Keith Banting, Richard Johnston, Will Kymlicka, and Stuart Soroka
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199289172
- eISBN:
- 9780191711084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289172.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter introduces a new framework for testing the recognition/redistribution hypothesis. It develops an index of twenty-three different types of MCPs that have been adopted for three different ...
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This chapter introduces a new framework for testing the recognition/redistribution hypothesis. It develops an index of twenty-three different types of MCPs that have been adopted for three different types of minority groups (immigrants, national minorities, and indigenous peoples). Western countries are then categorized in terms of their level of MCPs. Whether countries with higher levels of MCPs have faced an erosion of the welfare state as compared to countries with lower levels of MCPs is tested. It is shown that there is no negative correlation between the strength of a country's commitment to MCPs and its ability to sustain welfare spending or economic redistribution. The chapter also examines the heterogeneity/redistribution hypothesis, and shows that this too is overstated. In general, the size of immigrant groups, national minorities, and indigenous peoples in Western countries does not affect a country's ability to sustain its welfare commitments, although a rapid change in the size of immigrant groups does seem to have an effect. Yet even here, the authors of this chapter argue, there are hints that adopting MCPs can help to mitigate whatever negative effect a rapidly increasing immigrant population may have.Less
This chapter introduces a new framework for testing the recognition/redistribution hypothesis. It develops an index of twenty-three different types of MCPs that have been adopted for three different types of minority groups (immigrants, national minorities, and indigenous peoples). Western countries are then categorized in terms of their level of MCPs. Whether countries with higher levels of MCPs have faced an erosion of the welfare state as compared to countries with lower levels of MCPs is tested. It is shown that there is no negative correlation between the strength of a country's commitment to MCPs and its ability to sustain welfare spending or economic redistribution. The chapter also examines the heterogeneity/redistribution hypothesis, and shows that this too is overstated. In general, the size of immigrant groups, national minorities, and indigenous peoples in Western countries does not affect a country's ability to sustain its welfare commitments, although a rapid change in the size of immigrant groups does seem to have an effect. Yet even here, the authors of this chapter argue, there are hints that adopting MCPs can help to mitigate whatever negative effect a rapidly increasing immigrant population may have.
Martin Fransman
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198289357
- eISBN:
- 9780191596261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198289359.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War ...
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The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.Less
The chapter begins with a brief discussion of the convergence hypothesis, which argues that there has been a convergence in the economies of the major industrialized countries in the post‐World War II period. It then goes on to examine a corollary that has been derived from this hypothesis: that national technology policy has become obsolete. The globalization of the Japanese economy and science and technology system is then documented on the basis of several selected indicators, including international imitation, international strategic technology alliances, the international movement of researchers and engineers, direct foreign investment, foreign research laboratories in Japan, technology trade, and internationally co‐authored science and technology papers. The role of the Japanese government in science and technology is then considered, beginning with an account of the rationale given by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) for its involvement in the science and technology area; this is followed by a detailed account of MITI's response to globalization, which reveals the vision that guides MITI's policy‐makers in their interventions in the field of science and technology within the context of the globalizing Japanese and world economies. The implications of the Japanese response to globalization for other large Western countries are then examined and, finally, the sources of MITI's influence in the Japanese economy are analysed.
Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1979
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198851202
- eISBN:
- 9780191596780
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198851200.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter surveys occupational pay structure in various types of economy, and together with the next chapter (which surveys the changes that have come about in pay structure in the course of ...
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This chapter surveys occupational pay structure in various types of economy, and together with the next chapter (which surveys the changes that have come about in pay structure in the course of time), brings out the interconnection between pay structure and social structure that is formed by status and class. The different sections of this chapter are: Grouping by occupation; The comparability of figures of pay by occupation; A conspectus of the pay structure by occupation in Western countries; The pay structure by occupation in the Soviet‐type economies; Material and moral incentives in China and Cuba; Egalitarianism in Israel; Yugoslavia: a special case; and The relative pay of particular occupations. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out seven main points.Less
This chapter surveys occupational pay structure in various types of economy, and together with the next chapter (which surveys the changes that have come about in pay structure in the course of time), brings out the interconnection between pay structure and social structure that is formed by status and class. The different sections of this chapter are: Grouping by occupation; The comparability of figures of pay by occupation; A conspectus of the pay structure by occupation in Western countries; The pay structure by occupation in the Soviet‐type economies; Material and moral incentives in China and Cuba; Egalitarianism in Israel; Yugoslavia: a special case; and The relative pay of particular occupations. The last section reviews and discusses the material presented, drawing out seven main points.
