Thomas Albert Howard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199266852
- eISBN:
- 9780191604188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266859.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the University of Berlin (1810), its early years of operation, and this institution’s implications for the future of theological instruction and ...
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This chapter focuses on the establishment of the University of Berlin (1810), its early years of operation, and this institution’s implications for the future of theological instruction and scholarship. One feature that distinguishes Berlin’s founding from those of older universities was the energetic outpouring of theoretical treatises on higher education that preceded the actual event. Together, these writings provide a remarkable window onto a variety of intellectual trends and cultural realities of the time; they also bear witness to an acute sense of modernity, an idealist and post-revolutionary sense that ‘the human spirit’ possessed an entirely new range of individual and institutional possibilities. The analysis of these documents concentrates on the question of what role the theological faculty was to play in the new university. Should it be drastically reduced or even eliminated, as some suggested, or should it be given a new academic lease so long as it could demonstrate an ability to adapt to the post-1789 world order and the new scholarly demands of Wissenschaft?Less
This chapter focuses on the establishment of the University of Berlin (1810), its early years of operation, and this institution’s implications for the future of theological instruction and scholarship. One feature that distinguishes Berlin’s founding from those of older universities was the energetic outpouring of theoretical treatises on higher education that preceded the actual event. Together, these writings provide a remarkable window onto a variety of intellectual trends and cultural realities of the time; they also bear witness to an acute sense of modernity, an idealist and post-revolutionary sense that ‘the human spirit’ possessed an entirely new range of individual and institutional possibilities. The analysis of these documents concentrates on the question of what role the theological faculty was to play in the new university. Should it be drastically reduced or even eliminated, as some suggested, or should it be given a new academic lease so long as it could demonstrate an ability to adapt to the post-1789 world order and the new scholarly demands of Wissenschaft?
James Herbert
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264294
- eISBN:
- 9780191734335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264294.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Education
This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed ...
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This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed Chairman, Follet made a commitment to create new partners and allies of AHRB. Its ultimate goal was to bring together all areas which systematically create and shape knowledge or a ‘Wissenschaft’. During 2000–2001, the Council for Science and Technology (CST) led by Cambridge historian Emma Rothschild considered what bearing the arts and humanities might have on the strategies of sciences. In July 2001, the CST presented a report to the Prime Minister and other government leaders. This report, Imagination and Understanding: A Report on the Arts and Humanities in relation to Science and Technology found out that arts and humanities are an outstanding part of UK research, contributing in several ways to the nation's prosperity and well-being. In February 2001, the CST formed the first Quinquennial Review and in December 2001, the Quinquennial Review recommended the creation of the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Strategy Group which required Research Councils to work in partnership with other Councils including stakeholders. With this new policy, the AHRB worked and forged partnerships with Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Foundation for Science and Technology (FST), European Science Foundation (ESF).Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of new partners and alliances of the AHRB. In 2000, Brian Follet was appointed as the Chairman of the Arts and Humanities Research Board (AHRB). As the appointed Chairman, Follet made a commitment to create new partners and allies of AHRB. Its ultimate goal was to bring together all areas which systematically create and shape knowledge or a ‘Wissenschaft’. During 2000–2001, the Council for Science and Technology (CST) led by Cambridge historian Emma Rothschild considered what bearing the arts and humanities might have on the strategies of sciences. In July 2001, the CST presented a report to the Prime Minister and other government leaders. This report, Imagination and Understanding: A Report on the Arts and Humanities in relation to Science and Technology found out that arts and humanities are an outstanding part of UK research, contributing in several ways to the nation's prosperity and well-being. In February 2001, the CST formed the first Quinquennial Review and in December 2001, the Quinquennial Review recommended the creation of the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Strategy Group which required Research Councils to work in partnership with other Councils including stakeholders. With this new policy, the AHRB worked and forged partnerships with Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS), Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Foundation for Science and Technology (FST), European Science Foundation (ESF).
Jos C.N Raadschelders
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693894
- eISBN:
- 9780191731877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693894.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management
Within the three branches of knowledge (natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities), public administration fits best among the social sciences. In this chapter, various examples of mapping ...
