Stuart Carroll
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199290451
- eISBN:
- 9780191710490
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199290451.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Although the regime of Henri IV marks a watershed in traditional political history in France, for feuding parties it had less discernible impact or merely interrupted their quarrels. For historians ...
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Although the regime of Henri IV marks a watershed in traditional political history in France, for feuding parties it had less discernible impact or merely interrupted their quarrels. For historians of violence, the traditional chronology is an imperfect guide: the deep scars caused by the Wars of Religion were not quick to heal after 1598, the infection of violence and disorder had spread to all areas of the body politic, and old wounds were reopened and sometimes inflamed by the remedies proposed for their amelioration. This chapter looks at feuding in France prior to the Wars of Religion, Calvinism and its role in the perpetuation of vengeance and conspiracy, how confessional identity and religious conviction sharpened feuding among the nobles and intensified disputes, and the blood feud between the two most powerful families in France in the 16th century.Less
Although the regime of Henri IV marks a watershed in traditional political history in France, for feuding parties it had less discernible impact or merely interrupted their quarrels. For historians of violence, the traditional chronology is an imperfect guide: the deep scars caused by the Wars of Religion were not quick to heal after 1598, the infection of violence and disorder had spread to all areas of the body politic, and old wounds were reopened and sometimes inflamed by the remedies proposed for their amelioration. This chapter looks at feuding in France prior to the Wars of Religion, Calvinism and its role in the perpetuation of vengeance and conspiracy, how confessional identity and religious conviction sharpened feuding among the nobles and intensified disputes, and the blood feud between the two most powerful families in France in the 16th century.
Clive Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280735
- eISBN:
- 9780191712920
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280735.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the 1560s, the Spanish authorities felt themselves beset on several fronts owing to the rise of Protestantism in Northern Europe; the fear of a heretical 5th-column at home, in Catalonia, in the ...
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In the 1560s, the Spanish authorities felt themselves beset on several fronts owing to the rise of Protestantism in Northern Europe; the fear of a heretical 5th-column at home, in Catalonia, in the Spanish Netherlands, and in the New World; suspicion of France at the time of the Wars of Religion in that country; and the rising of the moriscos in the Andalusia. This situation produced the gravest crisis Spain had experienced for many years. At just this time, a network of foreign printing-workers with Reformist inclinations was uncovered in Spain. The Inquisition moved swiftly to crush it. The records of the Holy Office present a series of challenges to the researcher, but nevertheless provide a unique source of information about the humble artisans who formed the backbone of the Iberian printing industry.Less
In the 1560s, the Spanish authorities felt themselves beset on several fronts owing to the rise of Protestantism in Northern Europe; the fear of a heretical 5th-column at home, in Catalonia, in the Spanish Netherlands, and in the New World; suspicion of France at the time of the Wars of Religion in that country; and the rising of the moriscos in the Andalusia. This situation produced the gravest crisis Spain had experienced for many years. At just this time, a network of foreign printing-workers with Reformist inclinations was uncovered in Spain. The Inquisition moved swiftly to crush it. The records of the Holy Office present a series of challenges to the researcher, but nevertheless provide a unique source of information about the humble artisans who formed the backbone of the Iberian printing industry.
Elizabeth C. Tingle
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067266
- eISBN:
- 9781781700860
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067266.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This book explores the theory and practice of authority during the later sixteenth century, in the religious culture and political institutions of the city of Nantes, where the religious wars ...
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This book explores the theory and practice of authority during the later sixteenth century, in the religious culture and political institutions of the city of Nantes, where the religious wars traditionally came to an end with the great Edict of 1598. The Wars of Religion witnessed serious challenges to the authority of the last Valois kings of France. In an examination of the municipal and ecclesiastical records of Nantes, the author considers challenges to authority, and its renegotiation and reconstruction in the city, during the civil war period. After a detailed survey of the socio-economic structures of the mid-sixteenth-century city, successive chapters detail the growth of the Protestant church, assess the impact of sectarian conflict and the early counter reform movement on the Catholic Church, and evaluate the changing political relations of the city council with the urban population and with the French crown. Finally, the book focuses on the Catholic League rebellion against the king and the question of why Nantes held out against Henry IV longer than any other French city.Less
This book explores the theory and practice of authority during the later sixteenth century, in the religious culture and political institutions of the city of Nantes, where the religious wars traditionally came to an end with the great Edict of 1598. The Wars of Religion witnessed serious challenges to the authority of the last Valois kings of France. In an examination of the municipal and ecclesiastical records of Nantes, the author considers challenges to authority, and its renegotiation and reconstruction in the city, during the civil war period. After a detailed survey of the socio-economic structures of the mid-sixteenth-century city, successive chapters detail the growth of the Protestant church, assess the impact of sectarian conflict and the early counter reform movement on the Catholic Church, and evaluate the changing political relations of the city council with the urban population and with the French crown. Finally, the book focuses on the Catholic League rebellion against the king and the question of why Nantes held out against Henry IV longer than any other French city.
