Ryan M. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855612
- eISBN:
- 9780199979882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855612.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Political History, World Modern History
This chapter looks at climax of the 1960s apartheid debate. It focuses on the stakes of a case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that pitted the African Group against Pretoria. Beneath the ...
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This chapter looks at climax of the 1960s apartheid debate. It focuses on the stakes of a case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that pitted the African Group against Pretoria. Beneath the case’s surface—which revolved ostensibly around the question of whether South Africa’s World War I-era Mandate over South West Africa was still legitimate—lay a deeper debate about the meaning of the postcolonial Nation. For both African and Afrikaner nationalists, the court case was a way to legitimize their claims about nationhood—and to force Washington to pick a side in the postcolonial apartheid debate. Although opposed to U.N. action through the General Assembly, U.S. policymakers recognized that America’s status as a “postimperia”’ superpower rested partly on the credibility and authority of the ICJ. In 1966 the Court rejected the African Group’s case against South Africa, dealing African nationalists with a major blow.Less
This chapter looks at climax of the 1960s apartheid debate. It focuses on the stakes of a case at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) that pitted the African Group against Pretoria. Beneath the case’s surface—which revolved ostensibly around the question of whether South Africa’s World War I-era Mandate over South West Africa was still legitimate—lay a deeper debate about the meaning of the postcolonial Nation. For both African and Afrikaner nationalists, the court case was a way to legitimize their claims about nationhood—and to force Washington to pick a side in the postcolonial apartheid debate. Although opposed to U.N. action through the General Assembly, U.S. policymakers recognized that America’s status as a “postimperia”’ superpower rested partly on the credibility and authority of the ICJ. In 1966 the Court rejected the African Group’s case against South Africa, dealing African nationalists with a major blow.
Ryan M. Irwin
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199855612
- eISBN:
- 9780199979882
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199855612.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Political History, World Modern History
This chapter is about the consequences of the 1966 ICJ ruling. It begins by outlining the impact of the decision within the African nationalist community. Backed into a corner by impatient liberation ...
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This chapter is about the consequences of the 1966 ICJ ruling. It begins by outlining the impact of the decision within the African nationalist community. Backed into a corner by impatient liberation fighters and apathetic Western policymakers, the African Group responded to its defeat by unilaterally declaring South West Africa independent from South Africa, renaming the territory Namibia, and establishing a government-in-exile in New York. At the same time, within the United Nations, new groups began to reframe the critique against apartheid in non-nationalist terms and reach out to nongovernmental organizations. If the push for sanctions had stalled at the United Nations, it was necessary to lobby Washington at the grassroots level using more flexible discourses of human rights. In response, U.S. officials began to reassess their commitment to racial justice and liberal internationalism, and rollback their confrontational stance toward South Africa. By the end of the Johnson years, the United States had given up its campaign to change the apartheid status quo; all it wanted was to limit the unruliness of postcolonial politics.Less
This chapter is about the consequences of the 1966 ICJ ruling. It begins by outlining the impact of the decision within the African nationalist community. Backed into a corner by impatient liberation fighters and apathetic Western policymakers, the African Group responded to its defeat by unilaterally declaring South West Africa independent from South Africa, renaming the territory Namibia, and establishing a government-in-exile in New York. At the same time, within the United Nations, new groups began to reframe the critique against apartheid in non-nationalist terms and reach out to nongovernmental organizations. If the push for sanctions had stalled at the United Nations, it was necessary to lobby Washington at the grassroots level using more flexible discourses of human rights. In response, U.S. officials began to reassess their commitment to racial justice and liberal internationalism, and rollback their confrontational stance toward South Africa. By the end of the Johnson years, the United States had given up its campaign to change the apartheid status quo; all it wanted was to limit the unruliness of postcolonial politics.
Jeffrey Herbst
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164137
- eISBN:
- 9781400852321
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa ...
