Ramprasad Sengupta
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198081654
- eISBN:
- 9780199082407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198081654.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter discusses the resource balance between the demand and availability of water – a critical resource for agriculture and livelihood security – in global as well as Indian context. The data ...
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The chapter discusses the resource balance between the demand and availability of water – a critical resource for agriculture and livelihood security – in global as well as Indian context. The data and discussion of basin wise balances of surface and ground water indicate widely varying severity of ecological limitations of water resources over regions due to uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in India. It critically discusses all the important options of water resource development – like large storage development, inter-river linking, micro water shed development, and ground water conservation. It further reviews the ground water revolution of India augmenting agrarian productivity as well as its attendant problem of conflicts over the rights of its use, and policy issues relating to water institutions for equitable sharing of the scarce resource. It further discusses the sources of qualitative degradation of the resource, its valuation and control including government policies and actions.Less
The chapter discusses the resource balance between the demand and availability of water – a critical resource for agriculture and livelihood security – in global as well as Indian context. The data and discussion of basin wise balances of surface and ground water indicate widely varying severity of ecological limitations of water resources over regions due to uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in India. It critically discusses all the important options of water resource development – like large storage development, inter-river linking, micro water shed development, and ground water conservation. It further reviews the ground water revolution of India augmenting agrarian productivity as well as its attendant problem of conflicts over the rights of its use, and policy issues relating to water institutions for equitable sharing of the scarce resource. It further discusses the sources of qualitative degradation of the resource, its valuation and control including government policies and actions.
James Carter
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195398854
- eISBN:
- 9780199894413
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398854.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Tanxu fled Qingdao in an American military plane in 1949, ahead of advancing Communist Armies. Having survived the war with Japan, he and his colleagues feared their fate under an anti-religious ...
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Tanxu fled Qingdao in an American military plane in 1949, ahead of advancing Communist Armies. Having survived the war with Japan, he and his colleagues feared their fate under an anti-religious Communist regime. Arriving in Hong Kong, Tanxu worked to revive the Buddhist community there, eventually becoming among the colony’s religious elite. To save Buddhist texts from destruction in mainland China, he established a library in Hong Kong to preserve books gathered from mainland temples and libraries. He also gave numerous lectures and presided over important Buddhist ceremonies, in this way continuing his work of promoting Buddhism and a particular Chinese cultural identity until his death in 1963.Less
Tanxu fled Qingdao in an American military plane in 1949, ahead of advancing Communist Armies. Having survived the war with Japan, he and his colleagues feared their fate under an anti-religious Communist regime. Arriving in Hong Kong, Tanxu worked to revive the Buddhist community there, eventually becoming among the colony’s religious elite. To save Buddhist texts from destruction in mainland China, he established a library in Hong Kong to preserve books gathered from mainland temples and libraries. He also gave numerous lectures and presided over important Buddhist ceremonies, in this way continuing his work of promoting Buddhism and a particular Chinese cultural identity until his death in 1963.
Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813168685
- eISBN:
- 9780813169941
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168685.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of ...
