Glenn Dynner
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195175226
- eISBN:
- 9780199785148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175226.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The successful Hasidic ascendancy of the prior chapter is, in great part, attributable to Polish Hasidism's vast patronage network among the region's Jewish mercantile elite. The chapter commences ...
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The successful Hasidic ascendancy of the prior chapter is, in great part, attributable to Polish Hasidism's vast patronage network among the region's Jewish mercantile elite. The chapter commences with an account of the rise of the Jewish mercantile elite in Warsaw. This is followed by a reconstruction of the penetration of this elite group by Hasidic leaders, with a focus on the preeminent mercantile family, the Bergsons. This includes an in-depth look at the legendary patroness of Polish Hasidism, Temerel Sonenberg-Bergson. A fresh analysis of the 1824 anti-Hasidic investigation is presented, based on new archival sources, highlighting the pivotal role of the Jewish plutocracy. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the appeal that Hasidism held for these entrepreneurs.Less
The successful Hasidic ascendancy of the prior chapter is, in great part, attributable to Polish Hasidism's vast patronage network among the region's Jewish mercantile elite. The chapter commences with an account of the rise of the Jewish mercantile elite in Warsaw. This is followed by a reconstruction of the penetration of this elite group by Hasidic leaders, with a focus on the preeminent mercantile family, the Bergsons. This includes an in-depth look at the legendary patroness of Polish Hasidism, Temerel Sonenberg-Bergson. A fresh analysis of the 1824 anti-Hasidic investigation is presented, based on new archival sources, highlighting the pivotal role of the Jewish plutocracy. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the appeal that Hasidism held for these entrepreneurs.
Geir Lundestad
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266685
- eISBN:
- 9780191601057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266689.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Many expected the role of the US in Europe to shrink after the end of the Cold War and with the end of the Soviet–Communist threat: Western Europe presumably did not need the US in the same way it ...
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Many expected the role of the US in Europe to shrink after the end of the Cold War and with the end of the Soviet–Communist threat: Western Europe presumably did not need the US in the same way it had during the Cold War; now, a strengthened EU could manage much more on its own. In some ways the American role in Western Europe did decline, but the surprise was how little it changed in the period under discussion (1993–2001): the unification of Germany and Western Europe's participation in the Gulf War under US leadership had set the pattern under Bush; now, under Clinton (who was elected in November 1992), America's lead was to be most clearly seen in the wars in ex‐Yugoslavia (discussed in the first section of the chapter) and in the process of NATO expansion (discussed in the second section). NATO did not collapse when its raison d’être, the Soviet Union, the enemy against which it had been directed, disappeared, and the Warsaw Pact was dissolved; on the contrary, NATO took in new members from among the former Pact members and some of the disputes that had plagued it for decades were now softened, so that France moved closer to NATO again. The third section of the chapter shows that, in return, the Clinton administration was showing a more open attitude than that of Bush to European integration (the EU), in the form of monetary and defence cooperation. The last section of the chapter makes the point that, with so many signs of change in Washington, European governments and publics were renewing their invitations to the US to stay involved in Europe: in Western Europe the invitations were weaker and more ambivalent now than in the early years after the Second World War, but in Central and Eastern Europe, finally free from Soviet control, the invitations were quite similar to those the Western Europeans had extended almost fifty years earlier.Less
Many expected the role of the US in Europe to shrink after the end of the Cold War and with the end of the Soviet–Communist threat: Western Europe presumably did not need the US in the same way it had during the Cold War; now, a strengthened EU could manage much more on its own. In some ways the American role in Western Europe did decline, but the surprise was how little it changed in the period under discussion (1993–2001): the unification of Germany and Western Europe's participation in the Gulf War under US leadership had set the pattern under Bush; now, under Clinton (who was elected in November 1992), America's lead was to be most clearly seen in the wars in ex‐Yugoslavia (discussed in the first section of the chapter) and in the process of NATO expansion (discussed in the second section). NATO did not collapse when its raison d’être, the Soviet Union, the enemy against which it had been directed, disappeared, and the Warsaw Pact was dissolved; on the contrary, NATO took in new members from among the former Pact members and some of the disputes that had plagued it for decades were now softened, so that France moved closer to NATO again. The third section of the chapter shows that, in return, the Clinton administration was showing a more open attitude than that of Bush to European integration (the EU), in the form of monetary and defence cooperation. The last section of the chapter makes the point that, with so many signs of change in Washington, European governments and publics were renewing their invitations to the US to stay involved in Europe: in Western Europe the invitations were weaker and more ambivalent now than in the early years after the Second World War, but in Central and Eastern Europe, finally free from Soviet control, the invitations were quite similar to those the Western Europeans had extended almost fifty years earlier.