Robert Launay
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226575254
- eISBN:
- 9780226575421
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226575421.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
The Wars of Religion in sixteenth century France were the backdrop of Montaigne’s Essays and specifically his elaboration of a stance of philosophical relativism. In his early essay “Of Custom”, he ...
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The Wars of Religion in sixteenth century France were the backdrop of Montaigne’s Essays and specifically his elaboration of a stance of philosophical relativism. In his early essay “Of Custom”, he used the bewildering diversity of customs worldwide to suggest that there was no rational basis for deciding how to behave. In his more famous and important essay “Of Cannibals”, he drew on an account of the Tupi of Brazil to call into question categories such as “barbarian” or “savage”, pointing out that otherness did not necessarily mean inferiority. The barbarity of the ways in which Catholics and Huguenots treated their adversaries in France was far more egregious than the cannibalism of the Tupi. More generally, Montaigne disparages himself and his age as mediocre, poised between the simplicity of the cannibals and the true excellence of ancient Greeks and Romans.Less
The Wars of Religion in sixteenth century France were the backdrop of Montaigne’s Essays and specifically his elaboration of a stance of philosophical relativism. In his early essay “Of Custom”, he used the bewildering diversity of customs worldwide to suggest that there was no rational basis for deciding how to behave. In his more famous and important essay “Of Cannibals”, he drew on an account of the Tupi of Brazil to call into question categories such as “barbarian” or “savage”, pointing out that otherness did not necessarily mean inferiority. The barbarity of the ways in which Catholics and Huguenots treated their adversaries in France was far more egregious than the cannibalism of the Tupi. More generally, Montaigne disparages himself and his age as mediocre, poised between the simplicity of the cannibals and the true excellence of ancient Greeks and Romans.
Tom Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198800095
- eISBN:
- 9780191839870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198800095.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, European Early Modern History
This chapter dispels the myth of Pierre de L’Estoile as a passive observer of his times and introduces his role as an engaged collector who negotiated and commemorated the conflicts that divided ...
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This chapter dispels the myth of Pierre de L’Estoile as a passive observer of his times and introduces his role as an engaged collector who negotiated and commemorated the conflicts that divided France in the Wars of Religion. It outlines an approach to L’Estoile and his world that emphasizes individual agency over cultural determinism and the possibilities of religious pluralism in the post-Reformation period over the binaries of confessional conflict. A Gallican Catholic resistant to papal authority, L’Estoile prudently avoided confessional conflict in his own life and showed great respect for individual Protestants among his friends and relations. From his perspective, the Wars of Religion appear more confessionally ambiguous in the responses they provoked, more socially specific in their impact on individuals at different levels of the hierarchy, and more culturally diverse in the memories they left behind.Less
This chapter dispels the myth of Pierre de L’Estoile as a passive observer of his times and introduces his role as an engaged collector who negotiated and commemorated the conflicts that divided France in the Wars of Religion. It outlines an approach to L’Estoile and his world that emphasizes individual agency over cultural determinism and the possibilities of religious pluralism in the post-Reformation period over the binaries of confessional conflict. A Gallican Catholic resistant to papal authority, L’Estoile prudently avoided confessional conflict in his own life and showed great respect for individual Protestants among his friends and relations. From his perspective, the Wars of Religion appear more confessionally ambiguous in the responses they provoked, more socially specific in their impact on individuals at different levels of the hierarchy, and more culturally diverse in the memories they left behind.
