Christopher Hookway
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588381
- eISBN:
- 9780191745089
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1913) was the ‘founder of pragmatism’ and the most important and original American philosopher. He called himself a logician, making important contributions to the ...
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Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1913) was the ‘founder of pragmatism’ and the most important and original American philosopher. He called himself a logician, making important contributions to the development of formal logic and to the study of the normative standards we should follow in carrying out inquiries and enhancing our knowledge in science and mathematics. His range was extensive: he founded an developed the discipline of semeiotic, a systematic account of the nature of thought, language, and other kinds of signs, and, as a systematic philosopher, he worked on metaphysics. The first seven chapters explore the framework of his thought, especially his fallibilism and his rejection of scepticism, and his contributions to the pragmatist understanding of truth and reality. Like Frege and Husserl, among others, Peirce rejected psychologism and used phenomenological foundations to defend the system of categories for a system of category which made a non-psychological logic possible. The final three chapters are concerned with ‘the pragmatic maxim’, a rule for clarifying the contents of concepts and ideas. As well as exploring the content and role of this maxim, we study the different strategies Peirce employed to demonstrate the correctness of this maxim, and thus of pragmatism. As well as studying and evaluating Peirce’s views, the book discusses the relations between the views of Peirce and other pragmatist philosophers such as William James, C. I. Lewis, and Richard Rorty.Less
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1913) was the ‘founder of pragmatism’ and the most important and original American philosopher. He called himself a logician, making important contributions to the development of formal logic and to the study of the normative standards we should follow in carrying out inquiries and enhancing our knowledge in science and mathematics. His range was extensive: he founded an developed the discipline of semeiotic, a systematic account of the nature of thought, language, and other kinds of signs, and, as a systematic philosopher, he worked on metaphysics. The first seven chapters explore the framework of his thought, especially his fallibilism and his rejection of scepticism, and his contributions to the pragmatist understanding of truth and reality. Like Frege and Husserl, among others, Peirce rejected psychologism and used phenomenological foundations to defend the system of categories for a system of category which made a non-psychological logic possible. The final three chapters are concerned with ‘the pragmatic maxim’, a rule for clarifying the contents of concepts and ideas. As well as exploring the content and role of this maxim, we study the different strategies Peirce employed to demonstrate the correctness of this maxim, and thus of pragmatism. As well as studying and evaluating Peirce’s views, the book discusses the relations between the views of Peirce and other pragmatist philosophers such as William James, C. I. Lewis, and Richard Rorty.
Peter Carruthers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207077
- eISBN:
- 9780191708909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207077.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter sketches a modularist account of the human capacity for abduction (or ‘inference to the best explanation’), which Fodor has argued must provide a decisive stumbling block to progress in ...
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This chapter sketches a modularist account of the human capacity for abduction (or ‘inference to the best explanation’), which Fodor has argued must provide a decisive stumbling block to progress in cognitive science for the foreseeable future. It first isolates the main cognitive ingredients in scientific ability, which include a capacity for creative hypothesis formation and for flexible System 2 reasoning in addition to abduction. It argues that these are all displayed by contemporary (and presumably ancestral) hunter-gatherers in their tracking of prey animals while hunting, but that they are not displayed in human infants, contrary to what has been claimed by many developmental psychologists. The chapter suggests that abduction may piggy-back on capacities that evolved for the evaluation of linguistic testimony, and on preferences that evolved to govern efficiency and relevance in communication.Less
This chapter sketches a modularist account of the human capacity for abduction (or ‘inference to the best explanation’), which Fodor has argued must provide a decisive stumbling block to progress in cognitive science for the foreseeable future. It first isolates the main cognitive ingredients in scientific ability, which include a capacity for creative hypothesis formation and for flexible System 2 reasoning in addition to abduction. It argues that these are all displayed by contemporary (and presumably ancestral) hunter-gatherers in their tracking of prey animals while hunting, but that they are not displayed in human infants, contrary to what has been claimed by many developmental psychologists. The chapter suggests that abduction may piggy-back on capacities that evolved for the evaluation of linguistic testimony, and on preferences that evolved to govern efficiency and relevance in communication.