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This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa during both the colonial and independence periods. Since 1983, West African countries have been pioneers in Africa in developing new strategies to combat overvaluation of the currency and reduce the control of government over the currency supply. The chapter charts the evolution of West African currencies as boundaries and explores their relationship to state consolidation. It shows that leaders in African capitals managed to make the units they ruled increasingly distinct from the international and regional economies, but the greater salience of the currency did not end up promoting state consolidation. Rather, winning the ability to determine the value of the currency led to a series of disastrous decisions that severely weakened the states themselves.Less
This chapter examines the politics of the currency in West Africa from the beginning of the twentieth century. A public series of debates over the nature of the currency occurred in West Africa during both the colonial and independence periods. Since 1983, West African countries have been pioneers in Africa in developing new strategies to combat overvaluation of the currency and reduce the control of government over the currency supply. The chapter charts the evolution of West African currencies as boundaries and explores their relationship to state consolidation. It shows that leaders in African capitals managed to make the units they ruled increasingly distinct from the international and regional economies, but the greater salience of the currency did not end up promoting state consolidation. Rather, winning the ability to determine the value of the currency led to a series of disastrous decisions that severely weakened the states themselves.
Adrian Hastings
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198263999
- eISBN:
- 9780191600623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198263996.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Discusses conversion to Christianity in Africa in the period 1890 to 1920. There are two main sections: ‘The context of conversion’, and ‘The shaping of conversion’. The first section starts by ...
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Discusses conversion to Christianity in Africa in the period 1890 to 1920. There are two main sections: ‘The context of conversion’, and ‘The shaping of conversion’. The first section starts by discussing why and how there was such a scramble to convert. It goes on to discuss Islam within this scramble, missionaries, and the politics of partition, the changing shape of missionary endeavour, the ownership of land, and missionaries as critics of colonialism. The second section discusses some southern examples of black evangelism; West African conversion movements in the Age of the Liberian prophet William Wade Harris; the catechist and his tools; the logics of conversion; mass conversion in Buganda in the 1890s; Buganda as a model for its neighbours; comparison between conversions in Buganda and elsewhere in Africa; varieties of Ethiopianism; and the impact of World War I.Less
Discusses conversion to Christianity in Africa in the period 1890 to 1920. There are two main sections: ‘The context of conversion’, and ‘The shaping of conversion’. The first section starts by discussing why and how there was such a scramble to convert. It goes on to discuss Islam within this scramble, missionaries, and the politics of partition, the changing shape of missionary endeavour, the ownership of land, and missionaries as critics of colonialism. The second section discusses some southern examples of black evangelism; West African conversion movements in the Age of the Liberian prophet William Wade Harris; the catechist and his tools; the logics of conversion; mass conversion in Buganda in the 1890s; Buganda as a model for its neighbours; comparison between conversions in Buganda and elsewhere in Africa; varieties of Ethiopianism; and the impact of World War I.
Anne Haour
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264119
- eISBN:
- 9780191734694
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264119.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
What do we learn if we look in parallel at the past of two distinct parts of the world? This book weighs this question by considering both the central Sahel of West Africa and the European countries ...
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What do we learn if we look in parallel at the past of two distinct parts of the world? This book weighs this question by considering both the central Sahel of West Africa and the European countries around the North Sea, for the period 800–1500. This is a time for which historical records are scarce, and to which archaeology is making ever-increasing contributions. It is also, and foremost, a time when the central Sahel and northern Europe alike were undergoing far-reaching changes that were to define key aspects of their identity today. New monotheistic religions were replacing the animist faiths, states and empires were becoming consolidated, new trading networks were being set up, new towns were emerging, and fortifications were being erected as symbols and in defence against raiders and invaders. Do these elements of convergence mean that we can unpick much wider themes of similarity between northern Europe and Sahelian West Africa? This volume's central argument is that we can understand one area better by seeking inspiration from another.Less
What do we learn if we look in parallel at the past of two distinct parts of the world? This book weighs this question by considering both the central Sahel of West Africa and the European countries around the North Sea, for the period 800–1500. This is a time for which historical records are scarce, and to which archaeology is making ever-increasing contributions. It is also, and foremost, a time when the central Sahel and northern Europe alike were undergoing far-reaching changes that were to define key aspects of their identity today. New monotheistic religions were replacing the animist faiths, states and empires were becoming consolidated, new trading networks were being set up, new towns were emerging, and fortifications were being erected as symbols and in defence against raiders and invaders. Do these elements of convergence mean that we can unpick much wider themes of similarity between northern Europe and Sahelian West Africa? This volume's central argument is that we can understand one area better by seeking inspiration from another.
Owen White
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208198
- eISBN:
- 9780191677946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208198.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This book recreates the lives of the children born of relationships between French men and African women from the time France colonized much of West Africa towards the end of the 19th century, until ...