Jordi Canals
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296676
- eISBN:
- 9780191685262
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296676.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Strategy
As economic growth in Western countries shows signs of fatigue, companies are battling hard to discover how to generate and sustain corporate growth. The restructuring and reengineering processes of ...
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As economic growth in Western countries shows signs of fatigue, companies are battling hard to discover how to generate and sustain corporate growth. The restructuring and reengineering processes of the early 1990s, and the massive lay-offs they brought about, have only given an additional boost to the need for expansion. Corporate efficiency is indispensable, but is not a sufficient condition for corporate survival. Firms need to think about their future growth. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of corporate growth, offering a multi-functional, general management approach and a full discussion of main theories and approaches.Less
As economic growth in Western countries shows signs of fatigue, companies are battling hard to discover how to generate and sustain corporate growth. The restructuring and reengineering processes of the early 1990s, and the massive lay-offs they brought about, have only given an additional boost to the need for expansion. Corporate efficiency is indispensable, but is not a sufficient condition for corporate survival. Firms need to think about their future growth. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of corporate growth, offering a multi-functional, general management approach and a full discussion of main theories and approaches.
Rosemary Foot
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297765
- eISBN:
- 9780191599279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297769.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that ...
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The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that would be faced by those who wished to move China beyond tactical concessions towards genuine acceptance of the validity of some of the core human rights norms. Major Western states, together with Japan, continued to reduce the bilateral pressure, for economic and strategic reasons, and China's recapturing of its high economic growth rates from 1992 enhanced its ability to pose policy dilemmas for those interested in competing in the Chinese market, as well as for far weaker countries that were poised to benefit from China's economic dealings with them. The Beijing leadership, which was plainly on the defensive with respect to its international interlocutors on human rights, decided to renew its efforts to regain the initiative. China's 1991 White Paper, which signalled limited engagement in the human rights discourse, was a major first stage in that strategy, providing China with an authoritative text upon which to draw in response to international criticisms. Beijing, however, went further and tried to link up with other governments in East Asia in the exploitation of a common dislike of Western triumphalism, and a common commitment to ‘Asian values’, questioning the universal application of democracy and human rights. The Chinese leadership began to launch more extensive, direct attacks on Western countries and on the major international NGOs. Nevertheless, the relative density of the human rights regime ensured that some constraints still operated on China's international diplomacy, and as the major states’ sanctions policies weakened, governments tended to make greater use of such multilateral institutions as the UN. The different sections of the chapter are: The Uses of the 1991 White Paper; Relativism versus Universalism —in democracy and human rights; The Economic Weight of China; The Rootedness of Human Rights Policy; The UN Commission on Human Rights; China and the Thematic Mechanisms — the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and the new 1995 Chinese White Paper; and Conclusion.Less
The first 18 months after the Tiananmen bloodshed marked the height of global criticism of China's human rights record, but the years 1992–1995 quickly gave some indication of the difficulties that would be faced by those who wished to move China beyond tactical concessions towards genuine acceptance of the validity of some of the core human rights norms. Major Western states, together with Japan, continued to reduce the bilateral pressure, for economic and strategic reasons, and China's recapturing of its high economic growth rates from 1992 enhanced its ability to pose policy dilemmas for those interested in competing in the Chinese market, as well as for far weaker countries that were poised to benefit from China's economic dealings with them. The Beijing leadership, which was plainly on the defensive with respect to its international interlocutors on human rights, decided to renew its efforts to regain the initiative. China's 1991 White Paper, which signalled limited engagement in the human rights discourse, was a major first stage in that strategy, providing China with an authoritative text upon which to draw in response to international criticisms. Beijing, however, went further and tried to link up with other governments in East Asia in the exploitation of a common dislike of Western triumphalism, and a common commitment to ‘Asian values’, questioning the universal application of democracy and human rights. The Chinese leadership began to launch more extensive, direct attacks on Western countries and on the major international NGOs. Nevertheless, the relative density of the human rights regime ensured that some constraints still operated on China's international diplomacy, and as the major states’ sanctions policies weakened, governments tended to make greater use of such multilateral institutions as the UN. The different sections of the chapter are: The Uses of the 1991 White Paper; Relativism versus Universalism —in democracy and human rights; The Economic Weight of China; The Rootedness of Human Rights Policy; The UN Commission on Human Rights; China and the Thematic Mechanisms — the work of the UN Special Rapporteurs and the new 1995 Chinese White Paper; and Conclusion.
Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286486
- eISBN:
- 9780191596773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286481.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The last chapter contained illustrations of the distribution of income in the UK displayed as a Pen parade; this one asks whether the form that was shown there is peculiar to a particular time or ...
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The last chapter contained illustrations of the distribution of income in the UK displayed as a Pen parade; this one asks whether the form that was shown there is peculiar to a particular time or place, or is found in other countries, and in earlier as well as later years. The first section gives examples of distributions in various Western countries and discusses them; it also introduces the Pareto distribution, which gives a straight line (the Pareto line) rather than the curve given by the Pen parade, and discusses the social implications of the smoothness and steadiness of this linear gradation. The next section makes some further international comparisons between developed countries; these, like the earlier ones, show similar Pen parades. The third section demonstrates the differences in Pen parades exhibited by developed and developing countries; the latter show greater inequalities and spreads of relative income, and sharper changes over different ranges. The last section looks at the distribution of income in Soviet‐type economies; these show quite distinctive and similar Pen profiles in comparison with the Western type.Less
The last chapter contained illustrations of the distribution of income in the UK displayed as a Pen parade; this one asks whether the form that was shown there is peculiar to a particular time or place, or is found in other countries, and in earlier as well as later years. The first section gives examples of distributions in various Western countries and discusses them; it also introduces the Pareto distribution, which gives a straight line (the Pareto line) rather than the curve given by the Pen parade, and discusses the social implications of the smoothness and steadiness of this linear gradation. The next section makes some further international comparisons between developed countries; these, like the earlier ones, show similar Pen parades. The third section demonstrates the differences in Pen parades exhibited by developed and developing countries; the latter show greater inequalities and spreads of relative income, and sharper changes over different ranges. The last section looks at the distribution of income in Soviet‐type economies; these show quite distinctive and similar Pen profiles in comparison with the Western type.
Robert Stuart Yoder
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847428325
- eISBN:
- 9781447302049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847428325.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter focuses on the tight social controls, discrimination against and very limited rights of foreign migrants. As subcultures, foreign migrant groups are permanent and non-permanent residents ...
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This chapter focuses on the tight social controls, discrimination against and very limited rights of foreign migrants. As subcultures, foreign migrant groups are permanent and non-permanent residents integrally tied in with Japanese society. They are the most powerless of all subordinate subculture groups in Japan. As foreign nationals without Japanese citizenship, they are denied political representation and are ineligible for nearly all jobs of public employment and several benefits and privileges accorded to Japanese nationals. This chapter discusses inequality for foreign migrant groups, which include all foreign migrant groups with a population of around 10,000 divided into three broad regional categories: Asian, South American and Western countries. It presents a class analysis with three interrelated parts. The first part of this class analysis details and describes the class status of the ten largest foreign migrant groups in Japan, which represent nearly 92% of the total registered foreign migrant population. The second part of the class analysis includes smaller but significant foreign migrant groups. The final and third part of this class schema consolidates and brings together the larger and smaller foreign migrant groups, elaborates on the ascribed occupational status of foreign migrant groups, and equates and charts the class stratification of foreign migrant groups into ascribed occupational categories.Less
This chapter focuses on the tight social controls, discrimination against and very limited rights of foreign migrants. As subcultures, foreign migrant groups are permanent and non-permanent residents integrally tied in with Japanese society. They are the most powerless of all subordinate subculture groups in Japan. As foreign nationals without Japanese citizenship, they are denied political representation and are ineligible for nearly all jobs of public employment and several benefits and privileges accorded to Japanese nationals. This chapter discusses inequality for foreign migrant groups, which include all foreign migrant groups with a population of around 10,000 divided into three broad regional categories: Asian, South American and Western countries. It presents a class analysis with three interrelated parts. The first part of this class analysis details and describes the class status of the ten largest foreign migrant groups in Japan, which represent nearly 92% of the total registered foreign migrant population. The second part of the class analysis includes smaller but significant foreign migrant groups. The final and third part of this class schema consolidates and brings together the larger and smaller foreign migrant groups, elaborates on the ascribed occupational status of foreign migrant groups, and equates and charts the class stratification of foreign migrant groups into ascribed occupational categories.
