Edmund Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508298
- eISBN:
- 9780191706363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508298.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward ...
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Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.Less
Many scientists and engineers spend their lives designing, constructing, and running accelerators, yet few universities include a study of them in their curricula. This book is a straightforward introduction used by undergraduates and postgraduate students as well as by professional staff attending the summer schools run by the big accelerator laboratories. Research physicists should read it for important background. It covers the essentials of the subject for accelerator physicists and engineers, and is at the level of the introductory courses provided by the CERN and US Accelerator schools. Its style is to give enough information to understand the subject without an excess of mathematics or theory. The text includes exercises and answers to focus the attention of the reader on the calculations necessary to design a new machine. After a chapter on the history of the accelerators, four chapters cover the dynamics of particle beams as they are guided and focused by the magnets of a synchrotron or storage ring and as they are accelerated by rf cavities. Another two chapters cover linear and non-linear effects from imperfect fields. There are chapters on synchrotron radiation, colliders, instabilities, and on future acceleration techniques. A chapter describes the applications of the ten thousand or more accelerators in the world ranging from the linear accelerators used for cancer therapy, through those used in industry and in other fields of research, to the giant ‘atom smashers’ at international particle physics laboratories. A final chapter is to stimulate new ideas for future acceleration techniques.
JESPER LÜTZEN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198567370
- eISBN:
- 9780191717925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567370.003.0016
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
In the usual Newtonian-Laplacian image, Isaac Newton's three laws of motion are often taken as the basic ones. Heinrich Hertz, on the other hand, formulated one and only one law of motion: that every ...
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In the usual Newtonian-Laplacian image, Isaac Newton's three laws of motion are often taken as the basic ones. Heinrich Hertz, on the other hand, formulated one and only one law of motion: that every free system persists in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straightest path. Hertz's fundamental law can be formulated as follows: a free system moves with constant speed along a path that is as straight as it can be without breaking the connections of the system. Hertz's formulation of the fundamental law was surprisingly stable throughout his work on mechanics. It was the geometry of systems of points that allowed Hertz to limit the laws of motion to his one simple, elegant and intuitively appealing fundamental law. Hertz mentioned one other law that could have replaced his fundamental law on free systems, namely, the law of least acceleration.Less
In the usual Newtonian-Laplacian image, Isaac Newton's three laws of motion are often taken as the basic ones. Heinrich Hertz, on the other hand, formulated one and only one law of motion: that every free system persists in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straightest path. Hertz's fundamental law can be formulated as follows: a free system moves with constant speed along a path that is as straight as it can be without breaking the connections of the system. Hertz's formulation of the fundamental law was surprisingly stable throughout his work on mechanics. It was the geometry of systems of points that allowed Hertz to limit the laws of motion to his one simple, elegant and intuitively appealing fundamental law. Hertz mentioned one other law that could have replaced his fundamental law on free systems, namely, the law of least acceleration.
D. A. Bini, G. Latouche, and B. Meini
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527688
- eISBN:
- 9780191713286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527688.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
Alternative numerical approaches for solving matrix equations associated with M/G/1-type Markov chains are considered in this chapter. A general shift technique for accelerating the convergence of ...
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Alternative numerical approaches for solving matrix equations associated with M/G/1-type Markov chains are considered in this chapter. A general shift technique for accelerating the convergence of iterative methods is described, and its application to accelerating cyclic reduction is analysed. A functional iteration relying on the combination of cyclic reduction and fixed point iteration is introduced: its convergence is linear but its convergence rate can be arbitrarily large. A doubling method, evaluation interpolation techniques, and the invariant subspace method complete the chapter.Less
Alternative numerical approaches for solving matrix equations associated with M/G/1-type Markov chains are considered in this chapter. A general shift technique for accelerating the convergence of iterative methods is described, and its application to accelerating cyclic reduction is analysed. A functional iteration relying on the combination of cyclic reduction and fixed point iteration is introduced: its convergence is linear but its convergence rate can be arbitrarily large. A doubling method, evaluation interpolation techniques, and the invariant subspace method complete the chapter.
Jan Modersitzki
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528418
- eISBN:
- 9780191713583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528418.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This final chapter summarizes the proposed non-parametric registration approach as well as the presented schemes, and briefly discusses some open questions. It contains statements about the ...