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This book recreates the lives of the children born of relationships between French men and African women from the time France colonized much of West Africa towards the end of the 19th century, until independence in 1960. Set within the context of the history of miscegenation in colonial French West Africa, the study focuses upon the lives and identities of the resulting mixed-race or mÉtis population, and their struggle to overcome the handicaps they faced in a racially divided society. This author has drawn an evaluation of the impact and importance of French racial theories, and offers a critical discussion of colonial policies in such areas as citizenship and education, providing insights into problems of identity in colonial society.Less
This book recreates the lives of the children born of relationships between French men and African women from the time France colonized much of West Africa towards the end of the 19th century, until independence in 1960. Set within the context of the history of miscegenation in colonial French West Africa, the study focuses upon the lives and identities of the resulting mixed-race or mÉtis population, and their struggle to overcome the handicaps they faced in a racially divided society. This author has drawn an evaluation of the impact and importance of French racial theories, and offers a critical discussion of colonial policies in such areas as citizenship and education, providing insights into problems of identity in colonial society.
John Kent
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203025
- eISBN:
- 9780191675669
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203025.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This book offers a scholarly study of British and French policy in their West African colonies during World War II and its aftermath. It shows how the broader requirements of the Anglo-French ...
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This book offers a scholarly study of British and French policy in their West African colonies during World War II and its aftermath. It shows how the broader requirements of the Anglo-French relations in Europe and the wider world shaped the formulation and execution of the two colonial powers’ policy in Black Africa. It examines the guiding principles of the policy makers in Britain and France and the problems experienced by the colonial administrators themselves. This comparative study, grounded in both French and British archives, sheds light on the development of Anglo-French cooperation in colonial matters in this period.Less
This book offers a scholarly study of British and French policy in their West African colonies during World War II and its aftermath. It shows how the broader requirements of the Anglo-French relations in Europe and the wider world shaped the formulation and execution of the two colonial powers’ policy in Black Africa. It examines the guiding principles of the policy makers in Britain and France and the problems experienced by the colonial administrators themselves. This comparative study, grounded in both French and British archives, sheds light on the development of Anglo-French cooperation in colonial matters in this period.
John Kent
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203025
- eISBN:
- 9780191675669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203025.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
British colonial policy in West Africa received a new momentum from the Coussey Commission’s report and the proposed constitutions for Nigeria and the Gold Coast. As the British actively sought their ...
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British colonial policy in West Africa received a new momentum from the Coussey Commission’s report and the proposed constitutions for Nigeria and the Gold Coast. As the British actively sought their new African partnership, in which significant moves towards self-government figured prominently, some French colonial officials, particularly resentful of criticism directed against the Union Française by British West Africans in official positions, suspected that Britain was deliberately undermining their African Empire through the medium of constitutional change. The French Union provided a fixed imperial structure that the Ministry of Overseas France was committed to maintain, and through which it hoped to control the economic and political changes in Black Africa from Paris. The initial attempt at reopening the failed political talks was made by the Quai d’Orsay, which, at the official level, suggested a high-level ministerial exchange of views on political policies and objectives in West Africa.Less
British colonial policy in West Africa received a new momentum from the Coussey Commission’s report and the proposed constitutions for Nigeria and the Gold Coast. As the British actively sought their new African partnership, in which significant moves towards self-government figured prominently, some French colonial officials, particularly resentful of criticism directed against the Union Française by British West Africans in official positions, suspected that Britain was deliberately undermining their African Empire through the medium of constitutional change. The French Union provided a fixed imperial structure that the Ministry of Overseas France was committed to maintain, and through which it hoped to control the economic and political changes in Black Africa from Paris. The initial attempt at reopening the failed political talks was made by the Quai d’Orsay, which, at the official level, suggested a high-level ministerial exchange of views on political policies and objectives in West Africa.
Falola Toyin
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205661
- eISBN:
- 9780191676741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.003.0031
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
The study of the British Empire in West Africa began before the birth of African history as an academic discipline. There were three major currents. The first was the literature generated by ...