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Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of these formations would be possible, however, without the lakes, rivers, and streams that have been shaping and nourishing the land for centuries. Water has played a pivotal role in determining Kentucky’s physical, cultural, and economic landscapes, and its management and preservation have recently become a significant point of interest for the state’s government and citizens. In Water in Kentucky: Shaping Landscapes, People, and Communities, editors Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones will assemble a team of contributors from various disciplines to explore how water has defined regions across the Commonwealth. They propose to present an overview of Kentucky’s watershed and landscapes as well as highlight the importance of the water sources during the settlement and development of Kentucky. They will examine how water is regarded across the state today, discussing a variety of issues such as rural water and wastewater issues, the effect of the Martin County Coal Waste Spill on water resources, erosion and sediment control, Kentucky River’s lock and dam system, and the creation of the Land between the Lakes. The editors and contributors will also investigate how water is regulated across the state, exploring Kentucky’s water administrations, activism for preservation of water sources, and advocacy for public awareness. Finally, they will address future challenges, focusing on emerging technologies and management approaches that will likely determine the next chapters in Kentucky’s history. Water in Kentucky will illuminate the ways in which water has affected the lives of Kentuckians since the state’s settlement, exploring the complex relationship between humans, landscapes, and waterways. Illustrated with photographs, maps, and charts, the volume offers a multi-faceted look at how water has shaped the Bluegrass State. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the editors and contributors will provide scholars and general readers alike with an important volume that not only takes a look at Kentucky’s past, but asks important questions about its future.Less
Kentucky is regarded as one of the most ecologically diverse states in the nation, home to sprawling Appalachian forests, rolling green meadows, and the longest cave system in the world. None of these formations would be possible, however, without the lakes, rivers, and streams that have been shaping and nourishing the land for centuries. Water has played a pivotal role in determining Kentucky’s physical, cultural, and economic landscapes, and its management and preservation have recently become a significant point of interest for the state’s government and citizens. In Water in Kentucky: Shaping Landscapes, People, and Communities, editors Brian D. Lee, Daniel I. Carey, and Alice L. Jones will assemble a team of contributors from various disciplines to explore how water has defined regions across the Commonwealth. They propose to present an overview of Kentucky’s watershed and landscapes as well as highlight the importance of the water sources during the settlement and development of Kentucky. They will examine how water is regarded across the state today, discussing a variety of issues such as rural water and wastewater issues, the effect of the Martin County Coal Waste Spill on water resources, erosion and sediment control, Kentucky River’s lock and dam system, and the creation of the Land between the Lakes. The editors and contributors will also investigate how water is regulated across the state, exploring Kentucky’s water administrations, activism for preservation of water sources, and advocacy for public awareness. Finally, they will address future challenges, focusing on emerging technologies and management approaches that will likely determine the next chapters in Kentucky’s history. Water in Kentucky will illuminate the ways in which water has affected the lives of Kentuckians since the state’s settlement, exploring the complex relationship between humans, landscapes, and waterways. Illustrated with photographs, maps, and charts, the volume offers a multi-faceted look at how water has shaped the Bluegrass State. Through detailed analysis and case studies, the editors and contributors will provide scholars and general readers alike with an important volume that not only takes a look at Kentucky’s past, but asks important questions about its future.
Williams Martin
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195083491
- eISBN:
- 9780199853205
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083491.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
John Lewis was an American jazz pianist and composer most famous for being the musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet. The Modern Jazz Quartet, in its quarter of a century history, had risen to ...
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John Lewis was an American jazz pianist and composer most famous for being the musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet. The Modern Jazz Quartet, in its quarter of a century history, had risen to prominence as the most renowned, most critically acclaimed, and most durable small ensemble in the history of jazz. It is one of the greatest ensembles ever to have existd, that is other than the Duke Ellington orchestra. Lewis also provided the musical score to the documentary “De I'eau et de I'espoir” (Of Water and Hope), which tackles the assistance of American in Morocco's water conservation.Less
John Lewis was an American jazz pianist and composer most famous for being the musical director of the Modern Jazz Quartet. The Modern Jazz Quartet, in its quarter of a century history, had risen to prominence as the most renowned, most critically acclaimed, and most durable small ensemble in the history of jazz. It is one of the greatest ensembles ever to have existd, that is other than the Duke Ellington orchestra. Lewis also provided the musical score to the documentary “De I'eau et de I'espoir” (Of Water and Hope), which tackles the assistance of American in Morocco's water conservation.
David Manning
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195182392
- eISBN:
- 9780199851485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182392.003.0048
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
It has sometimes been questioned whether Cecil Sharp had the creative impulse in music, but his accompaniments to my mind clearly show that he had. His creative impulse came from the tune he was ...