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Within the three branches of knowledge (natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities), public administration fits best among the social sciences. In this chapter, various examples of mapping knowledge at large are discussed with attention for relevance to public administration. When scholars of public administration criticize the study for, among other things, lack of rigor, they do so on the basis of an inappropriate comparison to the nature of the natural sciences. A significant portion of this chapter is devoted to outlining the differences between the natural sciences on the one hand and the social sciences and humanities on the other. Public administration is presented as an umbrella discipline for the study and understanding of government.Less
Within the three branches of knowledge (natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities), public administration fits best among the social sciences. In this chapter, various examples of mapping knowledge at large are discussed with attention for relevance to public administration. When scholars of public administration criticize the study for, among other things, lack of rigor, they do so on the basis of an inappropriate comparison to the nature of the natural sciences. A significant portion of this chapter is devoted to outlining the differences between the natural sciences on the one hand and the social sciences and humanities on the other. Public administration is presented as an umbrella discipline for the study and understanding of government.
Mike Higton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199643929
- eISBN:
- 9780191738845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643929.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religion and Society
This chapter, on the University of Berlin, argues that the Wissenschaftsideologie that surrounded the new university’s creation was, in part, an attempted repair of the broken and disputatious world ...
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This chapter, on the University of Berlin, argues that the Wissenschaftsideologie that surrounded the new university’s creation was, in part, an attempted repair of the broken and disputatious world of Christian learning. That is, the Romantic theorists Wissenschaft appropriated a tradition-specific Christian vision of free, peaceable exchange (the economy of gift and reception in the Body of Christ) and sought to remake the whole world of learning on the basis of that vision. That remaking required, however, that they revise or abandon anything that could not be made to fit with the proper freedom of such peaceable exchange, including the heteronomous commitment of learners to particular traditions of religious thought and practice. The account they provided of the university – indeed, the account they provided of reason itself – was therefore inescapably both theological and anti-theological.Less
This chapter, on the University of Berlin, argues that the Wissenschaftsideologie that surrounded the new university’s creation was, in part, an attempted repair of the broken and disputatious world of Christian learning. That is, the Romantic theorists Wissenschaft appropriated a tradition-specific Christian vision of free, peaceable exchange (the economy of gift and reception in the Body of Christ) and sought to remake the whole world of learning on the basis of that vision. That remaking required, however, that they revise or abandon anything that could not be made to fit with the proper freedom of such peaceable exchange, including the heteronomous commitment of learners to particular traditions of religious thought and practice. The account they provided of the university – indeed, the account they provided of reason itself – was therefore inescapably both theological and anti-theological.
Zachary Purvis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198783381
- eISBN:
- 9780191826306
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783381.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
The modern university and modern Christian theology both spring from the same headwaters: the German university of the nineteenth century. This book examines the dual transformation of institutions ...
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The modern university and modern Christian theology both spring from the same headwaters: the German university of the nineteenth century. This book examines the dual transformation of institutions and ideas that led to the emergence of theology as science, the paradigmatic project of modern theology associated with Friedrich Schleiermacher. Beginning with earlier educational reforms across central Europe and especially following the upheavals of the Napoleonic period, an impressive list of provocateurs, iconoclasts, and guardians of the old faith all confronted the nature of the university, the organization of knowledge, and the unity of theology’s various parts, quandaries which together bore the collective name of ‘theological encyclopedia’. Schleiermacher’s remarkably influential programme pioneered the structure and content of the theological curriculum and laid the groundwork for theology’s historicization, which is here investigated comprehensively for the first time through the era’s two predominant schools: speculative theology and mediating theology. Ultimately, the endeavour collapsed in the context of Wilhelmine Germany and the Weimar Republic, beset by the rise of religious studies, radical disciplinary specialization, a crisis of historicism, and the attacks of dialectical theology. In short, the project represented university theology par excellence. Engaging in detail with these developments, the book weaves the story of modern university theology into the broader tapestry of German and European intellectual culture, with periodic comparisons to other national contexts. In doing so, Zachary Purvis presents a substantially new way to understand the relationship between theology and the university, both in nineteenth-century Germany and, indeed, beyond.Less
The modern university and modern Christian theology both spring from the same headwaters: the German university of the nineteenth century. This book examines the dual transformation of institutions and ideas that led to the emergence of theology as science, the paradigmatic project of modern theology associated with Friedrich Schleiermacher. Beginning with earlier educational reforms across central Europe and especially following the upheavals of the Napoleonic period, an impressive list of provocateurs, iconoclasts, and guardians of the old faith all confronted the nature of the university, the organization of knowledge, and the unity of theology’s various parts, quandaries which together bore the collective name of ‘theological encyclopedia’. Schleiermacher’s remarkably influential programme pioneered the structure and content of the theological curriculum and laid the groundwork for theology’s historicization, which is here investigated comprehensively for the first time through the era’s two predominant schools: speculative theology and mediating theology. Ultimately, the endeavour collapsed in the context of Wilhelmine Germany and the Weimar Republic, beset by the rise of religious studies, radical disciplinary specialization, a crisis of historicism, and the attacks of dialectical theology. In short, the project represented university theology par excellence. Engaging in detail with these developments, the book weaves the story of modern university theology into the broader tapestry of German and European intellectual culture, with periodic comparisons to other national contexts. In doing so, Zachary Purvis presents a substantially new way to understand the relationship between theology and the university, both in nineteenth-century Germany and, indeed, beyond.