Henry Phelps Brown
- Published in print:
- 1988
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198286486
- eISBN:
- 9780191596773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198286481.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The similarity of the distributions of income in some Western countries in recent years that was demonstrated in the last chapter prompts conjecture that this kind of distribution is governed ...
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The similarity of the distributions of income in some Western countries in recent years that was demonstrated in the last chapter prompts conjecture that this kind of distribution is governed throughout by laws that take much the same effect in countries otherwise set apart by many differences. However, these countries do have this in common: they are at the same stage of economic development, so it could be that in earlier stages of development their distributions were less alike. This thesis is examined first by looking in detail at the course of income distribution over nearly 300 years within the UK; substantial changes are observed over the period 1688–1984, the salient one being a relative reduction of higher incomes. The brief examination is made next of trends in the USA, which show a different pattern and a trend towards greater inequality. Lastly, there is a brief examination of trends in income distribution in developing countries, which seem to follow Simon Kuznetz's thesis of 1955: that inequality generally increases in the early stages of economic development, and then decreases; the reasons for this are discussed.Less
The similarity of the distributions of income in some Western countries in recent years that was demonstrated in the last chapter prompts conjecture that this kind of distribution is governed throughout by laws that take much the same effect in countries otherwise set apart by many differences. However, these countries do have this in common: they are at the same stage of economic development, so it could be that in earlier stages of development their distributions were less alike. This thesis is examined first by looking in detail at the course of income distribution over nearly 300 years within the UK; substantial changes are observed over the period 1688–1984, the salient one being a relative reduction of higher incomes. The brief examination is made next of trends in the USA, which show a different pattern and a trend towards greater inequality. Lastly, there is a brief examination of trends in income distribution in developing countries, which seem to follow Simon Kuznetz's thesis of 1955: that inequality generally increases in the early stages of economic development, and then decreases; the reasons for this are discussed.
Jos de Beus
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199562992
- eISBN:
- 9780191701856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562992.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The pursuit of an absolute majority ruling is characterized by resistance against a ruling class more commonly referred to as populism which displays a sense of popular and militant nationalism as ...
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The pursuit of an absolute majority ruling is characterized by resistance against a ruling class more commonly referred to as populism which displays a sense of popular and militant nationalism as well as electoral opportunism. Its contradicting features make it difficult to advance as a unified force as it is articulated by new politicians to conduct offensive campaigns and radical change in order to hold office. There is a distinction between authoritarian and democratic populism as drawn out by political theorists. This chapter discusses the contemporary revival of populist aspect when it comes to leadership in Western democracies as prominent politicians focused on seeking and holding office to become national government leaders. It looks at populist leadership by examining its prevalence in unexpected venues such as that of Western countries.Less
The pursuit of an absolute majority ruling is characterized by resistance against a ruling class more commonly referred to as populism which displays a sense of popular and militant nationalism as well as electoral opportunism. Its contradicting features make it difficult to advance as a unified force as it is articulated by new politicians to conduct offensive campaigns and radical change in order to hold office. There is a distinction between authoritarian and democratic populism as drawn out by political theorists. This chapter discusses the contemporary revival of populist aspect when it comes to leadership in Western democracies as prominent politicians focused on seeking and holding office to become national government leaders. It looks at populist leadership by examining its prevalence in unexpected venues such as that of Western countries.
Mark Robert Rank
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195101683
- eISBN:
- 9780199894048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195101683.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter provides a more detailed look at the landscape of American poverty, including the manner in which poverty is measured, lessons learned with respect to the patterns and features of U.S. ...