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This final chapter summarizes the proposed non-parametric registration approach as well as the presented schemes, and briefly discusses some open questions. It contains statements about the regularizer, partial differential operator, registration parameters, motivation of the regularizer, the expected type of transformations, complexity, and boundary conditions. Timings for the different numerical schemes are presented. A final, competitive example demonstrates differences between the various schemes. The reasons why an objective comparison and evaluation of the schemes must fail are discussed. Guidelines for picking registration parameters are given; further accelerations of the schemes and extensions are discussed.Less
This final chapter summarizes the proposed non-parametric registration approach as well as the presented schemes, and briefly discusses some open questions. It contains statements about the regularizer, partial differential operator, registration parameters, motivation of the regularizer, the expected type of transformations, complexity, and boundary conditions. Timings for the different numerical schemes are presented. A final, competitive example demonstrates differences between the various schemes. The reasons why an objective comparison and evaluation of the schemes must fail are discussed. Guidelines for picking registration parameters are given; further accelerations of the schemes and extensions are discussed.
J. B. Rosenzweig
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198525547
- eISBN:
- 9780191711725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525547.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter explains that the acceleration of charged particles based on their interaction with a single travelling electromagnetic wave serves as a powerful model problem for developing an ...
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This chapter explains that the acceleration of charged particles based on their interaction with a single travelling electromagnetic wave serves as a powerful model problem for developing an understanding of rf linacs. It introduces the general Hamiltonian methods for examining this model problem. It then divides rf linacs into two categories — gentle and violent acceleration — and provides an explanation for each of the categories. It discusses both first and second order focusing effects in rf linacs. It adds that an analysis of this phenomena leads to a scenario that demonstrates acceleration, focusing, and adiabatic damping of transverse motion. It notes that the material in this chapter is presented as a unified treatment of longitudinal motion in electron linear accelerators, and synchrotrons.Less
This chapter explains that the acceleration of charged particles based on their interaction with a single travelling electromagnetic wave serves as a powerful model problem for developing an understanding of rf linacs. It introduces the general Hamiltonian methods for examining this model problem. It then divides rf linacs into two categories — gentle and violent acceleration — and provides an explanation for each of the categories. It discusses both first and second order focusing effects in rf linacs. It adds that an analysis of this phenomena leads to a scenario that demonstrates acceleration, focusing, and adiabatic damping of transverse motion. It notes that the material in this chapter is presented as a unified treatment of longitudinal motion in electron linear accelerators, and synchrotrons.
ROBERT V. DODGE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199857203
- eISBN:
- 9780199932597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857203.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
The metaphor “musical chairs” encompasses a broad range of observations and behaviors in which the same patterns emerge in the aggregate regardless of how the individuals who comprise the aggregate ...
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The metaphor “musical chairs” encompasses a broad range of observations and behaviors in which the same patterns emerge in the aggregate regardless of how the individuals who comprise the aggregate behave. This happens as a result of inescapable mathematical relationships. This chapter is divided into sections. First, it looks at paired phenomena, which refers to things that occur together. It includes a population problem, with an explanation, plus a counter-intuitive puzzle from Schelling. The idea of “either, or” is another of the observations in this section. There may be only one of two equal options for certain outcomes, and to think otherwise can lead to difficulties. The concept of positions in a distribution describes statements that hold true regardless of changes in the individuals who comprise the populations being discussed. The Acceleration Principle is the final topic in the chapter. This describes the relationship between independent activities when one is the source of the other's growth. The chapter analyzes the rate of increase of the rate of production, rather than just the increase in the rate of production alone. Supplementing the chapter is “Politicians, Liars and Mathematical Puzzles,” by John Allen Paulos.Less
The metaphor “musical chairs” encompasses a broad range of observations and behaviors in which the same patterns emerge in the aggregate regardless of how the individuals who comprise the aggregate behave. This happens as a result of inescapable mathematical relationships. This chapter is divided into sections. First, it looks at paired phenomena, which refers to things that occur together. It includes a population problem, with an explanation, plus a counter-intuitive puzzle from Schelling. The idea of “either, or” is another of the observations in this section. There may be only one of two equal options for certain outcomes, and to think otherwise can lead to difficulties. The concept of positions in a distribution describes statements that hold true regardless of changes in the individuals who comprise the populations being discussed. The Acceleration Principle is the final topic in the chapter. This describes the relationship between independent activities when one is the source of the other's growth. The chapter analyzes the rate of increase of the rate of production, rather than just the increase in the rate of production alone. Supplementing the chapter is “Politicians, Liars and Mathematical Puzzles,” by John Allen Paulos.