Hermann Levin Goldschmidt
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823228263
- eISBN:
- 9780823237142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823228263.003.0018
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses the scientific perspective and legacy of German Jewry. Despite the banning of Jewish academics, the Wissenschaft des Judentums continued its work alongside Jewish scholars who ...
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This chapter discusses the scientific perspective and legacy of German Jewry. Despite the banning of Jewish academics, the Wissenschaft des Judentums continued its work alongside Jewish scholars who pursued extra-Jewish ends to promote an awareness of Jewish existence, its active research work and contribution to intellectual history as a whole. The penultimate step in the process of returning Jewish self-awareness was the establishment of Judaism as a field of academic study.Less
This chapter discusses the scientific perspective and legacy of German Jewry. Despite the banning of Jewish academics, the Wissenschaft des Judentums continued its work alongside Jewish scholars who pursued extra-Jewish ends to promote an awareness of Jewish existence, its active research work and contribution to intellectual history as a whole. The penultimate step in the process of returning Jewish self-awareness was the establishment of Judaism as a field of academic study.
Johannes Zachhuber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199641918
- eISBN:
- 9780191752490
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641918.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
The book describes the origin, development, and crisis of the German nineteenth-century project of theology as science. Its narrative is focused on the two predominant theological schools during this ...
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The book describes the origin, development, and crisis of the German nineteenth-century project of theology as science. Its narrative is focused on the two predominant theological schools during this period, the Tübingen School and the Ritschl School. Their work emerges as a grand attempt to synthesize historical and systematic theology within the twin paradigms of historicism and German Idealism. Engaging in detail with the theological, historical, and philosophical scholarship of the story’s protagonists (F. C. Baur, D. Strauss, E. Zeller, A. Ritschl), the author reconstructs as its basis a deep belief in the eventual unity of human knowledge. This idealism clashes however with the historicist principles underlying much of their actual research. This tension runs through the entire period and ultimately leads to the disintegration of the project at the end of the century. Drawing on a wealth of primary sources, many of which have never been used in English-speaking scholarship before, the author embeds the essentially theological story he presents within broader intellectual developments in nineteenth-century Germany. In spite of its eventual failure, the project of theology as science in nineteenth-century Germany is here described as a paradigmatic intellectual endeavour of European modernity with far-reaching significance beyond the confines of a single academic discipline.Less
The book describes the origin, development, and crisis of the German nineteenth-century project of theology as science. Its narrative is focused on the two predominant theological schools during this period, the Tübingen School and the Ritschl School. Their work emerges as a grand attempt to synthesize historical and systematic theology within the twin paradigms of historicism and German Idealism. Engaging in detail with the theological, historical, and philosophical scholarship of the story’s protagonists (F. C. Baur, D. Strauss, E. Zeller, A. Ritschl), the author reconstructs as its basis a deep belief in the eventual unity of human knowledge. This idealism clashes however with the historicist principles underlying much of their actual research. This tension runs through the entire period and ultimately leads to the disintegration of the project at the end of the century. Drawing on a wealth of primary sources, many of which have never been used in English-speaking scholarship before, the author embeds the essentially theological story he presents within broader intellectual developments in nineteenth-century Germany. In spite of its eventual failure, the project of theology as science in nineteenth-century Germany is here described as a paradigmatic intellectual endeavour of European modernity with far-reaching significance beyond the confines of a single academic discipline.
Jay Geller
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780823275595
- eISBN:
- 9780823277148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823275595.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
This chapter examines the possible connections between the staging of cat-mouse and cat-rat pairings by Franz Kafka and Heinrich Heine, on the one hand, and the asymmetrical and often violent power ...