Halina Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195130737
- eISBN:
- 9780199867424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130737.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter presents Chopin's education at the Warsaw Conservatory and the University of Warsaw, including a reconstruction of the curriculum required of composition students. After outlining the ...
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This chapter presents Chopin's education at the Warsaw Conservatory and the University of Warsaw, including a reconstruction of the curriculum required of composition students. After outlining the history of the conservatory, it discusses the ideological and theoretical principles as well as pedagogical approaches that influenced the teachers who had the strongest impact on the young Chopin — especially his composition teacher, Józef Elsner, and the literature professor, Kazimierz Brodziński. Included is explication of Elsner's theoretical traditions represented in his teaching and treatises, especially the “Treatise on Melody and Chant” and his interests in Pestalozzi's revolutionary education methods. There is also an extended discussion of Brodziński's proto-Romanticism, with special emphasis on his responses to German Romantic ideology and his involvement with the Slavophile ideals. Chopin's songs are compared to their models found in the works of his teachers.Less
This chapter presents Chopin's education at the Warsaw Conservatory and the University of Warsaw, including a reconstruction of the curriculum required of composition students. After outlining the history of the conservatory, it discusses the ideological and theoretical principles as well as pedagogical approaches that influenced the teachers who had the strongest impact on the young Chopin — especially his composition teacher, Józef Elsner, and the literature professor, Kazimierz Brodziński. Included is explication of Elsner's theoretical traditions represented in his teaching and treatises, especially the “Treatise on Melody and Chant” and his interests in Pestalozzi's revolutionary education methods. There is also an extended discussion of Brodziński's proto-Romanticism, with special emphasis on his responses to German Romantic ideology and his involvement with the Slavophile ideals. Chopin's songs are compared to their models found in the works of his teachers.
Halina Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195130737
- eISBN:
- 9780199867424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130737.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter outlines the history of Poland from the final loss of independence in 1795 to the November Uprising of 1830. Cultural developments taking place during the periods of the Duchy of Warsaw ...
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This chapter outlines the history of Poland from the final loss of independence in 1795 to the November Uprising of 1830. Cultural developments taking place during the periods of the Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Kingdom are placed within their historical and economic contexts. Attention is given to the debate between the proponents of Classicism, supporting the rationalist ideology; and the supporters of Romanticism, headed by Mickiewicz who embrace idealism. Polish Romantic ideology is specifically manifested through the birth of the Slavophile doctrine, the restoration of Sarmatism, and efforts to construct and uphold national identity.Less
This chapter outlines the history of Poland from the final loss of independence in 1795 to the November Uprising of 1830. Cultural developments taking place during the periods of the Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Kingdom are placed within their historical and economic contexts. Attention is given to the debate between the proponents of Classicism, supporting the rationalist ideology; and the supporters of Romanticism, headed by Mickiewicz who embrace idealism. Polish Romantic ideology is specifically manifested through the birth of the Slavophile doctrine, the restoration of Sarmatism, and efforts to construct and uphold national identity.
Warwick Lister
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372403
- eISBN:
- 9780199870820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372403.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter describes the grand tour of Europe that Viotti and his teacher, Pugnani, undertook in 1780, which lasted for two years. An important eyewitness account of Viotti's playing in Geneva is ...
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This chapter describes the grand tour of Europe that Viotti and his teacher, Pugnani, undertook in 1780, which lasted for two years. An important eyewitness account of Viotti's playing in Geneva is given, as well as an account of the two musicians' visits to Berne, and the courts of Dresden, and Berlin and Potsdam, where they played for Frederick the Great and made music with Frederick's nephew, the Prince of Prussia. From there they went to Warsaw, where they were fêted by the Polish king, and to St. Petersburg, where they played for Catherine the Great, and to Moscow. After retracing their steps to Berlin the two Italians parted company—Pugnani returned to Turin and Viotti went to Paris. An account is given of Viotti's early works and his emergence as a world-class violinist.Less
This chapter describes the grand tour of Europe that Viotti and his teacher, Pugnani, undertook in 1780, which lasted for two years. An important eyewitness account of Viotti's playing in Geneva is given, as well as an account of the two musicians' visits to Berne, and the courts of Dresden, and Berlin and Potsdam, where they played for Frederick the Great and made music with Frederick's nephew, the Prince of Prussia. From there they went to Warsaw, where they were fêted by the Polish king, and to St. Petersburg, where they played for Catherine the Great, and to Moscow. After retracing their steps to Berlin the two Italians parted company—Pugnani returned to Turin and Viotti went to Paris. An account is given of Viotti's early works and his emergence as a world-class violinist.