Heidi R. M. Pauwels
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369908
- eISBN:
- 9780199871322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369908.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at ...
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Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at the well (panaghata‐lila). Sita's abductor is a villain and she resists him valiantly, but the Gopis fall for their accoster, Krishna. Sita's abduction on television is shown to be partly due to her crossing the Lakshman‐rekha or protective circle drawn by her brother‐in‐law (not mentioned in the earlier sources). Notwithstanding her mistake, even in hardship she remains true to dharma. In the medieval versions, the Gopis are worried about transgressing against dharma, but their love for Krishna ultimately overrides these concerns. The televised version downplays this scandal and popular film shows little sympathy for women once seduced. While the perpetrator of harassment is punished, the eve‐teaser gets off mostly scot‐free, but the victim of either is always blamed. Movie songs discussed are from Mughal‐e‐Azam, Satyam Shivam Sundarama, and Devdas. Movies discussed are Lajja and Mother India. Less
Chapter 6 studies how goddesses react when accosted by “the other man.” It compares the sexual harassment scenario of Sita's abduction with the eve‐teasing scenario of the Gopis’ being accosted at the well (panaghata‐lila). Sita's abductor is a villain and she resists him valiantly, but the Gopis fall for their accoster, Krishna. Sita's abduction on television is shown to be partly due to her crossing the Lakshman‐rekha or protective circle drawn by her brother‐in‐law (not mentioned in the earlier sources). Notwithstanding her mistake, even in hardship she remains true to dharma. In the medieval versions, the Gopis are worried about transgressing against dharma, but their love for Krishna ultimately overrides these concerns. The televised version downplays this scandal and popular film shows little sympathy for women once seduced. While the perpetrator of harassment is punished, the eve‐teaser gets off mostly scot‐free, but the victim of either is always blamed. Movie songs discussed are from Mughal‐e‐Azam, Satyam Shivam Sundarama, and Devdas. Movies discussed are Lajja and Mother India.
Lowell Edmunds
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165127
- eISBN:
- 9781400874224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
This chapter discusses the folktales that attest the recurring story-pattern contained in the Helen myth. The comparison between the texts under discussion and the ancient Greek myth of Helen ...
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This chapter discusses the folktales that attest the recurring story-pattern contained in the Helen myth. The comparison between the texts under discussion and the ancient Greek myth of Helen requires that they be described typologically. Hence the chapter first provides an overview of typology in folklore studies and the various concepts and approaches to be taken with the Abduction story. It then embarks on a more detailed analysis of “The Abduction of the Beautiful Wife,” breaking it down piece by piece and discussing recurring motifs, typologies, characters, variations across similar stories or stories which fall under the same type as the Abduction, and other such elements that repeat or break from the pattern.Less
This chapter discusses the folktales that attest the recurring story-pattern contained in the Helen myth. The comparison between the texts under discussion and the ancient Greek myth of Helen requires that they be described typologically. Hence the chapter first provides an overview of typology in folklore studies and the various concepts and approaches to be taken with the Abduction story. It then embarks on a more detailed analysis of “The Abduction of the Beautiful Wife,” breaking it down piece by piece and discussing recurring motifs, typologies, characters, variations across similar stories or stories which fall under the same type as the Abduction, and other such elements that repeat or break from the pattern.
Lowell Edmunds
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165127
- eISBN:
- 9781400874224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
This introductory chapter undertakes a comparison between a folktale and a Greek myth. It attempts to define the folktale through two avenues concerning genre and terminology as well as mode of ...
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This introductory chapter undertakes a comparison between a folktale and a Greek myth. It attempts to define the folktale through two avenues concerning genre and terminology as well as mode of communication. Here, the chapter relates the folktale of “The Abduction of the Beautiful Wife” to the Greek epics such as the Iliad, eventually focusing the discussion on the story of Helen of Troy. To aid in the discussion, the chapter introduces the comparative circle, which begins from the perception of a similarity between the target text and some other text, and proceeds from this second text to a third and so forth, until the scholar constructing the circle decides to return to the explicandum.Less
This introductory chapter undertakes a comparison between a folktale and a Greek myth. It attempts to define the folktale through two avenues concerning genre and terminology as well as mode of communication. Here, the chapter relates the folktale of “The Abduction of the Beautiful Wife” to the Greek epics such as the Iliad, eventually focusing the discussion on the story of Helen of Troy. To aid in the discussion, the chapter introduces the comparative circle, which begins from the perception of a similarity between the target text and some other text, and proceeds from this second text to a third and so forth, until the scholar constructing the circle decides to return to the explicandum.