Alison Forrestal
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719069765
- eISBN:
- 9781781700594
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719069765.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This book explores how conceptions of episcopacy (government of a church by bishops) shaped the identity of the bishops of France in the wake of the reforming Council of Trent (1545–63). It ...
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This book explores how conceptions of episcopacy (government of a church by bishops) shaped the identity of the bishops of France in the wake of the reforming Council of Trent (1545–63). It demonstrates how the episcopate, initially demoralised by the Wars of Religion, developed a powerful ideology of privilege, leadership and pastorate that enabled it to become a flourishing participant in the religious, political and social life of the ancien regime. The book analyses the attitudes of Tridentine bishops towards their office by considering the French episcopate as a recognisable caste, possessing a variety of theological and political principles that allowed it to dominate the French church.Less
This book explores how conceptions of episcopacy (government of a church by bishops) shaped the identity of the bishops of France in the wake of the reforming Council of Trent (1545–63). It demonstrates how the episcopate, initially demoralised by the Wars of Religion, developed a powerful ideology of privilege, leadership and pastorate that enabled it to become a flourishing participant in the religious, political and social life of the ancien regime. The book analyses the attitudes of Tridentine bishops towards their office by considering the French episcopate as a recognisable caste, possessing a variety of theological and political principles that allowed it to dominate the French church.
Randall Lesaffer
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- February 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795575
- eISBN:
- 9780191836893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795575.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores ...
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The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores Spain’s justification of its intervention to tease out the legal doctrines applied. The two main documents through which Spain justified its intervention, the declaration issued in March 1590 after Spain’s decision to send armies to France in aid of the Catholic League, and the 1595 counter-declaration following Henry IV of France’s declaration of war against Spain, are analysed. It is argued that Spain adhered closely to the traditional discourse of just war. The major thrust of its efforts at justification was directed at persuading target audiences that intervention was necessary to safeguard higher interests. For this Spain relied on a strategy which can be dubbed ‘hegemonic’ or ‘imperial’ defence, whereby the conservation of the position of the Spanish-Habsburg empire was equated to the universal interests of the community of Christian princes, and thus of the one true, Catholic faith.Less
The Spanish intervention under Phillip II in the French Wars of Religion during the 1590s was seen as a high point of Spain’s bid for universal monarchy over Christian Europe. This chapter explores Spain’s justification of its intervention to tease out the legal doctrines applied. The two main documents through which Spain justified its intervention, the declaration issued in March 1590 after Spain’s decision to send armies to France in aid of the Catholic League, and the 1595 counter-declaration following Henry IV of France’s declaration of war against Spain, are analysed. It is argued that Spain adhered closely to the traditional discourse of just war. The major thrust of its efforts at justification was directed at persuading target audiences that intervention was necessary to safeguard higher interests. For this Spain relied on a strategy which can be dubbed ‘hegemonic’ or ‘imperial’ defence, whereby the conservation of the position of the Spanish-Habsburg empire was equated to the universal interests of the community of Christian princes, and thus of the one true, Catholic faith.
Filippo De Vivo
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227068
- eISBN:
- 9780191711114
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227068.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Each of the communication spheres presented so far also needed to communicate with the others. This chapter analyses their contacts and conflicts. First, it discusses the interaction between literate ...
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Each of the communication spheres presented so far also needed to communicate with the others. This chapter analyses their contacts and conflicts. First, it discusses the interaction between literate and oral communication, suggesting that literacy was itself a drive for social transactions. It then addresses the official publication of laws and decrees: for all its secretiveness, the government's authority rested on its capacity to reach out to the subjects. Yet official publication also often led to resistance, as people prevented publication and destroyed decrees. Thus, normative messages never dominated the city's public space, but had to compete with alternative forms of public communication, for example graffiti and posted texts (Venice's equivalent of the Roman pasquinades). The chapter concludes with a case study of one such texts, the Paternoster degli Spagnoli, which circulated widely during the French wars of religion and beyond, as a critical parody of political domination.Less
Each of the communication spheres presented so far also needed to communicate with the others. This chapter analyses their contacts and conflicts. First, it discusses the interaction between literate and oral communication, suggesting that literacy was itself a drive for social transactions. It then addresses the official publication of laws and decrees: for all its secretiveness, the government's authority rested on its capacity to reach out to the subjects. Yet official publication also often led to resistance, as people prevented publication and destroyed decrees. Thus, normative messages never dominated the city's public space, but had to compete with alternative forms of public communication, for example graffiti and posted texts (Venice's equivalent of the Roman pasquinades). The chapter concludes with a case study of one such texts, the Paternoster degli Spagnoli, which circulated widely during the French wars of religion and beyond, as a critical parody of political domination.