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This chapter provides a more detailed look at the landscape of American poverty, including the manner in which poverty is measured, lessons learned with respect to the patterns and features of U.S. poverty, the extent of poverty in the United States compared with poverty in other Western industrialized countries, and an understanding of the human meaning and pain associated with poverty.Less
This chapter provides a more detailed look at the landscape of American poverty, including the manner in which poverty is measured, lessons learned with respect to the patterns and features of U.S. poverty, the extent of poverty in the United States compared with poverty in other Western industrialized countries, and an understanding of the human meaning and pain associated with poverty.
Dal Yong Jin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014762
- eISBN:
- 9780262289511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014762.003.0008
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Game Studies
This chapter examines the structural transnationalization of the online game industry, recent trends of transnational corporations (TNCs), and their engagement in the online game industry to ...
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This chapter examines the structural transnationalization of the online game industry, recent trends of transnational corporations (TNCs), and their engagement in the online game industry to determine whether these trends confirm that TNCs play pivotal roles in the cultural market. To understand fully the nature of transnationalization, the focus is on capital flow, people and financing, and the ways in which the online game industry has developed its transnationalization process. The chapter also explores whether emerging online game firms, as part of the new cultural industry in non-Western countries, in particular Korea and China, have changed the traditional form of the global flow of cultural products and capital—from Western countries to non-Western countries—by blurring the dichotomy of the West and the East. In other words, it discusses whether the transnationalization of the online game industry has promoted a shift of traditional interpretations of cultural dominance by Western countries in the global market in the midst of globalization.Less
This chapter examines the structural transnationalization of the online game industry, recent trends of transnational corporations (TNCs), and their engagement in the online game industry to determine whether these trends confirm that TNCs play pivotal roles in the cultural market. To understand fully the nature of transnationalization, the focus is on capital flow, people and financing, and the ways in which the online game industry has developed its transnationalization process. The chapter also explores whether emerging online game firms, as part of the new cultural industry in non-Western countries, in particular Korea and China, have changed the traditional form of the global flow of cultural products and capital—from Western countries to non-Western countries—by blurring the dichotomy of the West and the East. In other words, it discusses whether the transnationalization of the online game industry has promoted a shift of traditional interpretations of cultural dominance by Western countries in the global market in the midst of globalization.
L. Ali Khan and Hisham M. Ramadan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748641284
- eISBN:
- 9780748653256
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748641284.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
The resurgence of Islam, geopolitical crises involving Muslim nations, violence associated with Islam and the immigration of millions of Muslims to Western countries have generated a strong interest ...
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The resurgence of Islam, geopolitical crises involving Muslim nations, violence associated with Islam and the immigration of millions of Muslims to Western countries have generated a strong interest in understanding Islamic law. The challenges of these new realities have impressed upon Muslims the need to rethink classical jurisprudence, and a powerful contemporary ihad – the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources – has unleashed a tremendous intellectual energy that is transforming legal systems across the Muslim world. This book explores the limits and controversies of this development in the context of the diverse needs of Muslim cultures and communities living in Muslim and non-Muslim nations and continents including Europe and North America. It explains diverse bodies of Islamic law, including fiqh, qanun and siyar; supplements Arabic terms from the Basic Code with English substitutes; and analyses the forces shaping contemporary ijtihad.Less
The resurgence of Islam, geopolitical crises involving Muslim nations, violence associated with Islam and the immigration of millions of Muslims to Western countries have generated a strong interest in understanding Islamic law. The challenges of these new realities have impressed upon Muslims the need to rethink classical jurisprudence, and a powerful contemporary ihad – the process of making a legal decision by independent interpretation of the legal sources – has unleashed a tremendous intellectual energy that is transforming legal systems across the Muslim world. This book explores the limits and controversies of this development in the context of the diverse needs of Muslim cultures and communities living in Muslim and non-Muslim nations and continents including Europe and North America. It explains diverse bodies of Islamic law, including fiqh, qanun and siyar; supplements Arabic terms from the Basic Code with English substitutes; and analyses the forces shaping contemporary ijtihad.
Yi-Li Wu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520260689
- eISBN:
- 9780520947610
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520260689.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
The medical procedures of the Western world have influenced China with their beliefs and practices; China forgot many of the natural ways of giving birth as they began to adopt surgical practice and ...