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This chapter examines the possible connections between the staging of cat-mouse and cat-rat pairings by Franz Kafka and Heinrich Heine, on the one hand, and the asymmetrical and often violent power relations between Gentiles and Jews, on the other. It first, by means of a deconstruction of Michael Schmidt’s new-historicist article on Kafka’s “Little Fable,” interpellates Kafka’s posthumously published piece into a number of intertextual (including his letters to Milena Jesenská and the fragment “The Giant Mole”) and extratextual networks in order to suggest linkages between it and his situation as a Jew in Germanophone Central Europe in the early twentieth century. It then situates a late (c. 1852–55), also posthumously published, poem by Heine, “From the Age of Pigtails,” that he labeled a “fable” over and against the Jews’ acquisition and subsequent partial loss of civil rights in the first quarter of the nineteenth century as well as in relation to the tragic fate of Ludwig Marcus that accompanied the rise and fall of the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden. Bridging these two analyses is a discussion of the swarm of “Rat-” phonemes and morphemes that plagued Freud’s “Rat Man” case study and notes.Less
This chapter examines the possible connections between the staging of cat-mouse and cat-rat pairings by Franz Kafka and Heinrich Heine, on the one hand, and the asymmetrical and often violent power relations between Gentiles and Jews, on the other. It first, by means of a deconstruction of Michael Schmidt’s new-historicist article on Kafka’s “Little Fable,” interpellates Kafka’s posthumously published piece into a number of intertextual (including his letters to Milena Jesenská and the fragment “The Giant Mole”) and extratextual networks in order to suggest linkages between it and his situation as a Jew in Germanophone Central Europe in the early twentieth century. It then situates a late (c. 1852–55), also posthumously published, poem by Heine, “From the Age of Pigtails,” that he labeled a “fable” over and against the Jews’ acquisition and subsequent partial loss of civil rights in the first quarter of the nineteenth century as well as in relation to the tragic fate of Ludwig Marcus that accompanied the rise and fall of the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden. Bridging these two analyses is a discussion of the swarm of “Rat-” phonemes and morphemes that plagued Freud’s “Rat Man” case study and notes.
Abigail Gillman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226477695
- eISBN:
- 9780226477862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226477862.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The Bible translations of the second wave appeared in rapid succession in 1831, 1837, 1838, and 1841. They shared an underlying purpose: to provide an alternative to Mendelssohn’s Be’ur, and to be at ...
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The Bible translations of the second wave appeared in rapid succession in 1831, 1837, 1838, and 1841. They shared an underlying purpose: to provide an alternative to Mendelssohn’s Be’ur, and to be at once literal, scholarly, and popular. These translators were rabbis and university-trained scholars. Each paid homage to Mendelssohn while devising new forms of translation for a new generation of German-speaking Jews in the throes of social emancipation and religious reform. Johlson, a teacher and textbook author, and Zunz, a pioneering scholar of Jewish history and literature, introduced Hebraic sound and syntax into the translation. Johlson’s Five Books of Moses included terse footnotes to open up the nuances of the Hebrew for his readers. The Zunz Bible, a collaborative effort with Sachs, Arnheim, and Fürst, hebraized names and restored the conjunction und to mimic the paratactic rhythm of biblical syntax. Salomon’s People’s and School Bible was designed to appeal to a popular audience; Salomon Herxheimer’s Twenty-four Books broke new ground by appealing to Christian and Jewish readers and incorporating edifying homilies into its commentary. The differences among these four translations illuminate various paths that emerged from the Haskalah in the early nineteenth century.Less
The Bible translations of the second wave appeared in rapid succession in 1831, 1837, 1838, and 1841. They shared an underlying purpose: to provide an alternative to Mendelssohn’s Be’ur, and to be at once literal, scholarly, and popular. These translators were rabbis and university-trained scholars. Each paid homage to Mendelssohn while devising new forms of translation for a new generation of German-speaking Jews in the throes of social emancipation and religious reform. Johlson, a teacher and textbook author, and Zunz, a pioneering scholar of Jewish history and literature, introduced Hebraic sound and syntax into the translation. Johlson’s Five Books of Moses included terse footnotes to open up the nuances of the Hebrew for his readers. The Zunz Bible, a collaborative effort with Sachs, Arnheim, and Fürst, hebraized names and restored the conjunction und to mimic the paratactic rhythm of biblical syntax. Salomon’s People’s and School Bible was designed to appeal to a popular audience; Salomon Herxheimer’s Twenty-four Books broke new ground by appealing to Christian and Jewish readers and incorporating edifying homilies into its commentary. The differences among these four translations illuminate various paths that emerged from the Haskalah in the early nineteenth century.