E. A. Wrigley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263037
- eISBN:
- 9780191734007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263037.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses a quest for the Industrial Revolution. It determines that the key feature of this revolution consisted less in an acceleration in growth than in the absence of any ...
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This lecture discusses a quest for the Industrial Revolution. It determines that the key feature of this revolution consisted less in an acceleration in growth than in the absence of any deceleration. The lecture further considers certain implications that may be termed the crafts revision and the prominence of agriculture.Less
This lecture discusses a quest for the Industrial Revolution. It determines that the key feature of this revolution consisted less in an acceleration in growth than in the absence of any deceleration. The lecture further considers certain implications that may be termed the crafts revision and the prominence of agriculture.
Józef Ignaczak and Martin Ostoja‐Starzewski
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541645
- eISBN:
- 9780191716164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541645.003.0010
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Physics
The tenth chapter, entitled “Moving discontinuity surfaces,” focuses on singular surfaces propagating in a thermoelastic medium, and studies the propagation of a plane shock wave in a thermoelastic ...
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The tenth chapter, entitled “Moving discontinuity surfaces,” focuses on singular surfaces propagating in a thermoelastic medium, and studies the propagation of a plane shock wave in a thermoelastic half‐space with one relaxation time, as well as the propagation of a plane acceleration wave in a thermoelastic half‐space with two relaxation times.Less
The tenth chapter, entitled “Moving discontinuity surfaces,” focuses on singular surfaces propagating in a thermoelastic medium, and studies the propagation of a plane shock wave in a thermoelastic half‐space with one relaxation time, as well as the propagation of a plane acceleration wave in a thermoelastic half‐space with two relaxation times.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter makes the case that because of computational advances, the world is changing fast, perhaps faster than at any other time in human history. The increasing pace of change could potentially ...
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This chapter makes the case that because of computational advances, the world is changing fast, perhaps faster than at any other time in human history. The increasing pace of change could potentially generate social turbulence and instability. However, computational advances are also driving advances in information technology, from the growth and deepening of the Internet, to the burgeoning power of empirical methods, to the increasing capability of artificial intelligence. The key to improving governance is to bring politics within the domain of such information technology. Only a politics that exploits the latest fruits of the computational revolution can manage the disruption that this revolution is bringing to the social world.Less
This chapter makes the case that because of computational advances, the world is changing fast, perhaps faster than at any other time in human history. The increasing pace of change could potentially generate social turbulence and instability. However, computational advances are also driving advances in information technology, from the growth and deepening of the Internet, to the burgeoning power of empirical methods, to the increasing capability of artificial intelligence. The key to improving governance is to bring politics within the domain of such information technology. Only a politics that exploits the latest fruits of the computational revolution can manage the disruption that this revolution is bringing to the social world.
William L. Harper
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570409
- eISBN:
- 9780191728679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570409.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
It reviews Newton’s argument for the claim that the moon is maintained in its orbit by an inverse-square force directed toward the earth. It introduces Newton’s moon-test argument for identifying the ...
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It reviews Newton’s argument for the claim that the moon is maintained in its orbit by an inverse-square force directed toward the earth. It introduces Newton’s moon-test argument for identifying the force that maintains the moon in its orbit with terrestrial gravity. Newton shows that inverse-square adjusting the centripetal acceleration exhibited by the lunar orbit agrees with Huygens’ measurement of the strength of terrestrial gravity at the surface of the earth. This chapter includes a somewhat detailed account of Newton’s moon-test calculation, including his dubious precession correction. It discusses his first two Rules for reasoning in natural philosophy, and his two-body correction. It examines the informative moon-test argument presented in Newton’s scholium to proposition 4. It argues that the agreement between the moon-test measurements and the pendulum measurements of the strength of terrestrial gravity is an example of empirical success. It also reviews the lunar precession problem.Less
It reviews Newton’s argument for the claim that the moon is maintained in its orbit by an inverse-square force directed toward the earth. It introduces Newton’s moon-test argument for identifying the force that maintains the moon in its orbit with terrestrial gravity. Newton shows that inverse-square adjusting the centripetal acceleration exhibited by the lunar orbit agrees with Huygens’ measurement of the strength of terrestrial gravity at the surface of the earth. This chapter includes a somewhat detailed account of Newton’s moon-test calculation, including his dubious precession correction. It discusses his first two Rules for reasoning in natural philosophy, and his two-body correction. It examines the informative moon-test argument presented in Newton’s scholium to proposition 4. It argues that the agreement between the moon-test measurements and the pendulum measurements of the strength of terrestrial gravity is an example of empirical success. It also reviews the lunar precession problem.