Lowell Edmunds
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691165127
- eISBN:
- 9781400874224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691165127.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Folk Literature
This chapter turns to a comparison of the myth of Helen with “Abduction” as defined in Chapter 1. It reconstructs the myth by outlining the stages of Helen's life—her birth, her childhood, and so ...
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This chapter turns to a comparison of the myth of Helen with “Abduction” as defined in Chapter 1. It reconstructs the myth by outlining the stages of Helen's life—her birth, her childhood, and so forth—and of episodes, which contain scenes of relatively independent actions, such as her abduction. Besides the events of Helen's life, the chapter also discusses the men most closely connected to her story, above all Menelaus and Paris. In addition, this chapter takes account of variants, recording and discussing them as they bear on the outline of Helen's life story. For this purpose, the chapter is guided by the principle that what is latest in the history of the sources may be earliest in the history of the myth.Less
This chapter turns to a comparison of the myth of Helen with “Abduction” as defined in Chapter 1. It reconstructs the myth by outlining the stages of Helen's life—her birth, her childhood, and so forth—and of episodes, which contain scenes of relatively independent actions, such as her abduction. Besides the events of Helen's life, the chapter also discusses the men most closely connected to her story, above all Menelaus and Paris. In addition, this chapter takes account of variants, recording and discussing them as they bear on the outline of Helen's life story. For this purpose, the chapter is guided by the principle that what is latest in the history of the sources may be earliest in the history of the myth.
Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199290451
- eISBN:
- 9780191710490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290451.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In early modern France, the origins of laws controlling marriage and sexuality were formulated in contingent political contexts whose implications for state building are ambiguous. Moreover, royal ...
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In early modern France, the origins of laws controlling marriage and sexuality were formulated in contingent political contexts whose implications for state building are ambiguous. Moreover, royal edicts themselves could only influence behaviour so far. In practice, affective relationships between the sexes and the generations continued to be shaped largely by customary law and kinship solidarities. Family breakdown was a pressing problem for early modern people, leading to violence, political disorder, and feuds that had to be faced with inadequate resources. Finally, patriarchy, like all hierarchical relationships, brought with it duties and responsibilities, as well as power. This chapter discusses the politics of marriage in early modern France, along with vindicatory violence arising from elopement and abduction of women, women's role in the dispute process, women's weapons for revenge, and duelling as a display of sexual prowess and avenging of a woman's honour.Less
In early modern France, the origins of laws controlling marriage and sexuality were formulated in contingent political contexts whose implications for state building are ambiguous. Moreover, royal edicts themselves could only influence behaviour so far. In practice, affective relationships between the sexes and the generations continued to be shaped largely by customary law and kinship solidarities. Family breakdown was a pressing problem for early modern people, leading to violence, political disorder, and feuds that had to be faced with inadequate resources. Finally, patriarchy, like all hierarchical relationships, brought with it duties and responsibilities, as well as power. This chapter discusses the politics of marriage in early modern France, along with vindicatory violence arising from elopement and abduction of women, women's role in the dispute process, women's weapons for revenge, and duelling as a display of sexual prowess and avenging of a woman's honour.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This introductory chapter begins with a description of a crime solved in the summer of 1879 to shed some light on the importance of theory in social science. The victim of the crime, and also the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a description of a crime solved in the summer of 1879 to shed some light on the importance of theory in social science. The victim of the crime, and also the person who solved it, was philosopher and scientist Charles S. Peirce. In a letter to his friend, he described what had happened as an instance of the “theory why it is so that people so often guess right.” Guessing, in Peirce's view, plays a crucial role in scientific research. It is precisely through guessing that the most important part of the scientific analysis is produced—namely, the explanation. The term that Peirce most often used in his work for the guess of a hypothesis is abduction. Human beings, as he saw it, are endowed by nature with a capacity to come up with explanations. They have a “faculty of guessing,” without which science would not be possible in the first place.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a description of a crime solved in the summer of 1879 to shed some light on the importance of theory in social science. The victim of the crime, and also the person who solved it, was philosopher and scientist Charles S. Peirce. In a letter to his friend, he described what had happened as an instance of the “theory why it is so that people so often guess right.” Guessing, in Peirce's view, plays a crucial role in scientific research. It is precisely through guessing that the most important part of the scientific analysis is produced—namely, the explanation. The term that Peirce most often used in his work for the guess of a hypothesis is abduction. Human beings, as he saw it, are endowed by nature with a capacity to come up with explanations. They have a “faculty of guessing,” without which science would not be possible in the first place.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter explores various ways of coming up with an explanation. These include Charles S. Peirce's notion of abduction, or his theory of how to come up with an explanation from the practical ...