David M. Posner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823267309
- eISBN:
- 9780823272334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823267309.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Michel de Montaigne’s treatment of fourth-century Roman emperor Julian in De la liberté de conscience offers a fascinating lesson in church-state relations and Montaigne’s relationship with himself. ...
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Michel de Montaigne’s treatment of fourth-century Roman emperor Julian in De la liberté de conscience offers a fascinating lesson in church-state relations and Montaigne’s relationship with himself. In both, the lesson concerns treatment of the Other. Though deemed ‘the apostate’ by early Christians for disestablishing Christianity as the religion of the Roman empire, Julian adopted public toleration of all religions—a pragmatic approach toward public order Montaigne considers praiseworthy in contrast to the violent way Europeans were dealing with the ‘Other’ (Protestant and Catholic) during the Wars of Religion. A distinction needed to be made, as Julian did, between one’s private religious convictions and one’s public duty to tolerate religious difference for the sake of social peace. As a descendent of Spanish Jews, Montaigne was aware of the analogous distinction between the ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ man. Posner claims that it is easy to imagine Montaigne himself in the position of Emperor Julian: conforming to the state religion for the sake of order, while remaining internally Other.Less
Michel de Montaigne’s treatment of fourth-century Roman emperor Julian in De la liberté de conscience offers a fascinating lesson in church-state relations and Montaigne’s relationship with himself. In both, the lesson concerns treatment of the Other. Though deemed ‘the apostate’ by early Christians for disestablishing Christianity as the religion of the Roman empire, Julian adopted public toleration of all religions—a pragmatic approach toward public order Montaigne considers praiseworthy in contrast to the violent way Europeans were dealing with the ‘Other’ (Protestant and Catholic) during the Wars of Religion. A distinction needed to be made, as Julian did, between one’s private religious convictions and one’s public duty to tolerate religious difference for the sake of social peace. As a descendent of Spanish Jews, Montaigne was aware of the analogous distinction between the ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ man. Posner claims that it is easy to imagine Montaigne himself in the position of Emperor Julian: conforming to the state religion for the sake of order, while remaining internally Other.
Dan Edelstein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226588988
- eISBN:
- 9780226589039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226589039.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book presents itself as a history of how natural rights became human rights, from the Wars of Religion to the Age of Revolutions, and ultimately up to 1948. But it is also and more precisely a ...
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This book presents itself as a history of how natural rights became human rights, from the Wars of Religion to the Age of Revolutions, and ultimately up to 1948. But it is also and more precisely a genealogy of the rights regimes enshrined during the American and French Revolutions. Reconstructing this genealogy requires reaching back to the sixteenth century, and casting glances farther back still. The purpose of these historical soundings is not to hit rock bottom and locate ground zero of revolutionary rights. It is rather to gain sufficient perspective on the sprawling series of debates between jurists, theologians, philosophers, political reformers, writers, and others pushing rival rights regimes to defend conflicting ideologies. These disputes were not merely academic quarrels, but flared up most during moments of political turmoil, when the very structure of governments was called into question.Less
This book presents itself as a history of how natural rights became human rights, from the Wars of Religion to the Age of Revolutions, and ultimately up to 1948. But it is also and more precisely a genealogy of the rights regimes enshrined during the American and French Revolutions. Reconstructing this genealogy requires reaching back to the sixteenth century, and casting glances farther back still. The purpose of these historical soundings is not to hit rock bottom and locate ground zero of revolutionary rights. It is rather to gain sufficient perspective on the sprawling series of debates between jurists, theologians, philosophers, political reformers, writers, and others pushing rival rights regimes to defend conflicting ideologies. These disputes were not merely academic quarrels, but flared up most during moments of political turmoil, when the very structure of governments was called into question.
Tom Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198800095
- eISBN:
- 9780191839870
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198800095.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, European Early Modern History
The Wars of Religion embroiled France in decades of faction, violence, and peacemaking in the late sixteenth century. When historians interpret these events, inevitably they depend on sources of ...