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The medical procedures of the Western world have influenced China with their beliefs and practices; China forgot many of the natural ways of giving birth as they began to adopt surgical practice and new medicines influenced by Western countries, and this caused more death. In Feng Shaoqu's description, the complaints that Chinese male doctors had historically directed against midwives were now projected onto Western doctors; whether out of ignorance or cunning, they violated the innate rhythms of birth. Feng also pointed out that birth was meant to be easy, and he echoed the animal analogies that figured so prominently in the Treaties on Easy Childbirth.Less
The medical procedures of the Western world have influenced China with their beliefs and practices; China forgot many of the natural ways of giving birth as they began to adopt surgical practice and new medicines influenced by Western countries, and this caused more death. In Feng Shaoqu's description, the complaints that Chinese male doctors had historically directed against midwives were now projected onto Western doctors; whether out of ignorance or cunning, they violated the innate rhythms of birth. Feng also pointed out that birth was meant to be easy, and he echoed the animal analogies that figured so prominently in the Treaties on Easy Childbirth.
Michael Cotey Morgan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780804798099
- eISBN:
- 9781503600133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804798099.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter examines the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from 1969 to 1975. It contends that trust was both a tool and objective of the conference, detailing how, even in the ...
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This chapter examines the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from 1969 to 1975. It contends that trust was both a tool and objective of the conference, detailing how, even in the absence of trust, a major international agreement was concluded with the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, the outcome of the CSCE talks. In a clear attempt to advance their respective interests, Warsaw Pact member states focused on state sovereignty and the immutability of post-World War II European borders as a cornerstone of their definition of international security, whereas North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member states emphasized transparency, freer movement, and human rights, as well as confidence-building measures. As this chapter argues, the “tangled lines of trust and distrust” at the CSCE among the United States, the Western European countries, the neutral states, and the Soviet Union were incredibly complex, but they eventually secured the conference's success.Less
This chapter examines the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from 1969 to 1975. It contends that trust was both a tool and objective of the conference, detailing how, even in the absence of trust, a major international agreement was concluded with the Helsinki Final Act of 1975, the outcome of the CSCE talks. In a clear attempt to advance their respective interests, Warsaw Pact member states focused on state sovereignty and the immutability of post-World War II European borders as a cornerstone of their definition of international security, whereas North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) member states emphasized transparency, freer movement, and human rights, as well as confidence-building measures. As this chapter argues, the “tangled lines of trust and distrust” at the CSCE among the United States, the Western European countries, the neutral states, and the Soviet Union were incredibly complex, but they eventually secured the conference's success.
Dmitri Trenin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262622189
- eISBN:
- 9780262288224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262622189.003.0014
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter reveals that Russia is redefining its sociopolitical fabric while focusing on forging new strategic relationships with Western countries. The country has realized that rigid principles ...
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This chapter reveals that Russia is redefining its sociopolitical fabric while focusing on forging new strategic relationships with Western countries. The country has realized that rigid principles of governance and policymaking cannot help it in realizing its economic and political goals, and it is formulating liberal domestic and foreign policies to forge better relations with the West, deriving benefits for its economy and the people. The leaders want to rebuild Russia into a powerful and influential country in the global context, and to build relationships with the West based on mutual trust and benefits without any ill will or mistrust. Russia has realized that only fruitful interactions and strategic partnerships with the West can help it in fulfilling its economic and political ambitions.Less
This chapter reveals that Russia is redefining its sociopolitical fabric while focusing on forging new strategic relationships with Western countries. The country has realized that rigid principles of governance and policymaking cannot help it in realizing its economic and political goals, and it is formulating liberal domestic and foreign policies to forge better relations with the West, deriving benefits for its economy and the people. The leaders want to rebuild Russia into a powerful and influential country in the global context, and to build relationships with the West based on mutual trust and benefits without any ill will or mistrust. Russia has realized that only fruitful interactions and strategic partnerships with the West can help it in fulfilling its economic and political ambitions.
Dan Breznitz and John Zysman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199917822
- eISBN:
- 9780199332861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917822.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Given the powerfully negative and ongoing impact of the Great Recession on western economies, the question of whether historically wealthy nations—the United States, Western European countries, ...