Johannes Zachhuber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199641918
- eISBN:
- 9780191752490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641918.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
In the brief conclusion it is argued that the situation emerging at the end of the nineteenth century became paradigmatic for much of twentieth-century debate. Especially the greater divide ...
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In the brief conclusion it is argued that the situation emerging at the end of the nineteenth century became paradigmatic for much of twentieth-century debate. Especially the greater divide separating theological from non-theological study of religion is explained as resulting from the breakup of the idealist programme that had driven much of theological research throughout the nineteenth century. This does not, however, mean that the issues raised in those earlier debates are now of merely historical interest. The text ends by suggesting that reception history might today be the most promising framework for a renewed appreciation of historical theology.Less
In the brief conclusion it is argued that the situation emerging at the end of the nineteenth century became paradigmatic for much of twentieth-century debate. Especially the greater divide separating theological from non-theological study of religion is explained as resulting from the breakup of the idealist programme that had driven much of theological research throughout the nineteenth century. This does not, however, mean that the issues raised in those earlier debates are now of merely historical interest. The text ends by suggesting that reception history might today be the most promising framework for a renewed appreciation of historical theology.
Sander Gliboff
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262072939
- eISBN:
- 9780262273923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262072939.003.0030
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Heinrich Georg Bronn developed his approach to the history of life in Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur (Handbook of a history of nature) in the 1840s, as well as in the mature reformulation of his ...
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Heinrich Georg Bronn developed his approach to the history of life in Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur (Handbook of a history of nature) in the 1840s, as well as in the mature reformulation of his theories in 1858. This approach adhered to the ideals of Wissenschaft that Bronn had been developing throughout his career. Bronn was also searching for multiple and preferably quantifiable measures of progress and perfection that he could use in paleontology. This chapter examines Bronn’s intellectual commitments in order to explain his interpretation of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species and the issues he raised in response to it. It first considers Bronn’s views on the principle of adaptation and the external causes of change before turning to his assumptions about law and order in nature, along with his experience of individuality and variation and his notion of the evolution of species. It also discusses his ideas about the laws and forces of morphology.Less
Heinrich Georg Bronn developed his approach to the history of life in Handbuch einer Geschichte der Natur (Handbook of a history of nature) in the 1840s, as well as in the mature reformulation of his theories in 1858. This approach adhered to the ideals of Wissenschaft that Bronn had been developing throughout his career. Bronn was also searching for multiple and preferably quantifiable measures of progress and perfection that he could use in paleontology. This chapter examines Bronn’s intellectual commitments in order to explain his interpretation of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species and the issues he raised in response to it. It first considers Bronn’s views on the principle of adaptation and the external causes of change before turning to his assumptions about law and order in nature, along with his experience of individuality and variation and his notion of the evolution of species. It also discusses his ideas about the laws and forces of morphology.
Jonathan Skolnik
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804786072
- eISBN:
- 9780804790598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804786072.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Jewish Studies
This chapter presents an important discovery about what is undoubtedly the best-known German-Jewish novel, Heinrich Heine's Der Rabbi von Bacherach (The Rabbi of Bacherach [1840]). Heine, who as an ...
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This chapter presents an important discovery about what is undoubtedly the best-known German-Jewish novel, Heinrich Heine's Der Rabbi von Bacherach (The Rabbi of Bacherach [1840]). Heine, who as an early member of the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, was a perceptive critic of the modernizing Jewish historians with whom he was in dialogue. Heine's text transforms a traditional mode of Jewish historical narrative (Haggadah) to posit a place for secular fiction as a modern form of cultural memory. The thematic tensions in Heine's novel (for example, the conflicts between myth and Enlightenment, and secular vs. religious identities) become productive models for many subsequent Jewish historical novels.Less
This chapter presents an important discovery about what is undoubtedly the best-known German-Jewish novel, Heinrich Heine's Der Rabbi von Bacherach (The Rabbi of Bacherach [1840]). Heine, who as an early member of the Verein für Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden, was a perceptive critic of the modernizing Jewish historians with whom he was in dialogue. Heine's text transforms a traditional mode of Jewish historical narrative (Haggadah) to posit a place for secular fiction as a modern form of cultural memory. The thematic tensions in Heine's novel (for example, the conflicts between myth and Enlightenment, and secular vs. religious identities) become productive models for many subsequent Jewish historical novels.