Steven A. Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151120
- eISBN:
- 9781400838615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151120.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions, covering the Gulag's emergence as a mass social phenomenon in the 1920s to its collapse by the end of the 1950s. The system took a ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions, covering the Gulag's emergence as a mass social phenomenon in the 1920s to its collapse by the end of the 1950s. The system took a terrible toll on Soviet society, with victims numbering into the millions, and even those who survived often crushed by the experience. After Stalin, the Soviet state decisively moved away from the use of mass terror as a normal, permanent feature of the political system. However, it also engaged in numerous incidents of violence and political repression in its final thirty-five years, from the bloody suppression of uprisings within its borders and the countries of the Warsaw Pact, to the use of labor camps and psychoprisons to devastate the small but vocal human rights dissident movements of the Brezhnev years. Nonetheless, the Gulag never reemerged as the mammoth complex of its heyday.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the preceding discussions, covering the Gulag's emergence as a mass social phenomenon in the 1920s to its collapse by the end of the 1950s. The system took a terrible toll on Soviet society, with victims numbering into the millions, and even those who survived often crushed by the experience. After Stalin, the Soviet state decisively moved away from the use of mass terror as a normal, permanent feature of the political system. However, it also engaged in numerous incidents of violence and political repression in its final thirty-five years, from the bloody suppression of uprisings within its borders and the countries of the Warsaw Pact, to the use of labor camps and psychoprisons to devastate the small but vocal human rights dissident movements of the Brezhnev years. Nonetheless, the Gulag never reemerged as the mammoth complex of its heyday.
Gregor Thum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140247
- eISBN:
- 9781400839964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140247.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter demonstrates how the reconstruction of Europe's war-destroyed cities served an important additional function, one that was not merely practical. Surely, it was necessary to restore the ...
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This chapter demonstrates how the reconstruction of Europe's war-destroyed cities served an important additional function, one that was not merely practical. Surely, it was necessary to restore the basic necessities of life. But more than that, reconstruction meant the promise of a better future. This was particularly true in Poland, where people tied the rebuilding of devastated cities to the hope of moving beyond the horror of war and occupation, and of overcoming the enormous losses the country had suffered. The city of Warsaw became a symbol of the devastation wrought by the war in Poland; Warsaw's reconstruction in the second half of the 1940s was to symbolize the country's resolve to rise like a phoenix from the ashes and erase the humiliation of German occupation.Less
This chapter demonstrates how the reconstruction of Europe's war-destroyed cities served an important additional function, one that was not merely practical. Surely, it was necessary to restore the basic necessities of life. But more than that, reconstruction meant the promise of a better future. This was particularly true in Poland, where people tied the rebuilding of devastated cities to the hope of moving beyond the horror of war and occupation, and of overcoming the enormous losses the country had suffered. The city of Warsaw became a symbol of the devastation wrought by the war in Poland; Warsaw's reconstruction in the second half of the 1940s was to symbolize the country's resolve to rise like a phoenix from the ashes and erase the humiliation of German occupation.
Gregor Thum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140247
- eISBN:
- 9781400839964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140247.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter details how Jan Zachwatowicz, Poland's General Conservator from 1945 to 1957, was the country's most powerful voice in the field of historic preservation. Not only did he personally ...