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It has sometimes been questioned whether Cecil Sharp had the creative impulse in music, but his accompaniments to my mind clearly show that he had. His creative impulse came from the tune he was setting. In all the best of Sharp's accompaniments it is the tune that counts, and the arrangement falls into its proper background. In some cases his accompaniments look wrong, and sometimes even when played by themselves seem awkward, but they stand the important test: that they make the tune sound right. It is true that Sharp had little of the conventional technique of pianoforte accompaniment, as taught by professors of composition, but he developed a technique of his own whose complete success was only hindered by his fear of the harmony professor. As examples of first-rate accompaniments this book suggests “The Cuckoo,” “The Drowned Lover,” and “The Water is Wide.”Less
It has sometimes been questioned whether Cecil Sharp had the creative impulse in music, but his accompaniments to my mind clearly show that he had. His creative impulse came from the tune he was setting. In all the best of Sharp's accompaniments it is the tune that counts, and the arrangement falls into its proper background. In some cases his accompaniments look wrong, and sometimes even when played by themselves seem awkward, but they stand the important test: that they make the tune sound right. It is true that Sharp had little of the conventional technique of pianoforte accompaniment, as taught by professors of composition, but he developed a technique of his own whose complete success was only hindered by his fear of the harmony professor. As examples of first-rate accompaniments this book suggests “The Cuckoo,” “The Drowned Lover,” and “The Water is Wide.”
Andrew Needham
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691139067
- eISBN:
- 9781400852406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691139067.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld ...
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This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld by the Supreme Court. The paper also argued that Arizona's attempt to realize those claims endangered the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon itself. Transforming the flowing energy of water into flowing electricity, the Times suggested, was not in the national interest. Such critiques of Arizona's growth emerged in the wake of the Interior Department's development of the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, a plan designed in 1963 to realize Arizona's Colorado River claims. The critiques emerged from several different conservationist groups, but most powerfully from the Sierra Club, which was gradually changing the description of its politics from “conservation” to “environmentalism” and assuming a far more public voice in disputes over the proper use of public lands.Less
This chapter addresses how The New York Times challenged the long-held claims of Arizona officials that their state was entitled to a portion of the Colorado River by rights, a claim recently upheld by the Supreme Court. The paper also argued that Arizona's attempt to realize those claims endangered the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon itself. Transforming the flowing energy of water into flowing electricity, the Times suggested, was not in the national interest. Such critiques of Arizona's growth emerged in the wake of the Interior Department's development of the Pacific Southwest Water Plan, a plan designed in 1963 to realize Arizona's Colorado River claims. The critiques emerged from several different conservationist groups, but most powerfully from the Sierra Club, which was gradually changing the description of its politics from “conservation” to “environmentalism” and assuming a far more public voice in disputes over the proper use of public lands.
Cinnamon Piñon Carlarne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199553419
- eISBN:
- 9780191594984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553419.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change ...
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This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.Less
This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.
M. Dinesh Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198099550
- eISBN:
- 9780199084517
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198099550.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book is about sustainable urban water management for developing countries. It deals with holistically managing different aspects of urban water viz., water resources, water supplies, waste water ...
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This book is about sustainable urban water management for developing countries. It deals with holistically managing different aspects of urban water viz., water resources, water supplies, waste water generated from urban area and urban storm water, as integral components of the urban water cycle. It covers the entire gamut of issues in urban water management starting water supply, wastewater treatment, storm water management, water allocation and water resources management. It covers the hydrological, engineering, economic, social and institutional aspects of urban water management. Instead of offering ‘quick fix’ and easily implementable solutions for urban water problems, it systematically analyses the complex factors influencing the performance of urban water systems—water supply, wastewater treatment and drainage systems—and the institutions which manage them. It discusses some advanced concepts and practices that promote sustainable urban water management, which have been tried successfully in the developed countries. It also identifies the opportunities, constraint and challenges in implementing them in different physical, socio-economic, administrative and institutional settings that prevail in Indian cities and towns. In sum, it covers technical, economic, social, institutional, legal, and policy interventions of improving the governance and management of urban water systems for sustainability, efficiency, equity, and cost effectiveness in India. It also defines the criteria for choosing these interventions in a wide range of urban situations so as to improve the performance of urban water systems.Less
This book is about sustainable urban water management for developing countries. It deals with holistically managing different aspects of urban water viz., water resources, water supplies, waste water generated from urban area and urban storm water, as integral components of the urban water cycle. It covers the entire gamut of issues in urban water management starting water supply, wastewater treatment, storm water management, water allocation and water resources management. It covers the hydrological, engineering, economic, social and institutional aspects of urban water management. Instead of offering ‘quick fix’ and easily implementable solutions for urban water problems, it systematically analyses the complex factors influencing the performance of urban water systems—water supply, wastewater treatment and drainage systems—and the institutions which manage them. It discusses some advanced concepts and practices that promote sustainable urban water management, which have been tried successfully in the developed countries. It also identifies the opportunities, constraint and challenges in implementing them in different physical, socio-economic, administrative and institutional settings that prevail in Indian cities and towns. In sum, it covers technical, economic, social, institutional, legal, and policy interventions of improving the governance and management of urban water systems for sustainability, efficiency, equity, and cost effectiveness in India. It also defines the criteria for choosing these interventions in a wide range of urban situations so as to improve the performance of urban water systems.