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The study of the British Empire in West Africa began before the birth of African history as an academic discipline. There were three major currents. The first was the literature generated by Europeans. The second current was the literature generated within West Africa, mainly by Arabic chroniclers and local historians such as Carl Reindorf of Ghana and Samuel Johnson of Nigeria. The third and least known current was the interest in West African history in the United States, due mainly to the activities of pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois. This chapter is concerned with the work of professional historians, and particularly with work since 1945. The three currents mentioned above led to the foundation for the post-Second World War creation of African history as an academic field. Four major themes dominate the historiography of British West Africa. In addition, the historiography of British West Africa over three generations is rich and vibrant and deserves to be celebrated.Less
The study of the British Empire in West Africa began before the birth of African history as an academic discipline. There were three major currents. The first was the literature generated by Europeans. The second current was the literature generated within West Africa, mainly by Arabic chroniclers and local historians such as Carl Reindorf of Ghana and Samuel Johnson of Nigeria. The third and least known current was the interest in West African history in the United States, due mainly to the activities of pan-Africanist W. E. B. Du Bois. This chapter is concerned with the work of professional historians, and particularly with work since 1945. The three currents mentioned above led to the foundation for the post-Second World War creation of African history as an academic field. Four major themes dominate the historiography of British West Africa. In addition, the historiography of British West Africa over three generations is rich and vibrant and deserves to be celebrated.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206026
- eISBN:
- 9780191676925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206026.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the period between the financial crises and the end of the world war. During this period, the British multinational banks had expanded along with the booming world economy. ...
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This chapter discusses the period between the financial crises and the end of the world war. During this period, the British multinational banks had expanded along with the booming world economy. Overseas branches operated by British banks had doubled, numbering over 1,000. However, almost half of the banks active in 1890 had not survived until 1913. What made these multinational banks survive was their strong organizational capability which permitted them to operate beyond the English-speaking settler economies. Additionally, there came a time when the competitive position of British overseas banks had declined in some territories such as Canada, West India, and Australia. Nevertheless, British multinational banks remained extremely influential in West and East Africa and these banks were able to defend themselves from assaults by other multinational or local banks.Less
This chapter discusses the period between the financial crises and the end of the world war. During this period, the British multinational banks had expanded along with the booming world economy. Overseas branches operated by British banks had doubled, numbering over 1,000. However, almost half of the banks active in 1890 had not survived until 1913. What made these multinational banks survive was their strong organizational capability which permitted them to operate beyond the English-speaking settler economies. Additionally, there came a time when the competitive position of British overseas banks had declined in some territories such as Canada, West India, and Australia. Nevertheless, British multinational banks remained extremely influential in West and East Africa and these banks were able to defend themselves from assaults by other multinational or local banks.
David Northrup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199290673
- eISBN:
- 9780191700569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290673.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter shows that while promoting European colonies in the Americas, Atlantic contacts created cultural and economic opportunities for some coastal Africans. Although those in a position to ...
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This chapter shows that while promoting European colonies in the Americas, Atlantic contacts created cultural and economic opportunities for some coastal Africans. Although those in a position to benefit were fewer in number than those shipped into slavery from these shores and made up only a very small percentage of West Africa's population, their lives illuminate two important themes that deserve to be understood apart from the miseries of the slave trade and slavery. In the first place, their lives show that coastal West Africans were eager to participate in the Atlantic economy and succeeded in doing so effectively before, during, and after the transatlantic slave trade. The second theme of these early encounters, Africans's cultural discovery of Europe, also continued and expanded after 1800.Less
This chapter shows that while promoting European colonies in the Americas, Atlantic contacts created cultural and economic opportunities for some coastal Africans. Although those in a position to benefit were fewer in number than those shipped into slavery from these shores and made up only a very small percentage of West Africa's population, their lives illuminate two important themes that deserve to be understood apart from the miseries of the slave trade and slavery. In the first place, their lives show that coastal West Africans were eager to participate in the Atlantic economy and succeeded in doing so effectively before, during, and after the transatlantic slave trade. The second theme of these early encounters, Africans's cultural discovery of Europe, also continued and expanded after 1800.
TOYIN FALOLA and A. D. ROBERTS
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205647
- eISBN:
- 9780191676727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205647.003.0022
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
At the end of the 19th century, British rule in West Africa expanded far inland, from a few coastal outposts that were by-products of the Atlantic slave trade and its abolition. The Imperial history ...