William L. Harper
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199570409
- eISBN:
- 9780191728679
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570409.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton ...
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Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton and for scientific method today. Part II is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 6 and his important Rule 3. The phenomena cited count as agreeing measurements of equal acceleration components toward planets for all bodies at any equal distances from their centers. These measure equal ratios of weight to mass for attracted bodies at equal distances. They include absence of polarization toward the sun of orbits of moons about planets. The agreement of all these measurements supports an interpretation of Rule 3 which informs the role of theory-mediated measurements in supporting scientific inferences today. The appendix gives details of polarization calculations.Less
Part I is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 5 and his important Rule 4 for reasoning in natural philosophy. Rule 4 is a very informative characterization of theory acceptance for Newton and for scientific method today. Part II is devoted to Newton’s argument for proposition 6 and his important Rule 3. The phenomena cited count as agreeing measurements of equal acceleration components toward planets for all bodies at any equal distances from their centers. These measure equal ratios of weight to mass for attracted bodies at equal distances. They include absence of polarization toward the sun of orbits of moons about planets. The agreement of all these measurements supports an interpretation of Rule 3 which informs the role of theory-mediated measurements in supporting scientific inferences today. The appendix gives details of polarization calculations.
Michio Morishima
- Published in print:
- 1969
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198281641
- eISBN:
- 9780191596667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198281641.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Among the assumptions underlying the analysis of stability of growth equilibrium already made in the book, the following two have played the most important roles in deriving the conclusions: first, ...
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Among the assumptions underlying the analysis of stability of growth equilibrium already made in the book, the following two have played the most important roles in deriving the conclusions: first, prices and the wage rate are perfectly flexible so that the price of any good or any factor of production will go down to zero if excess supply of it cannot be eliminated (the Rule of Free Goods); second, unless the price of the capital service is zero, the existing stock of capital is fully utilized and investment is made according to the Acceleration Principle. However, as soon as a progression is made from the Walras‐type ‘flexprice’ model (where quantities are fixed in the short run, and prices adjust faster than quantities) to a ‘fixprice’ model (where prices are fixed in the short run, and quantities adjust faster than prices), either full employment of labour or full utilization of capital is no longer automatically established. Also, in the absence of full utilization of capital, it is evident that investment decisions do not obey the Acceleration Principle. The first four sections of this chapter look at price flexibility and full employment, the possibility of a Keynesian short‐run equilibrium with unemployment, the induction of centrifugal forces around the Silvery Equilibrium by the Harrodian investment function, and the necessity of unemployment in a ‘fixprice’ economy. The last section looks at the possibility of avoiding this last Iron Rule: that in fixprice economies where the Rule of Competitive Pricing does not work, a state of full employment cannot be kept unless the warranted rate of growth is equated with the natural rate of growth.Less
Among the assumptions underlying the analysis of stability of growth equilibrium already made in the book, the following two have played the most important roles in deriving the conclusions: first, prices and the wage rate are perfectly flexible so that the price of any good or any factor of production will go down to zero if excess supply of it cannot be eliminated (the Rule of Free Goods); second, unless the price of the capital service is zero, the existing stock of capital is fully utilized and investment is made according to the Acceleration Principle. However, as soon as a progression is made from the Walras‐type ‘flexprice’ model (where quantities are fixed in the short run, and prices adjust faster than quantities) to a ‘fixprice’ model (where prices are fixed in the short run, and quantities adjust faster than prices), either full employment of labour or full utilization of capital is no longer automatically established. Also, in the absence of full utilization of capital, it is evident that investment decisions do not obey the Acceleration Principle. The first four sections of this chapter look at price flexibility and full employment, the possibility of a Keynesian short‐run equilibrium with unemployment, the induction of centrifugal forces around the Silvery Equilibrium by the Harrodian investment function, and the necessity of unemployment in a ‘fixprice’ economy. The last section looks at the possibility of avoiding this last Iron Rule: that in fixprice economies where the Rule of Competitive Pricing does not work, a state of full employment cannot be kept unless the warranted rate of growth is equated with the natural rate of growth.