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This chapter details how Jan Zachwatowicz, Poland's General Conservator from 1945 to 1957, was the country's most powerful voice in the field of historic preservation. Not only did he personally direct the rebuilding of the devastated old towns of Warsaw, Gniezno, and Poznan, but in a widely regarded lecture delivered at the first postwar congress of Polish art historians in August 1945, he formulated the program for reconstructing Poland's historic buildings. Historic preservation was supposed to be limited to the conservation of buildings—in their existing state. However, when an independent Poland was reestablished after the First World War, exceptions were made to the principle of nonintervention, especially for historic buildings regarded as particularly significant for the Polish national cult.Less
This chapter details how Jan Zachwatowicz, Poland's General Conservator from 1945 to 1957, was the country's most powerful voice in the field of historic preservation. Not only did he personally direct the rebuilding of the devastated old towns of Warsaw, Gniezno, and Poznan, but in a widely regarded lecture delivered at the first postwar congress of Polish art historians in August 1945, he formulated the program for reconstructing Poland's historic buildings. Historic preservation was supposed to be limited to the conservation of buildings—in their existing state. However, when an independent Poland was reestablished after the First World War, exceptions were made to the principle of nonintervention, especially for historic buildings regarded as particularly significant for the Polish national cult.
Gregor Thum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140247
- eISBN:
- 9781400839964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140247.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses how the Polish state and the people who came to Wroclaw after the Second World War managed to rebuild and revive this city. Considering the situation at the end of the war—the ...
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This chapter discusses how the Polish state and the people who came to Wroclaw after the Second World War managed to rebuild and revive this city. Considering the situation at the end of the war—the devastation, the complete collapse of the previous order, the evacuation of its entire population—this achievement borders on a miracle. If that were not enough, after overcoming its tremendous postwar challenges Wroclaw has gone on to become more than simply a functioning Polish city. The secret capital of the western territories ranks next to Warsaw and Krakow as one of Poland's leading cultural metropolises. Furthermore, Wroclaw's cultural life extends beyond the reach of direct state sponsorship. The chapter also shows how, in the 1980s, Polish inhabitants of the western territories began to show a growing interest in the silenced history of their homeland.Less
This chapter discusses how the Polish state and the people who came to Wroclaw after the Second World War managed to rebuild and revive this city. Considering the situation at the end of the war—the devastation, the complete collapse of the previous order, the evacuation of its entire population—this achievement borders on a miracle. If that were not enough, after overcoming its tremendous postwar challenges Wroclaw has gone on to become more than simply a functioning Polish city. The secret capital of the western territories ranks next to Warsaw and Krakow as one of Poland's leading cultural metropolises. Furthermore, Wroclaw's cultural life extends beyond the reach of direct state sponsorship. The chapter also shows how, in the 1980s, Polish inhabitants of the western territories began to show a growing interest in the silenced history of their homeland.
Barbara Czarniawska
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199252718
- eISBN:
- 9780191719295
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252718.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
The term ‘glocalization’ has been coined to indicate that globalization consists of two connected but opposite processes: it homogenizes ideas and practices, but also induces local adaptation and ...
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The term ‘glocalization’ has been coined to indicate that globalization consists of two connected but opposite processes: it homogenizes ideas and practices, but also induces local adaptation and multiplication of differences. City management, with its complexities and international context, offers a paradigmatic example of glocalization. This book is based on fieldwork conducted in three European capitals: Warsaw, Stockholm, and Rome. City management has been conceptualized here as an action net which includes various organizations — municipal, state, private, and voluntary — as well as citizens who organize themselves ad hoc. At the outset of each study, leading politicians and other key figures in each city were asked to list their city's major problems and projects. Comparable projects were then selected for a detailed study in the field. The results revealed a fascinating combination of global influences and local adaptations.Less
The term ‘glocalization’ has been coined to indicate that globalization consists of two connected but opposite processes: it homogenizes ideas and practices, but also induces local adaptation and multiplication of differences. City management, with its complexities and international context, offers a paradigmatic example of glocalization. This book is based on fieldwork conducted in three European capitals: Warsaw, Stockholm, and Rome. City management has been conceptualized here as an action net which includes various organizations — municipal, state, private, and voluntary — as well as citizens who organize themselves ad hoc. At the outset of each study, leading politicians and other key figures in each city were asked to list their city's major problems and projects. Comparable projects were then selected for a detailed study in the field. The results revealed a fascinating combination of global influences and local adaptations.
Annette Miae Kim
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369397
- eISBN:
- 9780199871032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369397.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This chapter extends social cognition theory by applying it to other transition cases. While Ho Chi Minh City changed rapidly, Hanoi did not. It uses real estate market data to show how the political ...