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This chapter explores various ways of coming up with an explanation. These include Charles S. Peirce's notion of abduction, or his theory of how to come up with an explanation from the practical perspective of the scientist. Another is colligation, a term coined by William Whewell which means linking facts together in a new way when one makes a discovery. In Peirce's work, one can also find the term retroduction, a word which reminds that to explain a phenomenon means to look at what comes before the phenomenon. Hypothesis is another term that Peirce used in this context. It emphasizes that an abduction is just a suggestion for an explanation, and that the explanation has to be tested against facts before it can acquire scientific value. Finally, guessing indicates that the scientist does not know how to proceed when he or she is looking for an explanation, but must somehow do so anyway.Less
This chapter explores various ways of coming up with an explanation. These include Charles S. Peirce's notion of abduction, or his theory of how to come up with an explanation from the practical perspective of the scientist. Another is colligation, a term coined by William Whewell which means linking facts together in a new way when one makes a discovery. In Peirce's work, one can also find the term retroduction, a word which reminds that to explain a phenomenon means to look at what comes before the phenomenon. Hypothesis is another term that Peirce used in this context. It emphasizes that an abduction is just a suggestion for an explanation, and that the explanation has to be tested against facts before it can acquire scientific value. Finally, guessing indicates that the scientist does not know how to proceed when he or she is looking for an explanation, but must somehow do so anyway.
Paul Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199250219
- eISBN:
- 9780191719547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250219.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In the late 1930s, splits within Russian military organizations widened. For instance, a bitter dispute opened up between the NSNP (now renamed the NTSNP) and ROVS over the subject of the Inner Line, ...
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In the late 1930s, splits within Russian military organizations widened. For instance, a bitter dispute opened up between the NSNP (now renamed the NTSNP) and ROVS over the subject of the Inner Line, and in Bulgaria another dispute erupted between ROVS and the émigré journalists Boris and Ivan Solonevich. The abduction of General Miller in 1937 added fuel to the fire once it emerged that General Skoblin was a Soviet agent, revealing that the Soviets had penetrated almost to the top of émigré organizations. Mutual accusations mounted and paranoia steamed out of control. ROVS's reputation never recovered.Less
In the late 1930s, splits within Russian military organizations widened. For instance, a bitter dispute opened up between the NSNP (now renamed the NTSNP) and ROVS over the subject of the Inner Line, and in Bulgaria another dispute erupted between ROVS and the émigré journalists Boris and Ivan Solonevich. The abduction of General Miller in 1937 added fuel to the fire once it emerged that General Skoblin was a Soviet agent, revealing that the Soviets had penetrated almost to the top of émigré organizations. Mutual accusations mounted and paranoia steamed out of control. ROVS's reputation never recovered.
Phillip Wiebe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195140125
- eISBN:
- 9780199835492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140125.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter, central to this book, elaborates on the theory of spirits that has been advanced to explain numerous kinds of phenomena, a few of which were sampled in the first two chapters. The ...