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The Wars of Religion embroiled France in decades of faction, violence, and peacemaking in the late sixteenth century. When historians interpret these events, inevitably they depend on sources of information gathered by contemporaries, none more valuable than the diaries and the collection of Pierre de L’Estoile (1546–1611), who lived through the civil wars in Paris and shaped how they have been remembered ever since. Taking him out of the footnotes, and demonstrating his significance in the culture of the late Renaissance, this book is the first life of L’Estoile in any language. It examines how he negotiated and commemorated the conflicts that divided France as he assembled an extraordinary collection of the relics of the troubles, a collection that he called ‘the storehouse of my curiosities’. The story of his life and times is the history of the civil wars in the making. Focusing on a crucial individual for understanding Reformation Europe, this book challenges historians’ assumptions about the widespread impact of confessional conflict in the sixteenth century. L’Estoile’s prudent, non-confessional responses to the events he lived through and recorded were common among his milieu of Gallican Catholics. His life writing and engagement with contemporary news, books, and pictures reveals how individuals used different genres and media to destabilize rather than fix confessional identities. Bringing together the great variety of topics in society and culture that attracted L’Estoile’s curiosity, this book rethinks his world in the Wars of Religion.Less
The Wars of Religion embroiled France in decades of faction, violence, and peacemaking in the late sixteenth century. When historians interpret these events, inevitably they depend on sources of information gathered by contemporaries, none more valuable than the diaries and the collection of Pierre de L’Estoile (1546–1611), who lived through the civil wars in Paris and shaped how they have been remembered ever since. Taking him out of the footnotes, and demonstrating his significance in the culture of the late Renaissance, this book is the first life of L’Estoile in any language. It examines how he negotiated and commemorated the conflicts that divided France as he assembled an extraordinary collection of the relics of the troubles, a collection that he called ‘the storehouse of my curiosities’. The story of his life and times is the history of the civil wars in the making. Focusing on a crucial individual for understanding Reformation Europe, this book challenges historians’ assumptions about the widespread impact of confessional conflict in the sixteenth century. L’Estoile’s prudent, non-confessional responses to the events he lived through and recorded were common among his milieu of Gallican Catholics. His life writing and engagement with contemporary news, books, and pictures reveals how individuals used different genres and media to destabilize rather than fix confessional identities. Bringing together the great variety of topics in society and culture that attracted L’Estoile’s curiosity, this book rethinks his world in the Wars of Religion.
Barbara B. Diefendorf
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190887025
- eISBN:
- 9780190887056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190887025.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, European Early Modern History
This chapter traces the story of three convents caught up in the religious wars that devastated Montpellier in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The southern city fell into Protestant hands on ...
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This chapter traces the story of three convents caught up in the religious wars that devastated Montpellier in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The southern city fell into Protestant hands on the eve of France’s Wars of Religion and remained largely under Protestant control until 1622. Catholic religious life was thoroughly undermined by the repeated expulsions and destruction of property that resulted from the conflicts. This was especially hard on nuns, who, having lost their homes and income, also lost the prestige and sanctity of religious enclosure. Living under wartime conditions that made it difficult to observe their rule, they were unable to recruit new members, much less to enact reforms needed to raise the standards of community life. At the wars’ end, the bishop established convents of Visitandines and Ursulines, reformed orders then gaining popularity elsewhere in France, instead of helping the old orders to reform and rebuild.Less
This chapter traces the story of three convents caught up in the religious wars that devastated Montpellier in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The southern city fell into Protestant hands on the eve of France’s Wars of Religion and remained largely under Protestant control until 1622. Catholic religious life was thoroughly undermined by the repeated expulsions and destruction of property that resulted from the conflicts. This was especially hard on nuns, who, having lost their homes and income, also lost the prestige and sanctity of religious enclosure. Living under wartime conditions that made it difficult to observe their rule, they were unable to recruit new members, much less to enact reforms needed to raise the standards of community life. At the wars’ end, the bishop established convents of Visitandines and Ursulines, reformed orders then gaining popularity elsewhere in France, instead of helping the old orders to reform and rebuild.