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This chapter extends social cognition theory by applying it to other transition cases. While Ho Chi Minh City changed rapidly, Hanoi did not. It uses real estate market data to show how the political economy interests in Hanoi that prevented the formation of private firms existed not only in bureaus and policies, but in the cognitive structures of the local population which inhibited new economic behaviors and institutions from emerging informally. It then turns to examine the emergence of private land development firms in Warsaw, Poland, which supposedly transitioned quickly because of the correct economic policies it pursued. The chapter shows the striking similarities with how the firms in Ho Chi Minh City created institutional arrangements that flouted idealized business transactions as well as how social structures lead to their different pathways to capitalism. It then makes some comparative observations of the extensive Chinese urban transition literature to locate the major similarities and differences in their transitions. The chapter concludes with the generalizable lesson that in each of these cases, social cognitive changes were needed to enable the material transfer of land for private development that undergird the transition to capitalist economies.Less
This chapter extends social cognition theory by applying it to other transition cases. While Ho Chi Minh City changed rapidly, Hanoi did not. It uses real estate market data to show how the political economy interests in Hanoi that prevented the formation of private firms existed not only in bureaus and policies, but in the cognitive structures of the local population which inhibited new economic behaviors and institutions from emerging informally. It then turns to examine the emergence of private land development firms in Warsaw, Poland, which supposedly transitioned quickly because of the correct economic policies it pursued. The chapter shows the striking similarities with how the firms in Ho Chi Minh City created institutional arrangements that flouted idealized business transactions as well as how social structures lead to their different pathways to capitalism. It then makes some comparative observations of the extensive Chinese urban transition literature to locate the major similarities and differences in their transitions. The chapter concludes with the generalizable lesson that in each of these cases, social cognitive changes were needed to enable the material transfer of land for private development that undergird the transition to capitalist economies.
Zoe Vania Waxman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541546
- eISBN:
- 9780191709739
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541546.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the work of Emmanuel Ringelblum, a trained social historian and teacher, who initiated the Warsaw-based secret archives of Oneg Shabbat (Sabbath Delight: a code-name for the ...
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This chapter examines the work of Emmanuel Ringelblum, a trained social historian and teacher, who initiated the Warsaw-based secret archives of Oneg Shabbat (Sabbath Delight: a code-name for the clandestine Sabbath afternoon gatherings). These archives, which represent the most systematic attempt to record Jewish suffering during the Holocaust, were dedicated to finding the best way to record the uprooting of communities, and the suffering and destruction of Polish Jewry. Ringelblum and his colleagues in the Warsaw ghetto were able to amass a considerable amount of information. By secretly recording Jewish life in Poland during the German occupation, and continuing the Jewish tradition of witnessing, the Warsaw ghetto chroniclers, both individually and collectively, performed important acts of resistance. They believed that what they were experiencing would one day be studied as historically important, and this awareness shaped their writing.Less
This chapter examines the work of Emmanuel Ringelblum, a trained social historian and teacher, who initiated the Warsaw-based secret archives of Oneg Shabbat (Sabbath Delight: a code-name for the clandestine Sabbath afternoon gatherings). These archives, which represent the most systematic attempt to record Jewish suffering during the Holocaust, were dedicated to finding the best way to record the uprooting of communities, and the suffering and destruction of Polish Jewry. Ringelblum and his colleagues in the Warsaw ghetto were able to amass a considerable amount of information. By secretly recording Jewish life in Poland during the German occupation, and continuing the Jewish tradition of witnessing, the Warsaw ghetto chroniclers, both individually and collectively, performed important acts of resistance. They believed that what they were experiencing would one day be studied as historically important, and this awareness shaped their writing.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the tactics imposed by the DDR and the USSR to close the border. It explains that Khrushchev stopped the flight of refugees and the subversive work of the Western secret ...