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This chapter, central to this book, elaborates on the theory of spirits that has been advanced to explain numerous kinds of phenomena, a few of which were sampled in the first two chapters. The importance of abductive argument in advancing the existence of unobservable beings or objects, as opposed to deductive and probabilistic reasoning, is defended. The theory of spirits is construed as empiricist in character, whose descriptions are sometimes theory-laden and whose postulated beings are contextually defined primarily by the causal roles these postulated beings play in the theory. The view of physical objects advanced by phenomenalism, such as that found in many logical positivists, is examined, with a view to explaining how it illuminates challenges that beset an empirical approach to religion. The boundary of naturalism is discussed, especially inasmuch as the spirits postulated to exist in religion are definable by their causal links to phenomena or objects that are unquestionable naturalistic.Less
This chapter, central to this book, elaborates on the theory of spirits that has been advanced to explain numerous kinds of phenomena, a few of which were sampled in the first two chapters. The importance of abductive argument in advancing the existence of unobservable beings or objects, as opposed to deductive and probabilistic reasoning, is defended. The theory of spirits is construed as empiricist in character, whose descriptions are sometimes theory-laden and whose postulated beings are contextually defined primarily by the causal roles these postulated beings play in the theory. The view of physical objects advanced by phenomenalism, such as that found in many logical positivists, is examined, with a view to explaining how it illuminates challenges that beset an empirical approach to religion. The boundary of naturalism is discussed, especially inasmuch as the spirits postulated to exist in religion are definable by their causal links to phenomena or objects that are unquestionable naturalistic.
Magdalena Forowicz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592678
- eISBN:
- 9780191595646
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592678.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the ...
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This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Labour Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour in the case law of the Strasbourg bodies. The receptiveness of to international child rights law in the Strasbourg case law was impressive. The ECHR contains few specific references to child rights, and its general provisions needed to be adapted in order to meet the changing international standards. While Contracting States have an important margin of appreciation in family law and juvenile justice, this did not prevent the Court from referring and applying international child rights law. A different trend is apparent, however, in relation the sexual abuse and forced labour of children, where the Court relied on older or less specific international instruments.Less
This chapter discusses the reception of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Labour Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour in the case law of the Strasbourg bodies. The receptiveness of to international child rights law in the Strasbourg case law was impressive. The ECHR contains few specific references to child rights, and its general provisions needed to be adapted in order to meet the changing international standards. While Contracting States have an important margin of appreciation in family law and juvenile justice, this did not prevent the Court from referring and applying international child rights law. A different trend is apparent, however, in relation the sexual abuse and forced labour of children, where the Court relied on older or less specific international instruments.
Noam Lubell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584840
- eISBN:
- 9780191594540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584840.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter questions whether extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors might, in certain conditions, not be a breach of international law, even if taken outside the framework of ...
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This chapter questions whether extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors might, in certain conditions, not be a breach of international law, even if taken outside the framework of self-defence. The concepts of countermeasures, necessity, hot pursuit, and piracy are examined. In addition, there is an analysis of the possibility of alternative paradigms or interpretations that might be claimed to allow for use of force other than in self-defence, such as ‘extraterritorial law enforcement’.Less
This chapter questions whether extraterritorial use of force against non-state actors might, in certain conditions, not be a breach of international law, even if taken outside the framework of self-defence. The concepts of countermeasures, necessity, hot pursuit, and piracy are examined. In addition, there is an analysis of the possibility of alternative paradigms or interpretations that might be claimed to allow for use of force other than in self-defence, such as ‘extraterritorial law enforcement’.
Noam Lubell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584840
- eISBN:
- 9780191594540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584840.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter examines the human rights primarily affected by extraterritorial force against non-state actors. Extraterritorial forcible measures used by states against individuals often include state ...
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This chapter examines the human rights primarily affected by extraterritorial force against non-state actors. Extraterritorial forcible measures used by states against individuals often include state agents (acting outside their own sovereign territory) being responsible for one or more of: lethal or potentially lethal force, ill-treatment of persons in their custody, abduction, and deprivation of liberty. These are examined in turn, as is the possibility of restricting or derogating from these rights.Less
This chapter examines the human rights primarily affected by extraterritorial force against non-state actors. Extraterritorial forcible measures used by states against individuals often include state agents (acting outside their own sovereign territory) being responsible for one or more of: lethal or potentially lethal force, ill-treatment of persons in their custody, abduction, and deprivation of liberty. These are examined in turn, as is the possibility of restricting or derogating from these rights.