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At the end of the 19th century, British rule in West Africa expanded far inland, from a few coastal outposts that were by-products of the Atlantic slave trade and its abolition. The Imperial history of British West Africa can be read in terms of the tension and conflict arising from this enlargement of perspective, and the priorities which it entailed. The experiences of West Africa during 1900–30 and the 1930s–1960s are shown in this chapter. In the greater part of British West Africa, colonial rule lasted scarcely sixty years. It ended calmly: the transfer of power was effected by the same constitutional process of white settlement as in the Dominions. Throughout former British West Africa, representative government was in general retreat by the 1960s.Less
At the end of the 19th century, British rule in West Africa expanded far inland, from a few coastal outposts that were by-products of the Atlantic slave trade and its abolition. The Imperial history of British West Africa can be read in terms of the tension and conflict arising from this enlargement of perspective, and the priorities which it entailed. The experiences of West Africa during 1900–30 and the 1930s–1960s are shown in this chapter. In the greater part of British West Africa, colonial rule lasted scarcely sixty years. It ended calmly: the transfer of power was effected by the same constitutional process of white settlement as in the Dominions. Throughout former British West Africa, representative government was in general retreat by the 1960s.
John Kent
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203025
- eISBN:
- 9780191675669
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203025.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The conduct of the war as it affected West Africa was naturally influenced, at the highest level, by its relation to the best over-all strategy that could be devised to resist the Germans. This ...
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The conduct of the war as it affected West Africa was naturally influenced, at the highest level, by its relation to the best over-all strategy that could be devised to resist the Germans. This explains the vacillations, shifts, and hesitations which affected Britain’s attitudes to the Free French and Vichy authorities and, as a result, the nature of military operations and economic warfare in West Africa. The need to develop West African production created a radically new framework for the development of economic policy in both London and the colonies. In the wake of the great rupture in Anglo-French relations, Sir Bernard Bourdillon was quick to realise that life in West Africa could not go on as before. From now on the war would impinge much more on West Africa, with the need for greater controls over the economic life of the region.Less
The conduct of the war as it affected West Africa was naturally influenced, at the highest level, by its relation to the best over-all strategy that could be devised to resist the Germans. This explains the vacillations, shifts, and hesitations which affected Britain’s attitudes to the Free French and Vichy authorities and, as a result, the nature of military operations and economic warfare in West Africa. The need to develop West African production created a radically new framework for the development of economic policy in both London and the colonies. In the wake of the great rupture in Anglo-French relations, Sir Bernard Bourdillon was quick to realise that life in West Africa could not go on as before. From now on the war would impinge much more on West Africa, with the need for greater controls over the economic life of the region.
PHILIP J. HAVIK
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265208
- eISBN:
- 9780191754180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
The attempt to establish plantation agriculture on the island of Bolama by British settlers in the early 1790s triggered a scramble for West Africa's resources in the Guinea Bissau region. The ...
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The attempt to establish plantation agriculture on the island of Bolama by British settlers in the early 1790s triggered a scramble for West Africa's resources in the Guinea Bissau region. The dispute and its eventual settlement in Portugal's favour in 1870 was to heighten the already tense Anglo-Portuguese relations as a result of the latter's resistance to the abolition of the slave trade. However, this territorial dispute has overshadowed the regional aspects of the island's settlement. Rather than being a mere object of European designs, the island was also the locus of rivalry between local trade lineages and African communities, and even the site of personal infighting due to their own particular dynamics. This chapter focuses on this local and regional momentum that continued regardless of the broader conflict, involving slaves, freed slaves, Christianised Africans, African migrants and trader-planters, producing distinct patterns of settlement and crop cultivation.Less
The attempt to establish plantation agriculture on the island of Bolama by British settlers in the early 1790s triggered a scramble for West Africa's resources in the Guinea Bissau region. The dispute and its eventual settlement in Portugal's favour in 1870 was to heighten the already tense Anglo-Portuguese relations as a result of the latter's resistance to the abolition of the slave trade. However, this territorial dispute has overshadowed the regional aspects of the island's settlement. Rather than being a mere object of European designs, the island was also the locus of rivalry between local trade lineages and African communities, and even the site of personal infighting due to their own particular dynamics. This chapter focuses on this local and regional momentum that continued regardless of the broader conflict, involving slaves, freed slaves, Christianised Africans, African migrants and trader-planters, producing distinct patterns of settlement and crop cultivation.