Johannes Zachhuber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199641918
- eISBN:
- 9780191752490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641918.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter contextualizes the specific nineteenth-century debate both within the larger question of whether and, if so, how theology is Wissenschaft (scientia; ‘science’) and within the more ...
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This chapter contextualizes the specific nineteenth-century debate both within the larger question of whether and, if so, how theology is Wissenschaft (scientia; ‘science’) and within the more specific situation arising from the mid-eighteenth century through the rise of historicism and the specific turn in philosophy of religion since Kant. It starts from a discussion of theology’s institutional context in the university and its the modern transformations; F. Schleiermacher’s contribution to this debate is specifically treated. Subsequent sections explore historicization as a general phenomenon of European culture at the turn of the nineteenth century and its effect on theology in particular as well as the specific contribution made by the rise of German Idealism.Less
This chapter contextualizes the specific nineteenth-century debate both within the larger question of whether and, if so, how theology is Wissenschaft (scientia; ‘science’) and within the more specific situation arising from the mid-eighteenth century through the rise of historicism and the specific turn in philosophy of religion since Kant. It starts from a discussion of theology’s institutional context in the university and its the modern transformations; F. Schleiermacher’s contribution to this debate is specifically treated. Subsequent sections explore historicization as a general phenomenon of European culture at the turn of the nineteenth century and its effect on theology in particular as well as the specific contribution made by the rise of German Idealism.
Johannes Zachhuber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199641918
- eISBN:
- 9780191752490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641918.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter contains an in-depth analysis of the early work of David Strauss within the context of the Tübingen School. It is argued that he radicalizes Baur’s ‘neo-rationalist’ approach of a ...
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This chapter contains an in-depth analysis of the early work of David Strauss within the context of the Tübingen School. It is argued that he radicalizes Baur’s ‘neo-rationalist’ approach of a separation of history and religious truth. This interpretation qualifies traditional claims about his ‘Hegelianism’; in fact the chapter shows that he is probably the first person to have shifted the term Wissenschaft from its idealistic use (= system of knowledge) to its alignment with the empirical and inductive methods of the natural sciences. Strauss’s own references to Hegel’s philosophy are examined in detail and it is shown that their foundation is incompatible with the principles of Idealism. The same point is argued through an examination of his theory of myth.Less
This chapter contains an in-depth analysis of the early work of David Strauss within the context of the Tübingen School. It is argued that he radicalizes Baur’s ‘neo-rationalist’ approach of a separation of history and religious truth. This interpretation qualifies traditional claims about his ‘Hegelianism’; in fact the chapter shows that he is probably the first person to have shifted the term Wissenschaft from its idealistic use (= system of knowledge) to its alignment with the empirical and inductive methods of the natural sciences. Strauss’s own references to Hegel’s philosophy are examined in detail and it is shown that their foundation is incompatible with the principles of Idealism. The same point is argued through an examination of his theory of myth.
Johannes Zachhuber
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199641918
- eISBN:
- 9780191752490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641918.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter, the first in the book’s second part, analyses Albrecht Ritschl’s understanding of theology as Wissenschaft. Ritschl’s complex relationship with his sometime teacher, F. C. Baur is then ...
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This chapter, the first in the book’s second part, analyses Albrecht Ritschl’s understanding of theology as Wissenschaft. Ritschl’s complex relationship with his sometime teacher, F. C. Baur is then explored through a full analysis of his polemical exchange with E. Zeller over the use of ‘historical method’ in theology. A final section of the chapter offers a full analysis of Ritschl’s exegetical work and his theory of Primitive Christianity, the relevance of which for his theology has rarely been observed. On the basis of a close study of Ritschl’s account of the Early Catholic Church (1857) it is shown how Ritschl, step by step, transforms the Tübingen consensus about the origins of Christianity. This transformation is couched in historical analysis, but it also and at the same time sets up an idea of early church history conducive to Ritschl’s own theology.Less
This chapter, the first in the book’s second part, analyses Albrecht Ritschl’s understanding of theology as Wissenschaft. Ritschl’s complex relationship with his sometime teacher, F. C. Baur is then explored through a full analysis of his polemical exchange with E. Zeller over the use of ‘historical method’ in theology. A final section of the chapter offers a full analysis of Ritschl’s exegetical work and his theory of Primitive Christianity, the relevance of which for his theology has rarely been observed. On the basis of a close study of Ritschl’s account of the Early Catholic Church (1857) it is shown how Ritschl, step by step, transforms the Tübingen consensus about the origins of Christianity. This transformation is couched in historical analysis, but it also and at the same time sets up an idea of early church history conducive to Ritschl’s own theology.