Lisa Siraganian
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796557
- eISBN:
- 9780199932542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796557.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
The coda extends Olson’s and Baraka’s theories of breath and bodily incorporation from the previous chapter to quite different forms of contemporary writing, ranging from Native American Leslie ...
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The coda extends Olson’s and Baraka’s theories of breath and bodily incorporation from the previous chapter to quite different forms of contemporary writing, ranging from Native American Leslie Marmon Silko’s photo-poems, Sacred Water (1993), Juliana Spahr’s post-9/11 poem, This Connection of Everyone with Lungs (2005), to the various theoretical reappraisals of universalism in Judith Butler’s political theory and in Alain Badiou’s Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism (2003). We see that Olson and Baraka anticipate various recent attempts in art, literature, and critical theory to depict communitarian or other forms of social connection via breath or particularity in order to avoid universalism. This attempt is examined, critiqued, and contextualized. The Coda suggests that the aesthetic and political debates that Modernism’s Other Work explores continue in various texts and theoretical discussions ongoing today.Less
The coda extends Olson’s and Baraka’s theories of breath and bodily incorporation from the previous chapter to quite different forms of contemporary writing, ranging from Native American Leslie Marmon Silko’s photo-poems, Sacred Water (1993), Juliana Spahr’s post-9/11 poem, This Connection of Everyone with Lungs (2005), to the various theoretical reappraisals of universalism in Judith Butler’s political theory and in Alain Badiou’s Saint Paul: The Foundation of Universalism (2003). We see that Olson and Baraka anticipate various recent attempts in art, literature, and critical theory to depict communitarian or other forms of social connection via breath or particularity in order to avoid universalism. This attempt is examined, critiqued, and contextualized. The Coda suggests that the aesthetic and political debates that Modernism’s Other Work explores continue in various texts and theoretical discussions ongoing today.
Philippe Cullet
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546237
- eISBN:
- 9780191705519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546237.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter examines law and policy reforms concerning drinking water. It emphasizes drinking water over other law reforms considered in Chapter 4 because of the direct link with the realization of ...
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This chapter examines law and policy reforms concerning drinking water. It emphasizes drinking water over other law reforms considered in Chapter 4 because of the direct link with the realization of the human right to water, the relative lack of interest given to drinking water, and the specific ways in which law and policy reforms are being introduced. The chapter focuses on rural drinking water supply that has seen a major policy shift since the mid-1990s with the introduction of water sector reform principles to drinking water supply, including a new focus on demand-driven schemes, cost recovery, and user participation. It analyzes in particular the Swajal pilot project that kick-started the reforms and the Swajaldhara guidelines that have contributed to mainstream them. The final section places the analysis in the context of the realization of the human right to water.Less
This chapter examines law and policy reforms concerning drinking water. It emphasizes drinking water over other law reforms considered in Chapter 4 because of the direct link with the realization of the human right to water, the relative lack of interest given to drinking water, and the specific ways in which law and policy reforms are being introduced. The chapter focuses on rural drinking water supply that has seen a major policy shift since the mid-1990s with the introduction of water sector reform principles to drinking water supply, including a new focus on demand-driven schemes, cost recovery, and user participation. It analyzes in particular the Swajal pilot project that kick-started the reforms and the Swajaldhara guidelines that have contributed to mainstream them. The final section places the analysis in the context of the realization of the human right to water.