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This chapter discusses the tactics imposed by the DDR and the USSR to close the border. It explains that Khrushchev stopped the flight of refugees and the subversive work of the Western secret services. It narrates that the sectoral border in Berlin was closed using barbed wire. It discusses that the declaration of the Warsaw Pact states announcing the closure claimed that its purpose was to prevent ‘subversive activity’ against them. It narrates that Ulbricht told a summit of Warsaw Pact leaders that the migration of skilled workers to the west had caused grave economic difficulties. It explains that the closure of the wall had a profound impact on spying. It adds that as a solution, the West intensified their espionage. It also discusses that the MfS arrested many spies, but the West was able to recruit new ones.Less
This chapter discusses the tactics imposed by the DDR and the USSR to close the border. It explains that Khrushchev stopped the flight of refugees and the subversive work of the Western secret services. It narrates that the sectoral border in Berlin was closed using barbed wire. It discusses that the declaration of the Warsaw Pact states announcing the closure claimed that its purpose was to prevent ‘subversive activity’ against them. It narrates that Ulbricht told a summit of Warsaw Pact leaders that the migration of skilled workers to the west had caused grave economic difficulties. It explains that the closure of the wall had a profound impact on spying. It adds that as a solution, the West intensified their espionage. It also discusses that the MfS arrested many spies, but the West was able to recruit new ones.
CHRISTOPH BLUTH
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198280040
- eISBN:
- 9780191684340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280040.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter tries to draw some general conclusions about the role of nuclear weapons in British–German relations. The British–German relationship was discussed in five phases. In the first phase, ...
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This chapter tries to draw some general conclusions about the role of nuclear weapons in British–German relations. The British–German relationship was discussed in five phases. In the first phase, there was a great difference in British and West German interests with respect to nuclear weapons policy. The second phase started when West Germany changed their foreign policy in accordance to the realities of the nuclear age. The third phase of British–German relations was described by an intense crisis of legitimacy of nuclear defence in Europe. The fourth phase was marked by the increasing gap between Britain and Germany. The last phase was the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and Soviet power in Europe. This caused a dramatic shift of power in favour of the West in general and Germany in particular and also marked a shift from military power as a major indicator of Great Power status.Less
This chapter tries to draw some general conclusions about the role of nuclear weapons in British–German relations. The British–German relationship was discussed in five phases. In the first phase, there was a great difference in British and West German interests with respect to nuclear weapons policy. The second phase started when West Germany changed their foreign policy in accordance to the realities of the nuclear age. The third phase of British–German relations was described by an intense crisis of legitimacy of nuclear defence in Europe. The fourth phase was marked by the increasing gap between Britain and Germany. The last phase was the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and Soviet power in Europe. This caused a dramatic shift of power in favour of the West in general and Germany in particular and also marked a shift from military power as a major indicator of Great Power status.
Jussi Hanhimäki
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195172218
- eISBN:
- 9780199849994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172218.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter illustrates Kissinger's growing interest in an opening to China as a result of what he saw as the compensating gains that such a move would bring the United States. Kissinger knew that ...
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This chapter illustrates Kissinger's growing interest in an opening to China as a result of what he saw as the compensating gains that such a move would bring the United States. Kissinger knew that his ability to play the triangular game greatly depended on China's willingness to engage with the United States. The potential opening of China to the United States as a counterweight to the USSR was a controversial issue and, as is seen in this chapter, had sent mixed signals to Washington throughout early 1969. Prior to 1969, the People's Republic of China (PRC) considered America as a major threat to them. However, the armed conflict with the Soviets radically changed Chinese priorities. Among the main topics that are addressed in this chapter are the struggle for conciliation between the PRC and the USSR and the apparent diplomatic concession obtained, operation Duck Hook orchestrated by Kissinger against North Vietnam, and the Warsaw meetingsLess
This chapter illustrates Kissinger's growing interest in an opening to China as a result of what he saw as the compensating gains that such a move would bring the United States. Kissinger knew that his ability to play the triangular game greatly depended on China's willingness to engage with the United States. The potential opening of China to the United States as a counterweight to the USSR was a controversial issue and, as is seen in this chapter, had sent mixed signals to Washington throughout early 1969. Prior to 1969, the People's Republic of China (PRC) considered America as a major threat to them. However, the armed conflict with the Soviets radically changed Chinese priorities. Among the main topics that are addressed in this chapter are the struggle for conciliation between the PRC and the USSR and the apparent diplomatic concession obtained, operation Duck Hook orchestrated by Kissinger against North Vietnam, and the Warsaw meetings
Jussi Hanhimäki
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195172218
- eISBN:
- 9780199849994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172218.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter illustrates the negotiations that occurred between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho to settle an end to the Vietnam War. However, by the spring of 1970 no such agreement was yet in sight. The ...