John H. Zammito
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226520797
- eISBN:
- 9780226520827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226520827.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Schelling’s Naturphilosophie provided a powerful theoretical support system for the innovations in physiology that established biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century. He clearly ...
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Schelling’s Naturphilosophie provided a powerful theoretical support system for the innovations in physiology that established biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century. He clearly undertook – and was taken to be undertaking – a supercession of Kant’s philosophy of science in order to open the way for the “daring adventure of reason” necessary to create an empirical science of biology as a historical-developmental understanding of life forms. This chapter demonstrates the problematic relation of Kant to empirical physiology and medicine in this period and why the latter community of inquiry turned from him to Schelling. The crucial advocacy of Henrik Steffens marks this transition. Then the chapter explores Schelling’s engagement with Brownian medicine at the Bamberg General Hospital and then the University of Würzburg, culminating in the key journal Jahrbücher der Medizin als Wissenschaft. It concludes with a consideration of Ignaz Döllinger as a key mediator between the eighteenth-century gestation of biology, culminating in its embrace of Naturphilosophie, and the early nineteenth-century figures recognized as eminently engaged in a special science of biology, like Karl Ernst von Baer.Less
Schelling’s Naturphilosophie provided a powerful theoretical support system for the innovations in physiology that established biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century. He clearly undertook – and was taken to be undertaking – a supercession of Kant’s philosophy of science in order to open the way for the “daring adventure of reason” necessary to create an empirical science of biology as a historical-developmental understanding of life forms. This chapter demonstrates the problematic relation of Kant to empirical physiology and medicine in this period and why the latter community of inquiry turned from him to Schelling. The crucial advocacy of Henrik Steffens marks this transition. Then the chapter explores Schelling’s engagement with Brownian medicine at the Bamberg General Hospital and then the University of Würzburg, culminating in the key journal Jahrbücher der Medizin als Wissenschaft. It concludes with a consideration of Ignaz Döllinger as a key mediator between the eighteenth-century gestation of biology, culminating in its embrace of Naturphilosophie, and the early nineteenth-century figures recognized as eminently engaged in a special science of biology, like Karl Ernst von Baer.
Thomas P. Kasulis
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824839673
- eISBN:
- 9780824868604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824839673.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter explores how we know the world—both natural and human—around us. It first considers the Wissenschaft paradigm of problem solving which relies on fundamental, no longer consciously ...
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This chapter explores how we know the world—both natural and human—around us. It first considers the Wissenschaft paradigm of problem solving which relies on fundamental, no longer consciously examined assumptions about the nature of relatedness. It then draws upon East Asian Buddhist sources to challenge the hegemony of this objective “scientific” model of knowledge with a holographic paradigm of knowing based on internal relations rather than external relations. It also analyzes engaged knowing in Western philosophy as well as the mosaic paradigm's role in addressing challenges to the ecology, economy, and issues of equity and justice, with particular emphasis on three affective motivations: greed, fear, and love. The chapter argues that we can replace the mosaic with the jigsaw puzzle if people from various sectors of society are willing to take risks.Less
This chapter explores how we know the world—both natural and human—around us. It first considers the Wissenschaft paradigm of problem solving which relies on fundamental, no longer consciously examined assumptions about the nature of relatedness. It then draws upon East Asian Buddhist sources to challenge the hegemony of this objective “scientific” model of knowledge with a holographic paradigm of knowing based on internal relations rather than external relations. It also analyzes engaged knowing in Western philosophy as well as the mosaic paradigm's role in addressing challenges to the ecology, economy, and issues of equity and justice, with particular emphasis on three affective motivations: greed, fear, and love. The chapter argues that we can replace the mosaic with the jigsaw puzzle if people from various sectors of society are willing to take risks.
