license of the involved transitional inferences from a ‘Principle of Total Evidence’. Grice also shows that these acceptability statements can be modified to account for defeasible (ceteris paribus, degrees of probability/desirability) and non‐defeasible (‘unqualified’) generalizations, which in turn can be utilized to account for a univocal set of modals such as ‘ought’ and ‘must’. The chapter closes with a discussion of the ‘Principle of Total Evidence’.
Paul Grice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198242529
- eISBN:
- 9780191597534
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198242522.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter first shows how—given certain circumstances—valid inferences can be drawn from alethic to practical acceptability statements. For this, Grice tries to establish an acceptability ...
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This chapter first shows how—given certain circumstances—valid inferences can be drawn from alethic to practical acceptability statements. For this, Grice tries to establish an acceptability statement of the form ‘it is acceptable that if (on the alethic side) A only if B, then (on the practical side) one should A only if one should B’. He then turns to a discussion of the characteristics of practical thinking other than the application of means–ends reasoning. Such practical thinking, Grice suggests, includes the determination of antecedently indeterminate desires and intentions, contains systems of priorities, and often is revisionist and comparative.Less
This chapter first shows how—given certain circumstances—valid inferences can be drawn from alethic to practical acceptability statements. For this, Grice tries to establish an acceptability statement of the form ‘it is acceptable that if (on the alethic side) A only if B, then (on the practical side) one should A only if one should B’. He then turns to a discussion of the characteristics of practical thinking other than the application of means–ends reasoning. Such practical thinking, Grice suggests, includes the determination of antecedently indeterminate desires and intentions, contains systems of priorities, and often is revisionist and comparative.
Thomas Nagel
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195098396
- eISBN:
- 9780199870059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195098390.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
What is reasonable for individuals cannot be determined at the level of individual practical reason alone, but depends also on some judgment about the collective result of everyone's following those ...
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What is reasonable for individuals cannot be determined at the level of individual practical reason alone, but depends also on some judgment about the collective result of everyone's following those principles. Nagel argues that a principle of universal acceptability is a genuine and nonvacuous alternative to the pure dominance of the impersonal standpoint. This alternative allows the personal standpoint an independent role in the justification of universal principles, and explains why some solutions are morally plausible and others are not.Less
What is reasonable for individuals cannot be determined at the level of individual practical reason alone, but depends also on some judgment about the collective result of everyone's following those principles. Nagel argues that a principle of universal acceptability is a genuine and nonvacuous alternative to the pure dominance of the impersonal standpoint. This alternative allows the personal standpoint an independent role in the justification of universal principles, and explains why some solutions are morally plausible and others are not.
GISBERT FANSELOW and STEFAN FRISCH
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274796
- eISBN:
- 9780191705861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter highlights the effect of processing difficulty on acceptability. It analyses evidence demonstrating that parsing problems often reduce acceptability. It shows that the fact that ...
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This chapter highlights the effect of processing difficulty on acceptability. It analyses evidence demonstrating that parsing problems often reduce acceptability. It shows that the fact that processing difficulty may increase acceptability is less obvious, but this probability is nonetheless borne out. The preferred interpretation of a locally vague construction can have a positive influence on the global acceptability of a sentence even when this is later abandoned. The occurrence of the positive impact of local ambiguities in a domain that goes beyond mere syntactic feature differences is confirmed by the experiments focusing on long wh-movement. Thus, local acceptability perceptions during the parsing process influence the global acceptability of a sentence.Less
This chapter highlights the effect of processing difficulty on acceptability. It analyses evidence demonstrating that parsing problems often reduce acceptability. It shows that the fact that processing difficulty may increase acceptability is less obvious, but this probability is nonetheless borne out. The preferred interpretation of a locally vague construction can have a positive influence on the global acceptability of a sentence even when this is later abandoned. The occurrence of the positive impact of local ambiguities in a domain that goes beyond mere syntactic feature differences is confirmed by the experiments focusing on long wh-movement. Thus, local acceptability perceptions during the parsing process influence the global acceptability of a sentence.
NOMI ERTESCHIK-SHIR
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199274796
- eISBN:
- 9780191705861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter shows that the source of graded acceptability judgments cannot be purely syntactic. Instead, such data area forecasted by information structure (IS) constraints. The chapter argues that ...
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This chapter shows that the source of graded acceptability judgments cannot be purely syntactic. Instead, such data area forecasted by information structure (IS) constraints. The chapter argues that extraction is completely determined by IS constraints, in particular that only focus domains are apparent for purposes of extraction. It concludes that any phenomenon which differs with context among and across speakers cannot have a syntactic account. An account in terms of IS is aided to predict this kind of variation. Thus, a syntactic constraint violation will be ungrammatical, a violation of an IS constraint will allow contextual variation and will thus result in gradience. There will be no weak syntactic constraints, only strong ones. A theory of IS, — f(ocus)-structure theory — geared to interact with syntax, phonology, and semantics, is introduced and viewed as an essential part of grammar.Less
This chapter shows that the source of graded acceptability judgments cannot be purely syntactic. Instead, such data area forecasted by information structure (IS) constraints. The chapter argues that extraction is completely determined by IS constraints, in particular that only focus domains are apparent for purposes of extraction. It concludes that any phenomenon which differs with context among and across speakers cannot have a syntactic account. An account in terms of IS is aided to predict this kind of variation. Thus, a syntactic constraint violation will be ungrammatical, a violation of an IS constraint will allow contextual variation and will thus result in gradience. There will be no weak syntactic constraints, only strong ones. A theory of IS, — f(ocus)-structure theory — geared to interact with syntax, phonology, and semantics, is introduced and viewed as an essential part of grammar.