A.F. Borghesani
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213603
- eISBN:
- 9780191707421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0014
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
A very important property of the complex charge structures used to test superfluidity is effective mass. This can be measured directly in experiments with microwaves or in experiments based on ...
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A very important property of the complex charge structures used to test superfluidity is effective mass. This can be measured directly in experiments with microwaves or in experiments based on inertial methods. These experiments and their results are discussed.Less
A very important property of the complex charge structures used to test superfluidity is effective mass. This can be measured directly in experiments with microwaves or in experiments based on inertial methods. These experiments and their results are discussed.
Benjamin Mountford and Stephen Tuffnell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780520294547
- eISBN:
- 9780520967588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294547.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Nothing set the world in motion like gold. Gold rushes accelerated the global circulation of people, goods, capital, and technologies that transformed settler societies around the world. Yet they are ...
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Nothing set the world in motion like gold. Gold rushes accelerated the global circulation of people, goods, capital, and technologies that transformed settler societies around the world. Yet they are rarely considered in a global perspective. While in the past, national histories have emphasized the role of gold rushes as accelerants of state formation, crucibles of national character, and watersheds of political development, the essays in Gold Rush begin from a different premise. They explore gold rushes as connected phenomena and emphasize the destructive power of the search for gold on indigenous communities and the environment, as well as their role as incubators of racial hierarchy and immigration restriction. The essays in Gold Rush showcase the best and most current research methodologies in global history—comparative, environmental, and transnational—to address these concerns. Gold Rush uses diverse themes and places as vantage points on the nineteenth-century gold rushes—from the catalytic effect of the discovery of California placer gold in 1848 to the nostalgic rush to the beaches of Nome, Alaska, fifty years later; from anxious commentators discussing the public good and disorder of gold mining in Georgia, California, and Victoria to the worldwide discussion of the “Chinese Question” and the productivity of nonwhite labor in Africa; from the assertion of corporate control over lode mining to the destructive environmental and financial consequences of that control. At the heart of this book is the paradoxical power of gold rushes to connect and divide, to enrich and impoverish, to create and destroy.Less
Nothing set the world in motion like gold. Gold rushes accelerated the global circulation of people, goods, capital, and technologies that transformed settler societies around the world. Yet they are rarely considered in a global perspective. While in the past, national histories have emphasized the role of gold rushes as accelerants of state formation, crucibles of national character, and watersheds of political development, the essays in Gold Rush begin from a different premise. They explore gold rushes as connected phenomena and emphasize the destructive power of the search for gold on indigenous communities and the environment, as well as their role as incubators of racial hierarchy and immigration restriction. The essays in Gold Rush showcase the best and most current research methodologies in global history—comparative, environmental, and transnational—to address these concerns. Gold Rush uses diverse themes and places as vantage points on the nineteenth-century gold rushes—from the catalytic effect of the discovery of California placer gold in 1848 to the nostalgic rush to the beaches of Nome, Alaska, fifty years later; from anxious commentators discussing the public good and disorder of gold mining in Georgia, California, and Victoria to the worldwide discussion of the “Chinese Question” and the productivity of nonwhite labor in Africa; from the assertion of corporate control over lode mining to the destructive environmental and financial consequences of that control. At the heart of this book is the paradoxical power of gold rushes to connect and divide, to enrich and impoverish, to create and destroy.
Michael Munowitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167375
- eISBN:
- 9780199787104
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167375.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, ...
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Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, leads to the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2 . General relativity, by granting the same rights to observers even in accelerated reference frames, leads to a revolutionary new theory of gravity: a force-free warping of space-time in the presence of mass.Less
Newtonian mechanics is revisited in the light of Einsteinian relativity, and the repercussions shake physics to its core. Special relativity, by placing all inertial observers on the same footing, leads to the equivalence of mass and energy: E = mc2 . General relativity, by granting the same rights to observers even in accelerated reference frames, leads to a revolutionary new theory of gravity: a force-free warping of space-time in the presence of mass.