Michael Peppard
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300213997
- eISBN:
- 9780300216516
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300213997.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter first combines two upper-panel scenes thought to represent Jesus Christ with a third over the font: the walking on the water with Simon Peter; the healing of a paralytic; and the ...
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This chapter first combines two upper-panel scenes thought to represent Jesus Christ with a third over the font: the walking on the water with Simon Peter; the healing of a paralytic; and the shepherd with a flock of sheep. The scene of the walking on the water shows Peter as an ideal disciple who imitates the divine power of Christ. Jesus’ reputation as a healer was widespread in antiquity, but in Syria it was even more of a focus, with “Healer” and “Physician” as prevalent titles for Christ there. Turning to the font itself, the painting on the western wall portrays a shepherd watering his flock, which recalls David as shepherd, Christ the Good Shepherd, and the foundational Psalm 23. The large number of sheep in the flock signifies the communal aspect of Christian initiation, the incorporation of a “sealed” individual into a community protected from enemies by the name of Christ.Less
This chapter first combines two upper-panel scenes thought to represent Jesus Christ with a third over the font: the walking on the water with Simon Peter; the healing of a paralytic; and the shepherd with a flock of sheep. The scene of the walking on the water shows Peter as an ideal disciple who imitates the divine power of Christ. Jesus’ reputation as a healer was widespread in antiquity, but in Syria it was even more of a focus, with “Healer” and “Physician” as prevalent titles for Christ there. Turning to the font itself, the painting on the western wall portrays a shepherd watering his flock, which recalls David as shepherd, Christ the Good Shepherd, and the foundational Psalm 23. The large number of sheep in the flock signifies the communal aspect of Christian initiation, the incorporation of a “sealed” individual into a community protected from enemies by the name of Christ.
Wuyang Hu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813168685
- eISBN:
- 9780813169941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813168685.003.0022
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Market-based tools are first suggested in the 1960s considering how society could achieve long-term reductions in pollution without causing an undue burden on the economy. Instead of the government ...
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Market-based tools are first suggested in the 1960s considering how society could achieve long-term reductions in pollution without causing an undue burden on the economy. Instead of the government imposes controls (i.e., limiting the right to pollute), market incentives governed by economic principles could be used to guide individual players’ behavior. One of the strategies is to let polluters reallocate the pollution they generate among themselves, or in other words, they decide who actually does the pollution abatement. Those with high costs pollute more (abate less) and those with low costs pollute less (abate more). This type of reallocating through trading could save large amounts of money.Less
Market-based tools are first suggested in the 1960s considering how society could achieve long-term reductions in pollution without causing an undue burden on the economy. Instead of the government imposes controls (i.e., limiting the right to pollute), market incentives governed by economic principles could be used to guide individual players’ behavior. One of the strategies is to let polluters reallocate the pollution they generate among themselves, or in other words, they decide who actually does the pollution abatement. Those with high costs pollute more (abate less) and those with low costs pollute less (abate more). This type of reallocating through trading could save large amounts of money.
Maria Lee
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565177
- eISBN:
- 9780191705359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565177.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The Water Framework Directive takes an ambitious approach to environmental protection, albeit characterized by flexibility in both language and environmental objectives. This flexibility is ...
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The Water Framework Directive takes an ambitious approach to environmental protection, albeit characterized by flexibility in both language and environmental objectives. This flexibility is constrained by the explicit terms of the Directive, which without commanding particular results, demand that particular tools, approaches, and considerations be used in decision making. The flexibility is further constrained beyond the terms of the legislation through the Common Implementation Strategy, which provides for cooperation between the member states, the Commission and others in the detailed implementation of the Directive. The novel approaches in the Water Framework Directive inevitably raise concerns around both legal and political accountability. However, the combination of these ambitious objectives with mechanisms of new governance is no coincidence — flexibility recognises social and ecological realities, and without it the ambition of the Directive would not be possible. The constraints within and beyond the wording of the legislation keep that flexibility within certain bounds.Less
The Water Framework Directive takes an ambitious approach to environmental protection, albeit characterized by flexibility in both language and environmental objectives. This flexibility is constrained by the explicit terms of the Directive, which without commanding particular results, demand that particular tools, approaches, and considerations be used in decision making. The flexibility is further constrained beyond the terms of the legislation through the Common Implementation Strategy, which provides for cooperation between the member states, the Commission and others in the detailed implementation of the Directive. The novel approaches in the Water Framework Directive inevitably raise concerns around both legal and political accountability. However, the combination of these ambitious objectives with mechanisms of new governance is no coincidence — flexibility recognises social and ecological realities, and without it the ambition of the Directive would not be possible. The constraints within and beyond the wording of the legislation keep that flexibility within certain bounds.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Given the importance of national per‐capita calorie availability in the FAO estimations of undernutrition, this chapter takes a second look at this parameter; now from the consumption side. Estimates ...