Luis Martínez-Fernández
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781683400325
- eISBN:
- 9781683400981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400325.003.0008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter focuses on the interconnectivity of war and peace in Europe with a variety of forms of European incursion in the Caribbean during the 1500s and 1600s. It traces the emergence and ...
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This chapter focuses on the interconnectivity of war and peace in Europe with a variety of forms of European incursion in the Caribbean during the 1500s and 1600s. It traces the emergence and evolution of piracy and privateering as well as European colonial expansion by settlers and buccaneers. It provides a systematic analysis of how belligerence in the Old World (such as the prolonged Wars of Religion) impacted Cuba and the rest of the region. It also explores Spain’s efforts to protect its colonies through fortifications, fleet systems of navigation, and increased military presence.Less
This chapter focuses on the interconnectivity of war and peace in Europe with a variety of forms of European incursion in the Caribbean during the 1500s and 1600s. It traces the emergence and evolution of piracy and privateering as well as European colonial expansion by settlers and buccaneers. It provides a systematic analysis of how belligerence in the Old World (such as the prolonged Wars of Religion) impacted Cuba and the rest of the region. It also explores Spain’s efforts to protect its colonies through fortifications, fleet systems of navigation, and increased military presence.
Barbara B. Diefendorf
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190887025
- eISBN:
- 9780190887056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190887025.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, European Early Modern History
The introduction first explains why “planting the cross” is an apt metaphor for the renewal of monastic life that took place in the wake of France’s Wars of Religion. It introduces the six case ...
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The introduction first explains why “planting the cross” is an apt metaphor for the renewal of monastic life that took place in the wake of France’s Wars of Religion. It introduces the six case studies that make up the book and explains how each explores a particular question, or set of questions, about how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented the changes commonly known as the “Catholic Reformation.” The cases show that “reform” was not simply imposed from above, nor was it fixed or completed with the adoption of a new constitution or rule. Arguments for a return to a religious order’s original purity or a life of greater austerity encouraged debate about how the order should best live out its rule. The introduction concludes with a summary of the circumstances that made religious reform so urgently needed and a brief overview of how the reform movement spread.Less
The introduction first explains why “planting the cross” is an apt metaphor for the renewal of monastic life that took place in the wake of France’s Wars of Religion. It introduces the six case studies that make up the book and explains how each explores a particular question, or set of questions, about how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented the changes commonly known as the “Catholic Reformation.” The cases show that “reform” was not simply imposed from above, nor was it fixed or completed with the adoption of a new constitution or rule. Arguments for a return to a religious order’s original purity or a life of greater austerity encouraged debate about how the order should best live out its rule. The introduction concludes with a summary of the circumstances that made religious reform so urgently needed and a brief overview of how the reform movement spread.
Emily Butterworth
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199662302
- eISBN:
- 9780191770470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662302.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, European Literature
In the early 1560s, Ronsard joined the pamphlet wars of the French Wars of Religion. This chapter argues that one of his principal concerns was the inappropriateness of Huguenot public speech: ...
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In the early 1560s, Ronsard joined the pamphlet wars of the French Wars of Religion. This chapter argues that one of his principal concerns was the inappropriateness of Huguenot public speech: preaching and proselytizing did not happen in the right places, or at the right times, nor was it delivered by the right people. Ronsard’s Remonstrance au peuple de France gives a series of vigorous tableaux in which Huguenot public speech is denounced as excessive and dangerous. But what Ronsard calls dangerous licence was described by Protestant writers as liberté, or free speech a kind of necessarily abrasive truth-telling that shares characteristics with the ancient Cynic virtue of parrhesia.Less
In the early 1560s, Ronsard joined the pamphlet wars of the French Wars of Religion. This chapter argues that one of his principal concerns was the inappropriateness of Huguenot public speech: preaching and proselytizing did not happen in the right places, or at the right times, nor was it delivered by the right people. Ronsard’s Remonstrance au peuple de France gives a series of vigorous tableaux in which Huguenot public speech is denounced as excessive and dangerous. But what Ronsard calls dangerous licence was described by Protestant writers as liberté, or free speech a kind of necessarily abrasive truth-telling that shares characteristics with the ancient Cynic virtue of parrhesia.