Noam Lubell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584840
- eISBN:
- 9780191594540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584840.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter provides detailed analysis of the question of whether states are bound by human rights law when acting outside their borders. The background and objective of the International Covenant ...
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This chapter provides detailed analysis of the question of whether states are bound by human rights law when acting outside their borders. The background and objective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are examined, as is the concept of jurisdiction in the context of human rights treaties and cases of human rights bodies. The different types of actions by a state are examined in this context, including acts of diplomatic and consular agents, detention, and authority or control outside formally acknowledged detention facilities. The chapter raises the possibility of a contextual approach to obligations, and of non treaty-based extraterritorial human rights obligations.Less
This chapter provides detailed analysis of the question of whether states are bound by human rights law when acting outside their borders. The background and objective of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are examined, as is the concept of jurisdiction in the context of human rights treaties and cases of human rights bodies. The different types of actions by a state are examined in this context, including acts of diplomatic and consular agents, detention, and authority or control outside formally acknowledged detention facilities. The chapter raises the possibility of a contextual approach to obligations, and of non treaty-based extraterritorial human rights obligations.
Christopher Hookway
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199588381
- eISBN:
- 9780191745089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588381.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Peirce often claimed that the conclusion of an abductive inference is often or usually in the interrogative mood. ‘Abduction’ is used by some scholars to refer to inference to the best explanation. ...
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Peirce often claimed that the conclusion of an abductive inference is often or usually in the interrogative mood. ‘Abduction’ is used by some scholars to refer to inference to the best explanation. Peirce’s usage treats inference to the best explanation as a complex process which involves induction and deduction as well as abduction. Abduction itself is a procedure for identifying hypotheses that are worthy of further investigation. Peirce often argues that the conclusion of an abductive inference is, thus, an interrogative, identifying the question that we should investigate. This chapter explains why Peirce held this view, putting it in the context of his views about the method of science. The chapter also explains how it is that, in some circumstances, abductive inferences lead to certain belief rather than just identifying hypotheses for further investigationLess
Peirce often claimed that the conclusion of an abductive inference is often or usually in the interrogative mood. ‘Abduction’ is used by some scholars to refer to inference to the best explanation. Peirce’s usage treats inference to the best explanation as a complex process which involves induction and deduction as well as abduction. Abduction itself is a procedure for identifying hypotheses that are worthy of further investigation. Peirce often argues that the conclusion of an abductive inference is, thus, an interrogative, identifying the question that we should investigate. This chapter explains why Peirce held this view, putting it in the context of his views about the method of science. The chapter also explains how it is that, in some circumstances, abductive inferences lead to certain belief rather than just identifying hypotheses for further investigation
O.P. Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter talks about crime against women and juveniles, which have taken different forms with the changing socio-economic scenario in Delhi. The chapter lists the broad categories for classifying ...
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This chapter talks about crime against women and juveniles, which have taken different forms with the changing socio-economic scenario in Delhi. The chapter lists the broad categories for classifying such types of crimes. Some of the categories are discussed in the following sections. The first is on dowry deaths, where newlywed girls are either murdered or subjected to situations that would ultimately push them to commit suicide. The second is on rape, where an analysis of case studies of rape cases that were registered in Delhi is provided. The third is on kidnapping/abduction of women and girls, for the main purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. The case study on this type of crime is based on interviews of the women and girls who were rescued from brothels. A quick rundown of the rescue operations for sex trafficking is presented. A discussion of juveniles is included.Less
This chapter talks about crime against women and juveniles, which have taken different forms with the changing socio-economic scenario in Delhi. The chapter lists the broad categories for classifying such types of crimes. Some of the categories are discussed in the following sections. The first is on dowry deaths, where newlywed girls are either murdered or subjected to situations that would ultimately push them to commit suicide. The second is on rape, where an analysis of case studies of rape cases that were registered in Delhi is provided. The third is on kidnapping/abduction of women and girls, for the main purpose of commercial sexual exploitation. The case study on this type of crime is based on interviews of the women and girls who were rescued from brothels. A quick rundown of the rescue operations for sex trafficking is presented. A discussion of juveniles is included.