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Given the importance of national per‐capita calorie availability in the FAO estimations of undernutrition, this chapter takes a second look at this parameter; now from the consumption side. Estimates of per‐capita calorie consumption from various food and expenditure surveys in several countries are compared with corresponding supply‐side estimates derived by the FAO, and huge mismatches are found. The main methodological flaws in most food consumption surveys from developing countries are identified and the conclusion is that these surveys are, with notably few exceptions, as unreliable as the FAO's food balance sheet estimates. It is also found that the estimates of the distribution of available calories across households, one of the three key parameters in the FAO model, are highly unreliable and in no single case, nationally representative. The evidence on peoples’ actual calorie expenditures by the only reliable method there—the Doubly Labelled Water Method—is unfortunately far too scant to permit any generalizations whatsoever.Less
Given the importance of national per‐capita calorie availability in the FAO estimations of undernutrition, this chapter takes a second look at this parameter; now from the consumption side. Estimates of per‐capita calorie consumption from various food and expenditure surveys in several countries are compared with corresponding supply‐side estimates derived by the FAO, and huge mismatches are found. The main methodological flaws in most food consumption surveys from developing countries are identified and the conclusion is that these surveys are, with notably few exceptions, as unreliable as the FAO's food balance sheet estimates. It is also found that the estimates of the distribution of available calories across households, one of the three key parameters in the FAO model, are highly unreliable and in no single case, nationally representative. The evidence on peoples’ actual calorie expenditures by the only reliable method there—the Doubly Labelled Water Method—is unfortunately far too scant to permit any generalizations whatsoever.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Two leaders emerged as San Francisco pursued the valley: Mayor James Phelan and naturalist John Muir. Both were determined and led strong constituencies, and each held competing views of the meaning ...
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Two leaders emerged as San Francisco pursued the valley: Mayor James Phelan and naturalist John Muir. Both were determined and led strong constituencies, and each held competing views of the meaning of progress. Phelan was convinced a great dam symbolized human determination and ingenuity, and would enhance nature. Muir was skeptical that humans could improve on nature, and certainly not in the mountain sanctuary of Hetch Hetchy. John Muir and the Sierra Club held the upper hand until the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906 intervened to change everything. The prostrate city with four square miles of its heart in smoldering ruins became an object of both pity and charity. Who could deny the city its desire for abundant water? Furthermore, many blamed the fire on the privately-owned Spring Valley Water Company. San Francisco reapplied for a permit. With the support of US Forest Service chief Gifford Pinchot and the sympathy of Secretary of the Interior James Garfield, the city felt assured that soon its engineers would be damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley and building an aqueduct to transport the water to the city.Less
Two leaders emerged as San Francisco pursued the valley: Mayor James Phelan and naturalist John Muir. Both were determined and led strong constituencies, and each held competing views of the meaning of progress. Phelan was convinced a great dam symbolized human determination and ingenuity, and would enhance nature. Muir was skeptical that humans could improve on nature, and certainly not in the mountain sanctuary of Hetch Hetchy. John Muir and the Sierra Club held the upper hand until the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906 intervened to change everything. The prostrate city with four square miles of its heart in smoldering ruins became an object of both pity and charity. Who could deny the city its desire for abundant water? Furthermore, many blamed the fire on the privately-owned Spring Valley Water Company. San Francisco reapplied for a permit. With the support of US Forest Service chief Gifford Pinchot and the sympathy of Secretary of the Interior James Garfield, the city felt assured that soon its engineers would be damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley and building an aqueduct to transport the water to the city.