Emily Butterworth
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199662302
- eISBN:
- 9780191770470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662302.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature, European Literature
Montaigne’s exploration of rumour in ‘Des boyteux’ (‘Of the Lame’) owes much to Virgil’s description of Fama in the Aeneid: unstoppable, proliferating, indiscriminate. Montaigne adds a reflection on ...
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Montaigne’s exploration of rumour in ‘Des boyteux’ (‘Of the Lame’) owes much to Virgil’s description of Fama in the Aeneid: unstoppable, proliferating, indiscriminate. Montaigne adds a reflection on the subjective investment that everyone involved in passing on a rumour must make in the credibility of the story, and illustrates this with an anecdote about a hoax spirit that had just been uncovered in a village close to his château. Montaigne emphasizes the need for a cool, detached, sceptical audience, particularly in the faction politics of the French Wars of Religion; and there is a model for this kind of audience in the theatrical theory of late sixteenth-century comedians. Montaigne’s own treatment of rumour in his letters to the Maréchale de Matignon give it some importance in determining the tone and the mood of a particular place; but he warns against the impassioned espousal of rumour that makes sceptical judgement impossible.Less
Montaigne’s exploration of rumour in ‘Des boyteux’ (‘Of the Lame’) owes much to Virgil’s description of Fama in the Aeneid: unstoppable, proliferating, indiscriminate. Montaigne adds a reflection on the subjective investment that everyone involved in passing on a rumour must make in the credibility of the story, and illustrates this with an anecdote about a hoax spirit that had just been uncovered in a village close to his château. Montaigne emphasizes the need for a cool, detached, sceptical audience, particularly in the faction politics of the French Wars of Religion; and there is a model for this kind of audience in the theatrical theory of late sixteenth-century comedians. Montaigne’s own treatment of rumour in his letters to the Maréchale de Matignon give it some importance in determining the tone and the mood of a particular place; but he warns against the impassioned espousal of rumour that makes sceptical judgement impossible.
Barbara B. Diefendorf
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190887025
- eISBN:
- 9780190887056
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190887025.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion, European Early Modern History
This book examines how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented changes to monastic life in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century France. Scholars of France’s Catholic Reformation have ...
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This book examines how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented changes to monastic life in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century France. Scholars of France’s Catholic Reformation have tended to focus on the movement’s later stages and, taking a top-down approach, view it from the perspective of activist clerics seeking to impose a fixed idea of religious life. This study focuses instead on the movement’s beginnings and explores the aims and tactics of proponents of reform from different but overlapping perspectives. The six case studies draw from three regions—Paris, Provence, and Languedoc. The first chapters tell the story of religious caught in the direct path of the Wars of Religion, which reduced France to near anarchy in the sixteenth century. Chapter 1 tells of the difficulty traditional women’s orders had surviving—much less reforming themselves—in Protestant-dominated Montpellier. Chapter 2 examines the rebellion of Paris’s Feuillants against both their ascetic abbot and the king during the Holy League revolt. Chapter 3 recounts the implantation of the militant Franciscans called Capuchins in the Protestant heartland, Languedoc. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the struggle to reform two old orders—the Dominicans and Trinitarians—that had fallen into decay. Chapter 6 explores conflicting interpretations of Teresa of Avila’s legacy at France’s first Carmelite convents. The book illuminates persistent debates about what constituted religious reform and how a reform’s success should be judged. It shows reform to have been lived as an ongoing process that was more diverse, experimental, and experiential than is often recognized.Less
This book examines how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented changes to monastic life in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century France. Scholars of France’s Catholic Reformation have tended to focus on the movement’s later stages and, taking a top-down approach, view it from the perspective of activist clerics seeking to impose a fixed idea of religious life. This study focuses instead on the movement’s beginnings and explores the aims and tactics of proponents of reform from different but overlapping perspectives. The six case studies draw from three regions—Paris, Provence, and Languedoc. The first chapters tell the story of religious caught in the direct path of the Wars of Religion, which reduced France to near anarchy in the sixteenth century. Chapter 1 tells of the difficulty traditional women’s orders had surviving—much less reforming themselves—in Protestant-dominated Montpellier. Chapter 2 examines the rebellion of Paris’s Feuillants against both their ascetic abbot and the king during the Holy League revolt. Chapter 3 recounts the implantation of the militant Franciscans called Capuchins in the Protestant heartland, Languedoc. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the struggle to reform two old orders—the Dominicans and Trinitarians—that had fallen into decay. Chapter 6 explores conflicting interpretations of Teresa of Avila’s legacy at France’s first Carmelite convents. The book illuminates persistent debates about what constituted religious reform and how a reform’s success should be judged. It shows reform to have been lived as an ongoing process that was more diverse, experimental, and experiential than is often recognized.