Brian D. Haig
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027366
- eISBN:
- 9780262322379
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027366.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This book constructs a broad theory of scientific method, which speaks to the conduct of psychological research. This abductive theory of method (ATOM) portrays research as a bottom-up process ...
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This book constructs a broad theory of scientific method, which speaks to the conduct of psychological research. This abductive theory of method (ATOM) portrays research as a bottom-up process comprising two broad phases: the detection of empirical phenomena, and the construction of explanatory theories in order to explain claims about the phenomena. ATOM functions as a broad framework theory within which a variety of more specific research methods can be located and employed. A coherent treatment of those methods is enhanced by placing them within the framework of ATOM. A subsidiary focus of this book is a concern with science education in relation to behavioral research methods. Constructive proposals are made for reforming the research methods curriculum.Less
This book constructs a broad theory of scientific method, which speaks to the conduct of psychological research. This abductive theory of method (ATOM) portrays research as a bottom-up process comprising two broad phases: the detection of empirical phenomena, and the construction of explanatory theories in order to explain claims about the phenomena. ATOM functions as a broad framework theory within which a variety of more specific research methods can be located and employed. A coherent treatment of those methods is enhanced by placing them within the framework of ATOM. A subsidiary focus of this book is a concern with science education in relation to behavioral research methods. Constructive proposals are made for reforming the research methods curriculum.
Michael Devitt
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280803
- eISBN:
- 9780191723254
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280803.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This chapter argues for scientific realism. Scientific realism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine about the existence and nature of the unobservables of science. There are good explanationist ...
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This chapter argues for scientific realism. Scientific realism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine about the existence and nature of the unobservables of science. There are good explanationist arguments for realism, most famously that from the success of science, provided abduction is allowed. Abduction seems to be on an equal footing, at least, with other ampliative methods of inference. One argument against realism is the argument from underdetermination. It starts from the claim that any theory faces many empirically equivalent rivals. Once we note the role of auxiliary hypotheses in testing theories, and our ability to create evidence in novel experiments, the argument collapses. Another argument against realism is the pessimistic meta-induction argument. The key defense against this is that, over recent centuries, methodological changes have greatly improved our capacity to understand the unobservable world.Less
This chapter argues for scientific realism. Scientific realism is primarily a metaphysical doctrine about the existence and nature of the unobservables of science. There are good explanationist arguments for realism, most famously that from the success of science, provided abduction is allowed. Abduction seems to be on an equal footing, at least, with other ampliative methods of inference. One argument against realism is the argument from underdetermination. It starts from the claim that any theory faces many empirically equivalent rivals. Once we note the role of auxiliary hypotheses in testing theories, and our ability to create evidence in novel experiments, the argument collapses. Another argument against realism is the pessimistic meta-induction argument. The key defense against this is that, over recent centuries, methodological changes have greatly improved our capacity to understand the unobservable world.
Urvashi Butalia
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199249503
- eISBN:
- 9780191697821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249503.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter focuses on the fate of raped and abducted women in India. It discusses how this ‘shameful’ chapter in India's history provided one of the first challenges to the Constitution of the new ...
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This chapter focuses on the fate of raped and abducted women in India. It discusses how this ‘shameful’ chapter in India's history provided one of the first challenges to the Constitution of the new nation-state on what is perhaps the most important question to face any newly forming nation — the basis of citizenship. Were women in the new Indian state fully fledged citizens? Were they ‘direct’ citizens, or was citizenship mediated for them through their men and their families? What was the fate of women who did not fit the norm? How, in the wake of decolonization and independent self-government, did the fledgling state deal with such questions?Less
This chapter focuses on the fate of raped and abducted women in India. It discusses how this ‘shameful’ chapter in India's history provided one of the first challenges to the Constitution of the new nation-state on what is perhaps the most important question to face any newly forming nation — the basis of citizenship. Were women in the new Indian state fully fledged citizens? Were they ‘direct’ citizens, or was citizenship mediated for them through their men and their families? What was the fate of women who did not fit the norm? How, in the wake of decolonization and independent self-government, did the fledgling state deal with such questions?