Robert W. Righter
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195149470
- eISBN:
- 9780199788934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149470.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter chronicles the building of the O'Shaughnessy Dam, the largest concrete dam in the United States when completed in 1923, and the keystone of the Hetch Hetchy water and power system. It ...
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This chapter chronicles the building of the O'Shaughnessy Dam, the largest concrete dam in the United States when completed in 1923, and the keystone of the Hetch Hetchy water and power system. It covers the difficulty of financing and constructing a dam, and facilities deep in the mountains of California. It explores the contractors and the lives of the workers who built the system. It asks whether the system, completed in 1934, was worth the lawsuits, bond issues, political discord, construction problems, the cost in dollars, and the loss of human life. The answer was no because San Francisco had other viable alternatives. Nevertheless, the Hetch Hetchy system represents one of the three great California public works projects of its day. The other two were the San Francisco Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge.Less
This chapter chronicles the building of the O'Shaughnessy Dam, the largest concrete dam in the United States when completed in 1923, and the keystone of the Hetch Hetchy water and power system. It covers the difficulty of financing and constructing a dam, and facilities deep in the mountains of California. It explores the contractors and the lives of the workers who built the system. It asks whether the system, completed in 1934, was worth the lawsuits, bond issues, political discord, construction problems, the cost in dollars, and the loss of human life. The answer was no because San Francisco had other viable alternatives. Nevertheless, the Hetch Hetchy system represents one of the three great California public works projects of its day. The other two were the San Francisco Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge.
Robert Gottlieb and Simon Ng
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262035910
- eISBN:
- 9780262338868
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035910.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban ...
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During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban environmental issues that have taken root as a result of the changes they have experienced. The book evaluates the issues associated with those changes, including how LA and Hong Kong have become connected to China and its key urban regions such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta. Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and several of China’s mega-cities have become global in their activities and reach through their financial, political and economic roles as well as the cultural, environmental, and demographic shifts that have taken place. The book documents the history and protracted nature of six urban environmental issues in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. These include ports and freight traffic (or goods movement), air quality, water supply and water quality, the food environment, transportation, and open and public space. It identifies contrasting development patterns, important similarities, and comparative trends and strategies. The book further analyzes how urban environmental issues have risen to the top of the policy agendas in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China, where and how changes are being explored and where change is possible, and where and how such changes have been blocked or undermined.Less
During the past four decades Los Angeles and Hong Kong have come to play a critical role in the flow of goods, people, and capital; in the changes in production and consumption; and in the urban environmental issues that have taken root as a result of the changes they have experienced. The book evaluates the issues associated with those changes, including how LA and Hong Kong have become connected to China and its key urban regions such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta. Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and several of China’s mega-cities have become global in their activities and reach through their financial, political and economic roles as well as the cultural, environmental, and demographic shifts that have taken place. The book documents the history and protracted nature of six urban environmental issues in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China. These include ports and freight traffic (or goods movement), air quality, water supply and water quality, the food environment, transportation, and open and public space. It identifies contrasting development patterns, important similarities, and comparative trends and strategies. The book further analyzes how urban environmental issues have risen to the top of the policy agendas in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China, where and how changes are being explored and where change is possible, and where and how such changes have been blocked or undermined.
Katharina Pistor and Olivier De Schutter (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231172783
- eISBN:
- 9780231540766
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231172783.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Essential resources do more than satisfy people’s needs. They ensure a dignified existence. Since the competition for essential resources, particularly fresh water and arable land, is increasing and ...