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This chapter illustrates the negotiations that occurred between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho to settle an end to the Vietnam War. However, by the spring of 1970 no such agreement was yet in sight. The chapter also shows how the Cambodian invasion by the United States and South Vietnam in May 1970 expanded the war, resulting in more bombing and bloodshed. As a result of this maneuver, the ongoing process of Vietnamization was curtailed due to the negative reactions it faced, not only from Americans, but from the Chinese as well, which led to the closing down of the promising Warsaw channel of Sino-American contacts, and the Soviets diminishing eagerness for an early move towards détente.Less
This chapter illustrates the negotiations that occurred between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho to settle an end to the Vietnam War. However, by the spring of 1970 no such agreement was yet in sight. The chapter also shows how the Cambodian invasion by the United States and South Vietnam in May 1970 expanded the war, resulting in more bombing and bloodshed. As a result of this maneuver, the ongoing process of Vietnamization was curtailed due to the negative reactions it faced, not only from Americans, but from the Chinese as well, which led to the closing down of the promising Warsaw channel of Sino-American contacts, and the Soviets diminishing eagerness for an early move towards détente.
Robert Blobaum
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501705236
- eISBN:
- 9781501707889
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501705236.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This book explores the social and cultural history of Warsaw's “forgotten war” of 1914–1918. Beginning with the bank panic that accompanied the outbreak of the Great War, the book guides readers ...
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This book explores the social and cultural history of Warsaw's “forgotten war” of 1914–1918. Beginning with the bank panic that accompanied the outbreak of the Great War, the book guides readers through spy scares, bombardments, mass migratory movements, and the Russian evacuation of 1915. Industrial collapse marked only the opening phase of Warsaw's wartime economic crisis, which grew steadily worse during the German occupation. Requisitioning and strict control of supplies entering the city resulted in scarcity amid growing corruption, rapidly declining living standards, and major public health emergencies. The book shows how conflicts over distribution of and access to resources led to social divisions, a sharp deterioration in Polish–Jewish relations, and general distrust in public institutions. Women's public visibility, demands for political representation, and perceived threats to the patriarchal order during the war years sustained one arena of cultural debate. New modes of popular entertainment, including cinema, cabaret, and variety shows, created another, particularly as they challenged elite notions of propriety. The book presents these themes in comparative context, not only with other major European cities during the Great War but also with Warsaw under Nazi German occupation a generation later.Less
This book explores the social and cultural history of Warsaw's “forgotten war” of 1914–1918. Beginning with the bank panic that accompanied the outbreak of the Great War, the book guides readers through spy scares, bombardments, mass migratory movements, and the Russian evacuation of 1915. Industrial collapse marked only the opening phase of Warsaw's wartime economic crisis, which grew steadily worse during the German occupation. Requisitioning and strict control of supplies entering the city resulted in scarcity amid growing corruption, rapidly declining living standards, and major public health emergencies. The book shows how conflicts over distribution of and access to resources led to social divisions, a sharp deterioration in Polish–Jewish relations, and general distrust in public institutions. Women's public visibility, demands for political representation, and perceived threats to the patriarchal order during the war years sustained one arena of cultural debate. New modes of popular entertainment, including cinema, cabaret, and variety shows, created another, particularly as they challenged elite notions of propriety. The book presents these themes in comparative context, not only with other major European cities during the Great War but also with Warsaw under Nazi German occupation a generation later.
M. B. B. Biskupski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199658817
- eISBN:
- 9780191744235
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199658817.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Social History
This chapter discusses the circumstances in which November 11th emerged as one, if not the sole claimant for the designation of Poland's Independence Day. This includes an analysis of the crowded ...
