GEORGE E. BROOKS
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265208
- eISBN:
- 9780191754180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
From the 1820s there was a surge in American commerce with western Africa, slave and legitimate, many of the vessels sailing via Cabo Verde. Collaboration between legitimate traders and slave traders ...
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From the 1820s there was a surge in American commerce with western Africa, slave and legitimate, many of the vessels sailing via Cabo Verde. Collaboration between legitimate traders and slave traders greatly increased following the 1835 Anglo-Spanish treaty incorporating an ‘equipment clause’ that conceded the British navy authority to capture Spanish vessels carrying slave irons, lumber to construct slave decks and provisions requisite for slave cargoes. These restrictions were imposed on Portugal in 1839 and Brazil in 1845. Slave traders responded by sailing to Africa without incriminating cargoes, to be supplied by American traders paid with Spanish and Latin American gold and silver coins and bills of exchange from merchants in Britain, Portugal, Brazil and Cuba. Ineluctably, slavers and their intermediaries dominated western Africa's commerce.Less
From the 1820s there was a surge in American commerce with western Africa, slave and legitimate, many of the vessels sailing via Cabo Verde. Collaboration between legitimate traders and slave traders greatly increased following the 1835 Anglo-Spanish treaty incorporating an ‘equipment clause’ that conceded the British navy authority to capture Spanish vessels carrying slave irons, lumber to construct slave decks and provisions requisite for slave cargoes. These restrictions were imposed on Portugal in 1839 and Brazil in 1845. Slave traders responded by sailing to Africa without incriminating cargoes, to be supplied by American traders paid with Spanish and Latin American gold and silver coins and bills of exchange from merchants in Britain, Portugal, Brazil and Cuba. Ineluctably, slavers and their intermediaries dominated western Africa's commerce.
Toby Green (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265208
- eISBN:
- 9780191754180
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This book, which provides a collection from scholars in the field of the precolonial history of Western Africa (the region between Senegal and Sierra Leone), aims to bring the history of the region ...
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This book, which provides a collection from scholars in the field of the precolonial history of Western Africa (the region between Senegal and Sierra Leone), aims to bring the history of the region to wider historical attention. It spans the whole pre-colonial period between the first Portuguese voyages of discovery and the transition to legitimate commerce in the 19th century, and as a whole offers a synthesis of the importance of this region of Africa in the emergence of the Atlantic world between the 15th and 19th centuries. The book is divided into five parts. Part 1 looks at African‐European relations from a comparative perspective, analysing the themes of creolisation and Euro-African communities in Western Africa and beyond, in Elmina and Sao Tome. Part 2 looks at the Atlantic dimension of trade, with chapters looking at Dutch, English and French engagements with the region. Part 3 looks at island contexts, and the role of the Capeverde islands as transshippers of culture and connections to the Caribbean. Part 4 looks at the trade in slaves and commodities, and the effects this commerce had on African societies. Finally, Part 5 looks at Western Africa in the era of the transition to ‘legitimate commerce’ in the run-up to the colonial era.Less
This book, which provides a collection from scholars in the field of the precolonial history of Western Africa (the region between Senegal and Sierra Leone), aims to bring the history of the region to wider historical attention. It spans the whole pre-colonial period between the first Portuguese voyages of discovery and the transition to legitimate commerce in the 19th century, and as a whole offers a synthesis of the importance of this region of Africa in the emergence of the Atlantic world between the 15th and 19th centuries. The book is divided into five parts. Part 1 looks at African‐European relations from a comparative perspective, analysing the themes of creolisation and Euro-African communities in Western Africa and beyond, in Elmina and Sao Tome. Part 2 looks at the Atlantic dimension of trade, with chapters looking at Dutch, English and French engagements with the region. Part 3 looks at island contexts, and the role of the Capeverde islands as transshippers of culture and connections to the Caribbean. Part 4 looks at the trade in slaves and commodities, and the effects this commerce had on African societies. Finally, Part 5 looks at Western Africa in the era of the transition to ‘legitimate commerce’ in the run-up to the colonial era.
Andrea Cucina
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034928
- eISBN:
- 9780813039626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034928.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter explores the comparative health and living conditions of locally born individuals versus individuals of foreign origin. Through the analysis of dental strontium isotopes, it was ...
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This chapter explores the comparative health and living conditions of locally born individuals versus individuals of foreign origin. Through the analysis of dental strontium isotopes, it was confirmed that some of the individuals unearthed from the colonial cemetery were probably born on the African continent. The isotopic ratios in these foreigners were much higher than those encountered in Mesoamerica and match the values from Western Africa. In this study, dental data—specifically from the African segment of the population—were reelaborated according to origin (local vs. foreign). Oral pathologies and developmental stress markers from teeth were analyzed to assess their impact on the growth and maturation of first generation immigrants compared to those of later generations.Less
This chapter explores the comparative health and living conditions of locally born individuals versus individuals of foreign origin. Through the analysis of dental strontium isotopes, it was confirmed that some of the individuals unearthed from the colonial cemetery were probably born on the African continent. The isotopic ratios in these foreigners were much higher than those encountered in Mesoamerica and match the values from Western Africa. In this study, dental data—specifically from the African segment of the population—were reelaborated according to origin (local vs. foreign). Oral pathologies and developmental stress markers from teeth were analyzed to assess their impact on the growth and maturation of first generation immigrants compared to those of later generations.
Robert W. Slenes
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190657543
- eISBN:
- 9780190657574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Inspired by research in anthropology and cognitive science that places analogical thinking at the center of human culture and cognition, this chapter focuses on the metaphors by which western Central ...
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Inspired by research in anthropology and cognitive science that places analogical thinking at the center of human culture and cognition, this chapter focuses on the metaphors by which western Central Africans, particularly speakers of Kikongo, understood—and withstood—the horrors of the Middle Passage and New World enslavement. Canoe metaphors figured prominently in West Central Africa. So too did tropes making ontological connections between things designated by phonetic (near-) homonyms. Both types of analogies helped people explain their lineage origins (locating them in past migrations under duress), find cures for social ills, seal marriages and other alliances, and open liminal paths from suffering to plenitude in this world and in the afterlife. Based primarily on the author’s research in dictionaries of African languages, particularly Kikongo, and on Central African cults of affliction-fruition in Brazil’s 19th-century Southeast, the essay argues that strong shipmate bonding during the Atlantic crossing embodied these homeland metaphors.Less
Inspired by research in anthropology and cognitive science that places analogical thinking at the center of human culture and cognition, this chapter focuses on the metaphors by which western Central Africans, particularly speakers of Kikongo, understood—and withstood—the horrors of the Middle Passage and New World enslavement. Canoe metaphors figured prominently in West Central Africa. So too did tropes making ontological connections between things designated by phonetic (near-) homonyms. Both types of analogies helped people explain their lineage origins (locating them in past migrations under duress), find cures for social ills, seal marriages and other alliances, and open liminal paths from suffering to plenitude in this world and in the afterlife. Based primarily on the author’s research in dictionaries of African languages, particularly Kikongo, and on Central African cults of affliction-fruition in Brazil’s 19th-century Southeast, the essay argues that strong shipmate bonding during the Atlantic crossing embodied these homeland metaphors.