Zain Abdullah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314250
- eISBN:
- 9780199871797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314250.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Thousands are making a mass exodus from West Africa. Attempting to escape perpetual unemployment in their home countries, many are taking drastic measures to reach Spain or other European nations for ...
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Thousands are making a mass exodus from West Africa. Attempting to escape perpetual unemployment in their home countries, many are taking drastic measures to reach Spain or other European nations for the promise of better economic conditions. Most die in rough seas, as they travel with human traffickers in pateras, small fishing boats ill equipped for the journey. On a catamaran, fourteen Senegalese Muslim men made an unprecedented Atlantic voyage bound for New York, and they made it, but just barely. Within the larger context of West African Muslim immigration, this chapter discusses the perilous odyssey of these Muslim sailors, the push of their familial obligations, and the pull of the American dream.Less
Thousands are making a mass exodus from West Africa. Attempting to escape perpetual unemployment in their home countries, many are taking drastic measures to reach Spain or other European nations for the promise of better economic conditions. Most die in rough seas, as they travel with human traffickers in pateras, small fishing boats ill equipped for the journey. On a catamaran, fourteen Senegalese Muslim men made an unprecedented Atlantic voyage bound for New York, and they made it, but just barely. Within the larger context of West African Muslim immigration, this chapter discusses the perilous odyssey of these Muslim sailors, the push of their familial obligations, and the pull of the American dream.
Ralph Wilde
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199274321
- eISBN:
- 9780191706486
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274321.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This is the second of two chapters establishing the legal status of those territories where ITA projects have occurred, covering (mostly non-state) territories where the international legal right to ...
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This is the second of two chapters establishing the legal status of those territories where ITA projects have occurred, covering (mostly non-state) territories where the international legal right to self-determination was, in varying ways, determinative of this status. Before commencing the analysis on each territory, a review of the international law on self-determination and a consideration of the effect that the self-determination entitlement is regarded to have on territorial status is offered. This general legal framework is then applied to the question of the status of each territory: Mandated and Trust territories where the UN conducted consultations; West Irian in 1962-63; South West Africa/Namibia in 1967 and 1989-90; the Western Sahara from 1991; and East Timor between 1999 and 2002. The conclusion reached is that these territories were not ‘sovereign UN territories’ but rather non-state territories with distinct legal personality derived from their self-determination entitlement.Less
This is the second of two chapters establishing the legal status of those territories where ITA projects have occurred, covering (mostly non-state) territories where the international legal right to self-determination was, in varying ways, determinative of this status. Before commencing the analysis on each territory, a review of the international law on self-determination and a consideration of the effect that the self-determination entitlement is regarded to have on territorial status is offered. This general legal framework is then applied to the question of the status of each territory: Mandated and Trust territories where the UN conducted consultations; West Irian in 1962-63; South West Africa/Namibia in 1967 and 1989-90; the Western Sahara from 1991; and East Timor between 1999 and 2002. The conclusion reached is that these territories were not ‘sovereign UN territories’ but rather non-state territories with distinct legal personality derived from their self-determination entitlement.
OWEN WHITE
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208198
- eISBN:
- 9780191677946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208198.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter sketches a history of the contact between French men and African women which created a mÉtis population in West Africa. It compares French attitudes and practices with those of other ...
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This chapter sketches a history of the contact between French men and African women which created a mÉtis population in West Africa. It compares French attitudes and practices with those of other Europeans. It provides some idea of how such relationships were conducted across the federation and changed over time.Less
This chapter sketches a history of the contact between French men and African women which created a mÉtis population in West Africa. It compares French attitudes and practices with those of other Europeans. It provides some idea of how such relationships were conducted across the federation and changed over time.
OWEN WHITE
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208198
- eISBN:
- 9780191677946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208198.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to reconstruct the lives of the children mentioned in Louis Joseph Barot's account during the period of French rule in West ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to reconstruct the lives of the children mentioned in Louis Joseph Barot's account during the period of French rule in West Africa. It focuses on the offspring of temporary unions between French men and African women from the period of French expansion across West Africa in the late 19th century until the 1960 independence. It explains the French occupation of a small section of the population in West Africa.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to reconstruct the lives of the children mentioned in Louis Joseph Barot's account during the period of French rule in West Africa. It focuses on the offspring of temporary unions between French men and African women from the period of French expansion across West Africa in the late 19th century until the 1960 independence. It explains the French occupation of a small section of the population in West Africa.