Aaron W. Hughes
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199356812
- eISBN:
- 9780199358199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199356812.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism, Philosophy of Religion
Jewish philosophy, like any religious based philosophy, does not begin in wonder, but self-defense. The task of such a defense must, by necessity, be constructed on the wobbly ground of privilege and ...
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Jewish philosophy, like any religious based philosophy, does not begin in wonder, but self-defense. The task of such a defense must, by necessity, be constructed on the wobbly ground of privilege and denial. Upon such a shaky foundation, Jewish philosophy sets itself up as the arbiter of the good, the true, and the beautiful. That which fits and upholds this reading is emphasized, and that which embarrasses or contradicts can be neatly excised. The cost of such an enterprise is the production of a particular type of Judaism, in which we see reflected a particular set of concerns and wills to power that seek to enforce it. To explore this in greater detail, this chapter focuses on the artificiality of the terms and categories bequeathed to us by our nineteenth-century forebears, classifications that are still largely in use today.Less
Jewish philosophy, like any religious based philosophy, does not begin in wonder, but self-defense. The task of such a defense must, by necessity, be constructed on the wobbly ground of privilege and denial. Upon such a shaky foundation, Jewish philosophy sets itself up as the arbiter of the good, the true, and the beautiful. That which fits and upholds this reading is emphasized, and that which embarrasses or contradicts can be neatly excised. The cost of such an enterprise is the production of a particular type of Judaism, in which we see reflected a particular set of concerns and wills to power that seek to enforce it. To explore this in greater detail, this chapter focuses on the artificiality of the terms and categories bequeathed to us by our nineteenth-century forebears, classifications that are still largely in use today.
Mary Jo Nye
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226610634
- eISBN:
- 9780226610658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226610658.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the ideals and realities of Weimar scientific culture and their impact on the economic, political, and philosophical writings of Michael Polanyi. Faced by the increasing ...
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This chapter focuses on the ideals and realities of Weimar scientific culture and their impact on the economic, political, and philosophical writings of Michael Polanyi. Faced by the increasing violence, social unrest, and broadening power of the National Socialist Party of the early 1930s, Michael Polanyi hesitated to leave his ideal city of science, even in the face of an unusually attractive offer from The University of Manchester. He resigned his position in Berlin only when faced with demands from the National Socialist government that non-Aryan scientists must be fired from their posts. Polanyi's daily career experiences in Berlin were a crucial foundation for his later writings on the nature of science and its everyday practice, as was his immersion in a German academic tradition and rhetoric of pure and transcendent Wissenschaft that defied the realities of urban Berlin in the 1920s and 1930s.Less
This chapter focuses on the ideals and realities of Weimar scientific culture and their impact on the economic, political, and philosophical writings of Michael Polanyi. Faced by the increasing violence, social unrest, and broadening power of the National Socialist Party of the early 1930s, Michael Polanyi hesitated to leave his ideal city of science, even in the face of an unusually attractive offer from The University of Manchester. He resigned his position in Berlin only when faced with demands from the National Socialist government that non-Aryan scientists must be fired from their posts. Polanyi's daily career experiences in Berlin were a crucial foundation for his later writings on the nature of science and its everyday practice, as was his immersion in a German academic tradition and rhetoric of pure and transcendent Wissenschaft that defied the realities of urban Berlin in the 1920s and 1930s.
Angelika Neuwirth
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199928958
- eISBN:
- 9780190921316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199928958.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
A sketch of the previous research on the Qur’an is provided in detail. The overview of approaches and results in Western research goes back to the nineteenth century, following the story of Qur’an ...
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A sketch of the previous research on the Qur’an is provided in detail. The overview of approaches and results in Western research goes back to the nineteenth century, following the story of Qur’an research first up to the Wissenschaft des Judentums (science of Judaism) school of the early twentieth century. Following this, more recent trends in Qur’an research, including the more source-critical and skeptical methods of recent decades, are described. Finally, a sketch of the diversity of current approaches is given, situating the approach of this volume within its relevant scholarly context.Less
A sketch of the previous research on the Qur’an is provided in detail. The overview of approaches and results in Western research goes back to the nineteenth century, following the story of Qur’an research first up to the Wissenschaft des Judentums (science of Judaism) school of the early twentieth century. Following this, more recent trends in Qur’an research, including the more source-critical and skeptical methods of recent decades, are described. Finally, a sketch of the diversity of current approaches is given, situating the approach of this volume within its relevant scholarly context.