Margaret Ronda
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781503603141
- eISBN:
- 9781503604896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503603141.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
Remainders: American Poetry at Nature’s End discusses postwar poetry as an essential archive of ecological thinking in the era of the Great Acceleration, a period of rapid and unprecedented change to ...
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Remainders: American Poetry at Nature’s End discusses postwar poetry as an essential archive of ecological thinking in the era of the Great Acceleration, a period of rapid and unprecedented change to various planetary systems. While North American ecocriticism has tended to focus on narrative forms in its investigations of environmental consciousness and ethics, this book highlights the forms and themes of poetry as it imaginatively engages with various aspects of ecological crisis across this period. This book examines how works by poets including Lorine Niedecker, Gwendolyn Brooks, John Ashbery, Gary Snyder, and Juliana Spahr offer representations of remainders, from obsolescent goods to waste products and toxic matter, that explore the lingering consequences of productive relations. In their attention to these material forms, these poems explore unresolvable affects and sensations of living on amidst ecological calamity. This book’s method of reading for remainders redirects attention from postwar historical frameworks that stress social progress and economic development toward an emphasis on their socioecological effects, developing an ecomaterialist approach that draws on the critical historiography of natural history developed by Lukács, Benjamin, and Adorno. This approach also provides a distinctive account of the investments of postwar American poetry. Through its figurations of materials and activities cast adrift by capitalist modernization, poetry across this period develops a powerful ethos of untimeliness. Remainders argues that this ethos reflects on poetry’s own increasingly marginal status as a cultural form.Less
Remainders: American Poetry at Nature’s End discusses postwar poetry as an essential archive of ecological thinking in the era of the Great Acceleration, a period of rapid and unprecedented change to various planetary systems. While North American ecocriticism has tended to focus on narrative forms in its investigations of environmental consciousness and ethics, this book highlights the forms and themes of poetry as it imaginatively engages with various aspects of ecological crisis across this period. This book examines how works by poets including Lorine Niedecker, Gwendolyn Brooks, John Ashbery, Gary Snyder, and Juliana Spahr offer representations of remainders, from obsolescent goods to waste products and toxic matter, that explore the lingering consequences of productive relations. In their attention to these material forms, these poems explore unresolvable affects and sensations of living on amidst ecological calamity. This book’s method of reading for remainders redirects attention from postwar historical frameworks that stress social progress and economic development toward an emphasis on their socioecological effects, developing an ecomaterialist approach that draws on the critical historiography of natural history developed by Lukács, Benjamin, and Adorno. This approach also provides a distinctive account of the investments of postwar American poetry. Through its figurations of materials and activities cast adrift by capitalist modernization, poetry across this period develops a powerful ethos of untimeliness. Remainders argues that this ethos reflects on poetry’s own increasingly marginal status as a cultural form.
R. E. Peierls
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198507819
- eISBN:
- 9780191709913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198507819.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter analyses the problem posed by an electron moving through a crystal lattice. The case of a perfect lattice is discussed, i.e., lattice vibrations or any lattice defects or impurities as ...
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This chapter analyses the problem posed by an electron moving through a crystal lattice. The case of a perfect lattice is discussed, i.e., lattice vibrations or any lattice defects or impurities as well as the effect of any other conduction electrons are ignored. Topics covered include the Block theorem, strong binding, nearly free electrons, velocity and acceleration, specific heat, and surface problems.Less
This chapter analyses the problem posed by an electron moving through a crystal lattice. The case of a perfect lattice is discussed, i.e., lattice vibrations or any lattice defects or impurities as well as the effect of any other conduction electrons are ignored. Topics covered include the Block theorem, strong binding, nearly free electrons, velocity and acceleration, specific heat, and surface problems.
Matthew Schneider-Mayerson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226285269
- eISBN:
- 9780226285573
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226285573.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter discusses the decline of the peak oil movement in the late 2000s, as a result of diminishing concerns about fossil fuel scarcity. It places the peak oil movement in the context of ...