Sara Brandellero
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589524
- eISBN:
- 9780191595462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589524.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter analyses João Cabral's collection, Agrestes (1985). Taking its cue from Silviano Santiago's formulations on the entre-lugar as a locus of enunciation where forms of cultural colonialism ...
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This chapter analyses João Cabral's collection, Agrestes (1985). Taking its cue from Silviano Santiago's formulations on the entre-lugar as a locus of enunciation where forms of cultural colonialism are undermined, the chapter discusses Cabral's figurations of marginality and hybridity, which transpire in the title of the collection itself — taken to allude to the North-Eastern region of Brazil between the zona da mata and the sertão. The chapter considers Cabral's postcolonial perspective, as it emerges for example in his inter-textual dialogues (such as with Fernando Pessoa and Manuel Bandeira). Ambiguous configurations of life and mortality are also analysed, such as in the theme of haunting in Cabral's revisitation of Pernambuco and in representations of the plight of postcolonial West Africa and Spanish America. Thus, the chapter considers how the collection reflected the poet's experience of a peripatetic life as a career diplomat, in a work in which physical and emotional journeys are conflated.Less
This chapter analyses João Cabral's collection, Agrestes (1985). Taking its cue from Silviano Santiago's formulations on the entre-lugar as a locus of enunciation where forms of cultural colonialism are undermined, the chapter discusses Cabral's figurations of marginality and hybridity, which transpire in the title of the collection itself — taken to allude to the North-Eastern region of Brazil between the zona da mata and the sertão. The chapter considers Cabral's postcolonial perspective, as it emerges for example in his inter-textual dialogues (such as with Fernando Pessoa and Manuel Bandeira). Ambiguous configurations of life and mortality are also analysed, such as in the theme of haunting in Cabral's revisitation of Pernambuco and in representations of the plight of postcolonial West Africa and Spanish America. Thus, the chapter considers how the collection reflected the poet's experience of a peripatetic life as a career diplomat, in a work in which physical and emotional journeys are conflated.
Marloes Janson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter explores the link between youth culture, religiosity, and politics by focusing on the Tabligh Jama’at, a transnational Islamic missionary movement that originated in South Asia and ...
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This chapter explores the link between youth culture, religiosity, and politics by focusing on the Tabligh Jama’at, a transnational Islamic missionary movement that originated in South Asia and expanded in The Gambia during the past 15 years. A case study of the Gambisara mosque dispute, a dispute that is closely connected with the proliferation of the Tabligh Jama’at in The Gambia, illustrates that contests for religious authority and power are being played out by two opposing groups: the traditional elders, represented by the parents’ generation holding moral authority, and the local Sufi clerics or marabouts holding religious authority on the one hand, and the younger Tablighis on the other. Gambian youth are located within a political economy in which they are subordinated to Muslim elders and have little opportunities. Islamic missionary work, that is, tabligh, seems to give quite a number of young men meaning and purpose, and provides them with an instrument to free themselves from the elders’ hegemony. Although the Tablighi youth reject the Islam practiced by their parents and the marabouts as being “rigid,” the Islam propagated by them is actually more rigid than that of the older generation in that it leaves no space for local traditions. It remains to be seen what the effects of this inverted social order will be in the long term.Less
This chapter explores the link between youth culture, religiosity, and politics by focusing on the Tabligh Jama’at, a transnational Islamic missionary movement that originated in South Asia and expanded in The Gambia during the past 15 years. A case study of the Gambisara mosque dispute, a dispute that is closely connected with the proliferation of the Tabligh Jama’at in The Gambia, illustrates that contests for religious authority and power are being played out by two opposing groups: the traditional elders, represented by the parents’ generation holding moral authority, and the local Sufi clerics or marabouts holding religious authority on the one hand, and the younger Tablighis on the other. Gambian youth are located within a political economy in which they are subordinated to Muslim elders and have little opportunities. Islamic missionary work, that is, tabligh, seems to give quite a number of young men meaning and purpose, and provides them with an instrument to free themselves from the elders’ hegemony. Although the Tablighi youth reject the Islam practiced by their parents and the marabouts as being “rigid,” the Islam propagated by them is actually more rigid than that of the older generation in that it leaves no space for local traditions. It remains to be seen what the effects of this inverted social order will be in the long term.