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Given the powerfully negative and ongoing impact of the Great Recession on western economies, the question of whether historically wealthy nations—the United States, Western European countries, Japan—can stay wealthy has become an overriding concern for virtually every interested observer. Can their middle classes remain comfortable as more and more good and technically jobs disappear to other parts of the world? Can they support themselves as they devote more and more economic resources to an aging population base? This book assesses the prospects for growth and prosperity among advanced industrial nations. Throughout, the chapters examine the core transformation in the economies of the advanced countries, the character of the challenge from the emerging economies, and the varied policy responses of the advanced countries. And, via a series of case studies, the chapters consider the central challenges these countries face internally and the nature of their responses. In particular, they ask what governments might do to achieve the goal of generating and retaining highly productive economic activity, which they collectively regard as necessary for sustained growth. In total, the book directly challenges a number of core policy and academic assumptions about the dynamics of contemporary advanced economies by looking at the problem from three different angles: firstly, a macro perspective, which considers the forces changing the policy and political economy landscape after the crisis; secondly, a sectoral perspective, which explains how these forces unleashed major shifts within critical domains and industries; and thirdly, a policy perspective that concentrates on the responses to the Great Recession of both the already rich nations and the new, game transforming, competitors such as China and India.Less
Given the powerfully negative and ongoing impact of the Great Recession on western economies, the question of whether historically wealthy nations—the United States, Western European countries, Japan—can stay wealthy has become an overriding concern for virtually every interested observer. Can their middle classes remain comfortable as more and more good and technically jobs disappear to other parts of the world? Can they support themselves as they devote more and more economic resources to an aging population base? This book assesses the prospects for growth and prosperity among advanced industrial nations. Throughout, the chapters examine the core transformation in the economies of the advanced countries, the character of the challenge from the emerging economies, and the varied policy responses of the advanced countries. And, via a series of case studies, the chapters consider the central challenges these countries face internally and the nature of their responses. In particular, they ask what governments might do to achieve the goal of generating and retaining highly productive economic activity, which they collectively regard as necessary for sustained growth. In total, the book directly challenges a number of core policy and academic assumptions about the dynamics of contemporary advanced economies by looking at the problem from three different angles: firstly, a macro perspective, which considers the forces changing the policy and political economy landscape after the crisis; secondly, a sectoral perspective, which explains how these forces unleashed major shifts within critical domains and industries; and thirdly, a policy perspective that concentrates on the responses to the Great Recession of both the already rich nations and the new, game transforming, competitors such as China and India.
Thiess Buettner and Wolfgang Ochel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017015
- eISBN:
- 9780262301466
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017015.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost ...
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The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost every level of policymaking in each of its twenty-seven member states. The recent financial and economic crises have tested this still-evolving institutional framework, and this book surveys key economic challenges faced by the EU. European economists examine such topics as the stability of the financial markets and possible policy options to reduce future vulnerability to crises, including Glass–Steagull-style narrow banking; the effect of emerging economies such as China and India on Europe’s economic position; the protection of national interests in industrial policy; reforming and preserving the welfare state in the face of unemployment, population aging, and worker mobility within the EU; and improving the EU’s institutional framework by reassigning responsibilities among supranational, national, and local governments. Among the conclusions that emerge from these analyses are the necessity for banking regulation as well as budgetary discipline; the need to consider global as well as European integration; and the idea that an environment which fosters internal competition will increase Europe’s competitiveness internationally.Less
The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost every level of policymaking in each of its twenty-seven member states. The recent financial and economic crises have tested this still-evolving institutional framework, and this book surveys key economic challenges faced by the EU. European economists examine such topics as the stability of the financial markets and possible policy options to reduce future vulnerability to crises, including Glass–Steagull-style narrow banking; the effect of emerging economies such as China and India on Europe’s economic position; the protection of national interests in industrial policy; reforming and preserving the welfare state in the face of unemployment, population aging, and worker mobility within the EU; and improving the EU’s institutional framework by reassigning responsibilities among supranational, national, and local governments. Among the conclusions that emerge from these analyses are the necessity for banking regulation as well as budgetary discipline; the need to consider global as well as European integration; and the idea that an environment which fosters internal competition will increase Europe’s competitiveness internationally.