Peter Auger
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198835691
- eISBN:
- 9780191873225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198835691.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature
Examining poetical exchanges between James VI of Scotland and the Huguenot courtier Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas in the 1580s, Chapter 7 demonstrates how poetry contributed to diplomatic ...
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Examining poetical exchanges between James VI of Scotland and the Huguenot courtier Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas in the 1580s, Chapter 7 demonstrates how poetry contributed to diplomatic initiatives, and how diplomatic concerns fostered expressiveness in the composition and presentation of poems. Early modern poetry, especially poetry in translation, could contribute to building better international cultural relations. Ambassadors and elite political figures were sometimes involved in such poems as writers, translators, readers, dedicatees, or recipients. When they were, these poems could contain subtle gestures consistent with the cultural diplomatic aims to express shared identity and strengthen political ties. The poetic exchanges between James and Du Bartas in the 1580s contained many signals of the common literary and political culture in Scotland and Protestant France, signals that are found in the subject matter, prosody, diction, structure, and other poetic features of the verses that they exchanged. This chapter examines the poetic techniques that James and Du Bartas used for expressing cultural convergence between Scotland and France when translating and composing original verse for each other, and then shows how the print publication of their poems enabled a broader international community to participate in this cultural moment.Less
Examining poetical exchanges between James VI of Scotland and the Huguenot courtier Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas in the 1580s, Chapter 7 demonstrates how poetry contributed to diplomatic initiatives, and how diplomatic concerns fostered expressiveness in the composition and presentation of poems. Early modern poetry, especially poetry in translation, could contribute to building better international cultural relations. Ambassadors and elite political figures were sometimes involved in such poems as writers, translators, readers, dedicatees, or recipients. When they were, these poems could contain subtle gestures consistent with the cultural diplomatic aims to express shared identity and strengthen political ties. The poetic exchanges between James and Du Bartas in the 1580s contained many signals of the common literary and political culture in Scotland and Protestant France, signals that are found in the subject matter, prosody, diction, structure, and other poetic features of the verses that they exchanged. This chapter examines the poetic techniques that James and Du Bartas used for expressing cultural convergence between Scotland and France when translating and composing original verse for each other, and then shows how the print publication of their poems enabled a broader international community to participate in this cultural moment.
Alison Forrestal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198785767
- eISBN:
- 9780191827570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785767.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Religion
For information on the life and work of Vincent de Paul, historians still depend mainly on the standard biography produced by the Vincentian Pierre Coste, the triple volume Le Grand Saint du grand ...
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For information on the life and work of Vincent de Paul, historians still depend mainly on the standard biography produced by the Vincentian Pierre Coste, the triple volume Le Grand Saint du grand siècle, even though it is close to a century since this was published. It is now widely recognized that while the disruption of the Wars of Religion (1562–98) meant that the drive for Catholic reform began later in France than elsewhere, once it was set in motion it reached levels of intensity and creativity over the first six decades of the seventeenth century which were unmatched in any other region. The Introduction locates de Paul within the historiography of the Catholic Reformation and French religious renewal, by offering a survey of the findings of the most significant research in these areas, and identifying the questions that these evoke for the assessment of de Paul’s activities.Less
For information on the life and work of Vincent de Paul, historians still depend mainly on the standard biography produced by the Vincentian Pierre Coste, the triple volume Le Grand Saint du grand siècle, even though it is close to a century since this was published. It is now widely recognized that while the disruption of the Wars of Religion (1562–98) meant that the drive for Catholic reform began later in France than elsewhere, once it was set in motion it reached levels of intensity and creativity over the first six decades of the seventeenth century which were unmatched in any other region. The Introduction locates de Paul within the historiography of the Catholic Reformation and French religious renewal, by offering a survey of the findings of the most significant research in these areas, and identifying the questions that these evoke for the assessment of de Paul’s activities.