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This chapter discusses the decline of the peak oil movement in the late 2000s, as a result of diminishing concerns about fossil fuel scarcity. It places the peak oil movement in the context of climate change and the environmental changes and stresses brought on by modernity (the ‘Great Acceleration’), and argues that while peakists may have overestimated the rapidity and consequences of fossil fuel depletion they were, unlike most Americans, closely attuned to the gravity of other contemporary environmental issues, such as climate change. It contends that the very real crises that Americans and the planet now face, which include climate change, a globally interconnected economy and eventual resource depletion, require a intra- and international communitarian engagement that demands a historical break with the long tradition of American individualism and the more recent ‘libertarian shift.’Less
This chapter discusses the decline of the peak oil movement in the late 2000s, as a result of diminishing concerns about fossil fuel scarcity. It places the peak oil movement in the context of climate change and the environmental changes and stresses brought on by modernity (the ‘Great Acceleration’), and argues that while peakists may have overestimated the rapidity and consequences of fossil fuel depletion they were, unlike most Americans, closely attuned to the gravity of other contemporary environmental issues, such as climate change. It contends that the very real crises that Americans and the planet now face, which include climate change, a globally interconnected economy and eventual resource depletion, require a intra- and international communitarian engagement that demands a historical break with the long tradition of American individualism and the more recent ‘libertarian shift.’
Helen E. Ross and Cornelis Plug
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508625
- eISBN:
- 9780191584893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508625.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The idea that there might be some sensorimotor interaction in the moon illusion is relatively new, and probably goes back to George Berkeley who argued that both size and distance perception are ...
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The idea that there might be some sensorimotor interaction in the moon illusion is relatively new, and probably goes back to George Berkeley who argued that both size and distance perception are ultimately based on eye movements and tactile exploration. The sensory aspect of sensorimotor systems is commonly known as proprioception. The proprioceptive mechanisms that contribute to the observer’s knowledge of his own bodily orientation include the vestibular system (the balance organs of the inner ear), the pressure receptors in the skin, and the receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints. This chapter considers the assumption that proprioceptive information interacts in some way with the visual perception of size and distance, with changes in the observer’s bodily orientation contributing to the moon illusion. The relation between tactile-kinaesthetic space and visual space is controversial, but may not be relevant to the celestial bodies which can only be perceived in visual space.Less
The idea that there might be some sensorimotor interaction in the moon illusion is relatively new, and probably goes back to George Berkeley who argued that both size and distance perception are ultimately based on eye movements and tactile exploration. The sensory aspect of sensorimotor systems is commonly known as proprioception. The proprioceptive mechanisms that contribute to the observer’s knowledge of his own bodily orientation include the vestibular system (the balance organs of the inner ear), the pressure receptors in the skin, and the receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints. This chapter considers the assumption that proprioceptive information interacts in some way with the visual perception of size and distance, with changes in the observer’s bodily orientation contributing to the moon illusion. The relation between tactile-kinaesthetic space and visual space is controversial, but may not be relevant to the celestial bodies which can only be perceived in visual space.
I.S. GLASS
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550258
- eISBN:
- 9780191718700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550258.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter discusses Galileo Galilei's biography and private life. It notes that Galileo first became interested in the connection between mathematics and the measurement of quantities such as mass ...
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This chapter discusses Galileo Galilei's biography and private life. It notes that Galileo first became interested in the connection between mathematics and the measurement of quantities such as mass and dimensions of bodies. It states some of Galileo's greatest achievements. It explains that one of his most important innovations was to clearly distinguish between constant speed and acceleration, or rate of change of speed. It adds that Galileo was also known to have been interested in Copernican astronomy. This chapter also examines the invention of the telescope, as well as his study of the moon and sunspots. It then tells of the clerical oppositions experienced by Galileo particularly the trial that he faced regarding a vehement suspicion of heresy. It examines Galileo's last work: strength of materials and mechanics. Lastly, it talks about Galileo's last years and the hardships that he faced during these last fulfilling years.Less
This chapter discusses Galileo Galilei's biography and private life. It notes that Galileo first became interested in the connection between mathematics and the measurement of quantities such as mass and dimensions of bodies. It states some of Galileo's greatest achievements. It explains that one of his most important innovations was to clearly distinguish between constant speed and acceleration, or rate of change of speed. It adds that Galileo was also known to have been interested in Copernican astronomy. This chapter also examines the invention of the telescope, as well as his study of the moon and sunspots. It then tells of the clerical oppositions experienced by Galileo particularly the trial that he faced regarding a vehement suspicion of heresy. It examines Galileo's last work: strength of materials and mechanics. Lastly, it talks about Galileo's last years and the hardships that he faced during these last fulfilling years.