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This chapter discusses the circumstances in which November 11th emerged as one, if not the sole claimant for the designation of Poland's Independence Day. This includes an analysis of the crowded hours of mid-November and Piłsudski's activities upon returning to Warsaw on November 10th. To accept the 11th you had perforce to accept its Piłsudskiite genealogy and reject the Dmowski and Paderewski alternative which explains Poland's resurrection as a project resulting from Western support and diplomatic machinations. Although Piłsudski himself later proposed different days as candidates, at the time he deemed the 11th as ‘the border stop between two eras’. One of the 11th's principal attractions was it presented Polish independence as a project worked by Polish hands exclusively — Polonia farà da sè, and not beholden to outside agencies. It also posited a Poland which was the fulfillment of the long-held myths and traditions discussed in the previous chapter. It was, as a result, a radically partisan claimant for the honor of marking Poland's rebirth because it perforce rejected not only other days but other means, agencies and actors who bulked large in the years before.Less
This chapter discusses the circumstances in which November 11th emerged as one, if not the sole claimant for the designation of Poland's Independence Day. This includes an analysis of the crowded hours of mid-November and Piłsudski's activities upon returning to Warsaw on November 10th. To accept the 11th you had perforce to accept its Piłsudskiite genealogy and reject the Dmowski and Paderewski alternative which explains Poland's resurrection as a project resulting from Western support and diplomatic machinations. Although Piłsudski himself later proposed different days as candidates, at the time he deemed the 11th as ‘the border stop between two eras’. One of the 11th's principal attractions was it presented Polish independence as a project worked by Polish hands exclusively — Polonia farà da sè, and not beholden to outside agencies. It also posited a Poland which was the fulfillment of the long-held myths and traditions discussed in the previous chapter. It was, as a result, a radically partisan claimant for the honor of marking Poland's rebirth because it perforce rejected not only other days but other means, agencies and actors who bulked large in the years before.
Dariusz Wójcik
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199592180
- eISBN:
- 9780191729089
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
Chapter 6 switches the focus of the book to stock exchanges, providing a detailed empirical account of the geographical nature of their activities. The analysis focuses on the case study of the ...
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Chapter 6 switches the focus of the book to stock exchanges, providing a detailed empirical account of the geographical nature of their activities. The analysis focuses on the case study of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in Poland, representing one of the most dynamic and successful stock markets in the world in the last decade. The empirical sections investigate the relationships of the WSE with exchange members, issuers, and investors, showing that technology complements rather than substitutes the value of physical proximity, as many stock exchange activities rely on close social contacts. It is argued that the success of the WSE lies in its embeddedness in the Polish economy and long-term developmental perspective. The chapter also suggests that while the international consolidation of exchanges is likely to continue, financial centres and exchanges remain crucially important for each other.Less
Chapter 6 switches the focus of the book to stock exchanges, providing a detailed empirical account of the geographical nature of their activities. The analysis focuses on the case study of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in Poland, representing one of the most dynamic and successful stock markets in the world in the last decade. The empirical sections investigate the relationships of the WSE with exchange members, issuers, and investors, showing that technology complements rather than substitutes the value of physical proximity, as many stock exchange activities rely on close social contacts. It is argued that the success of the WSE lies in its embeddedness in the Polish economy and long-term developmental perspective. The chapter also suggests that while the international consolidation of exchanges is likely to continue, financial centres and exchanges remain crucially important for each other.
Richard Butterwick
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199250332
- eISBN:
- 9780191730986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250332.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter explains how King Stanisław August and the Russian ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg lost control of the confederated sejm that opened on 6 October 1788. With Russia engaged in war ...
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This chapter explains how King Stanisław August and the Russian ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg lost control of the confederated sejm that opened on 6 October 1788. With Russia engaged in war with the Ottoman Empire, the sejm, encouraged by Prussia, acclaimed an increase in the army to 100,000 men and threw off the Russian ‘guarantee’ of the Commonwealth's form of government. It took direct control of Poland's military, diplomacy, and government. The chapter analyses the clash between republican arguments and those advocating limited monarchy, explores the extraordinary atmosphere of the first months of the sejm, and considers the role of the Warsaw ‘public’ in the making of political decisions. It concludes with the implications of this ‘republican revolution’ for the clergy. By the beginning of 1789, following the collapse of royal authority and the influence of many bishops, ecclesiastical property was being targeted to fund the army.Less
This chapter explains how King Stanisław August and the Russian ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg lost control of the confederated sejm that opened on 6 October 1788. With Russia engaged in war with the Ottoman Empire, the sejm, encouraged by Prussia, acclaimed an increase in the army to 100,000 men and threw off the Russian ‘guarantee’ of the Commonwealth's form of government. It took direct control of Poland's military, diplomacy, and government. The chapter analyses the clash between republican arguments and those advocating limited monarchy, explores the extraordinary atmosphere of the first months of the sejm, and considers the role of the Warsaw ‘public’ in the making of political decisions. It concludes with the implications of this ‘republican revolution’ for the clergy. By the beginning of 1789, following the collapse of royal authority and the influence of many bishops, ecclesiastical property was being targeted to fund the army.