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Essential resources do more than satisfy people’s needs. They ensure a dignified existence. Since the competition for essential resources, particularly fresh water and arable land, is increasing and standard legal institutions, such as property rights and national border controls, are strangling access to resources for some while delivering prosperity to others, many are searching for ways to ensure their fair distribution. This book argues that the division of essential resources ought to be governed by a combination of Voice and Reflexivity. Voice is the ability of social groups to choose the rules by which they are governed. Reflexivity is the opportunity to question one’s own preferences in light of competing claims and to accommodate them in a collective learning process. Having investigated the allocation of essential resources in places as varied as Cambodia, China, India, Kenya, Laos, Morocco, Nepal, the arid American West, and peri-urban areas in West Africa, the contributors to this volume largely concur with the viability of this policy and normative framework. Drawing on their expertise in law, environmental studies, anthropology, history, political science, and economics, they weigh the potential of Voice and Reflexivity against such alternatives as pricing mechanisms, property rights, common resource management, political might, or brute force.Less
Essential resources do more than satisfy people’s needs. They ensure a dignified existence. Since the competition for essential resources, particularly fresh water and arable land, is increasing and standard legal institutions, such as property rights and national border controls, are strangling access to resources for some while delivering prosperity to others, many are searching for ways to ensure their fair distribution. This book argues that the division of essential resources ought to be governed by a combination of Voice and Reflexivity. Voice is the ability of social groups to choose the rules by which they are governed. Reflexivity is the opportunity to question one’s own preferences in light of competing claims and to accommodate them in a collective learning process. Having investigated the allocation of essential resources in places as varied as Cambodia, China, India, Kenya, Laos, Morocco, Nepal, the arid American West, and peri-urban areas in West Africa, the contributors to this volume largely concur with the viability of this policy and normative framework. Drawing on their expertise in law, environmental studies, anthropology, history, political science, and economics, they weigh the potential of Voice and Reflexivity against such alternatives as pricing mechanisms, property rights, common resource management, political might, or brute force.
Kenneth Millard
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198122258
- eISBN:
- 9780191671395
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198122258.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of ...
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John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of folklore and practical wisdom, those kinds of poetry which might be called non-literary. The book's prevailing mood is one of romantic adventure. Meanwhile, Dauber revealed Masefield was still worried by the relationship between artistic sensibility and the physical world, but here he found a solution. Although Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967, interest centred on his early career because it shows how his pragmatic commitment to literature, designed to curb the excesses of imaginative indulgence, governed his development and because his theme is an indication of the pressures inherent in Edwardian literature.Less
John Masefield's first published work was Salt-Water Ballads, a book of poems which portray the events of life at sea from the perspective of an ordinary seaman. It draws on oral tradition of folklore and practical wisdom, those kinds of poetry which might be called non-literary. The book's prevailing mood is one of romantic adventure. Meanwhile, Dauber revealed Masefield was still worried by the relationship between artistic sensibility and the physical world, but here he found a solution. Although Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967, interest centred on his early career because it shows how his pragmatic commitment to literature, designed to curb the excesses of imaginative indulgence, governed his development and because his theme is an indication of the pressures inherent in Edwardian literature.
Jon Christensen, Jenny Rempel, and Judee Burr
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226165684
- eISBN:
- 9780226165851
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226165851.003.0020
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Since the 1990s, more private rural land in the West has been conserved by state and local land trusts than has been converted to development. Even as the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund ...
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Since the 1990s, more private rural land in the West has been conserved by state and local land trusts than has been converted to development. Even as the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund suffered a 38% budget cut from 2005 to 2010, private non-profit land trusts grew dramatically. Land trusts now protect 47 million acres, more than twice the area protected by all the national parks in the lower 48 states. California, Colorado, and Montana have the most private land conserved in the West. Still, the amount of unprotected, undeveloped rural land dwarfs the amount protected by land trusts in all western states. How much private conservation continues to expand will depend on such factors as lagging effects of the recession, continued support of tax incentives for conservation easements to land trusts, and what happens to the limited remaining federal conservation funding.Less
Since the 1990s, more private rural land in the West has been conserved by state and local land trusts than has been converted to development. Even as the federal Land and Water Conservation Fund suffered a 38% budget cut from 2005 to 2010, private non-profit land trusts grew dramatically. Land trusts now protect 47 million acres, more than twice the area protected by all the national parks in the lower 48 states. California, Colorado, and Montana have the most private land conserved in the West. Still, the amount of unprotected, undeveloped rural land dwarfs the amount protected by land trusts in all western states. How much private conservation continues to expand will depend on such factors as lagging effects of the recession, continued support of tax incentives for conservation easements to land trusts, and what happens to the limited remaining federal conservation funding.
