Jacques Werner
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578184.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private ...
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This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.Less
This chapter explains why investor-state arbitration is often wrongfully likened to international commercial arbitration among private parties. Investor-state arbitrations involve not only private business interests but also public policies of the host state and citizen rights. Arbitral awards on investor-state disputes risk lacking credibility and democratic acceptability if they overrule, in non-transparent proceedings, democratically legitimate government decisions on grounds of investor-state contracts. Similar to the introduction of appellate review in the GATT/WTO dispute settlement system, the transparency, legitimacy, and legal coherence of investor-state arbitration could be enhanced by introduction of an appellate instance.
Chun Wei Choo
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195176780
- eISBN:
- 9780199789634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195176780.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the ...
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The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the organization to innovate and adapt effectively. This chapter discusses how the knowing organization model relates to other models of organizational learning. The chapter also summarizes the practical implications of the model, drawing examples from new cases and cases presented earlier in the book.Less
The WHO Smallpox Eradication Program (1967-77) showed how cycles of sensemaking, knowledge creation, and decision making supported by a matrix of information management practices enabled the organization to innovate and adapt effectively. This chapter discusses how the knowing organization model relates to other models of organizational learning. The chapter also summarizes the practical implications of the model, drawing examples from new cases and cases presented earlier in the book.
Fiona Randall and R S Downie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567363
- eISBN:
- 9780191730535
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567363.001.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. ...
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The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.Less
The idea of a philosophy of palliative care emerged with Cicely Saunders' vision for ‘a good death’, and was developed further with the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of palliative care. It is now being applied not only to cancer patients, but to all patients in end-of-life situations. As this palliative care approach advances, it is important to pause and comment on its effectiveness. It is a philosophy of patient care, and is therefore open to critique and evaluation. Using the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine, 3rd edition as their basic reference, the authors present their argument that the palliative care approach has become too busy and over-professionalised, and that it therefore has significant weaknesses. They examine the framework of the specialty – quality of life, autonomy, dignity, patient-centredness, and the priority assigned to relatives in the remit of care – and the moral problems associated with implementing such a philosophy. The resource implications of various healthcare policies are also discussed in relation to the WHO definition. Whilst the authors defend the achievements of palliative care and those who work in the profession, they present suggestions for an alternative philosophy that prompts many ethical and philosophical questions about the future of palliative care.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of ...
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Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of developed and developing countries to alter the TRIPS deal, both by influencing decisions at the national level and by renegotiating the terms of TRIPS. Post‐agreement bargaining on TRIPS, and international IP regulation more broadly, gave rise to an increasingly complex global IP system. Many developing countries became party to additional international IP commitments. With the growing engagement of NGOs, industry, and international organizations such as WIPO and WHO, the scope of global IP debates broadened and external interest in how developing countries implemented particular IP reforms intensified. Amidst the cacophony of voices, two core teams animated global IP debates: a pro‐IP team in favour of swift compliance and TRIPS‐plus protection, and a pro‐development team in favour of tailoring IP regulation to development priorities.Less
Chapter 4 shows how disagreements over the final TRIPS text set the stage for struggles over implementation and the variation that emerged. TRIPS implementation occurred amidst competing efforts of developed and developing countries to alter the TRIPS deal, both by influencing decisions at the national level and by renegotiating the terms of TRIPS. Post‐agreement bargaining on TRIPS, and international IP regulation more broadly, gave rise to an increasingly complex global IP system. Many developing countries became party to additional international IP commitments. With the growing engagement of NGOs, industry, and international organizations such as WIPO and WHO, the scope of global IP debates broadened and external interest in how developing countries implemented particular IP reforms intensified. Amidst the cacophony of voices, two core teams animated global IP debates: a pro‐IP team in favour of swift compliance and TRIPS‐plus protection, and a pro‐development team in favour of tailoring IP regulation to development priorities.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South ...
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A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.Less
A large share of the population in many developing countries suffers from chronic undernutrition. This book provides a detailed comparative study of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, the two worst affected areas, and provides policy advice for those concerned in nutrition‐cum‐development worldwide. The book concentrates on five theoretical and empirical challenges that undernutrition poses: what undernutrition is, who and how many the undernourished are, where they are, when they are undernourished, and why. Two main measurement methods are conventionally used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition by country and providing answers to the other w‐questions. One of the methods, proclaimed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), is focused on the distribution of national food supplies (calorie availability) across households and a minimum per person calorie norm. The other method, championed mainly by the World Health Organization (WHO), is based on anthropometric assessments of individuals’ heights and weights. The two methods that provide conflicting answers to all the w‐questions are critically examined from theoretical, conceptual, as well as empirical (data) perspectives. The aggregate food‐supply approach is found to be the least reliable and, moreover, irrelevant for some urgent policy purposes, such as targeting undernourished households in intervention schemes. Also, the anthropometric indicators of undernutrition have serious limitations, but these are less difficult to rectify, and they have more policy relevance. A main conclusion of the policy analysis is that undernutrition is mainly a problem of food affordability at the household level, rather than food availability at the national level. Hence, however measured, undernutrition can never be seriously alleviated unless its root cause, poverty, is attacked.
Robert Woods
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542758
- eISBN:
- 9780191715358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542758.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the ...
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This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands) have histories of stillbirth registration dating back to the early years of the 19th century, or the 1750s in the case of Sweden. For this group, it is possible to demonstrate the effects of variations in registration practice (how stillbirths were defined); the impact of improvements in the training, regulation, and effectiveness of midwives; and, from the late 1930s, the influence of successive advances in drug and medical technology (antibiotics, blood transfusion, incubators, ultrasound). The second group includes the USA and Britain. Here stillbirths only began to be registered in the 20th century so that a long-term perspective requires the estimation of mortality rates. Estimates of the stillbirth rate for England are derived using neonatal mortality as the base. The third group of countries is illustrated by France, Italy, and Spain. Here Catholic tradition encouraged the baptism in utero of unborn fetuses, especially if they were in great danger. A number of high mortality African countries will be used as examples for group four. The World Health Organization has recently derived new estimates of late-fetal and intrapartum mortality which show that in some West African countries more than 5% of fetuses that have reached twenty-eight weeks gestation will be born dead. This fourth group offers a sharp and reasonably well-documented perspective on historical patterns.Less
This chapter is concerned with international and regional variations in late-fetal mortality. It considers four groups of countries. Members of the first group (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands) have histories of stillbirth registration dating back to the early years of the 19th century, or the 1750s in the case of Sweden. For this group, it is possible to demonstrate the effects of variations in registration practice (how stillbirths were defined); the impact of improvements in the training, regulation, and effectiveness of midwives; and, from the late 1930s, the influence of successive advances in drug and medical technology (antibiotics, blood transfusion, incubators, ultrasound). The second group includes the USA and Britain. Here stillbirths only began to be registered in the 20th century so that a long-term perspective requires the estimation of mortality rates. Estimates of the stillbirth rate for England are derived using neonatal mortality as the base. The third group of countries is illustrated by France, Italy, and Spain. Here Catholic tradition encouraged the baptism in utero of unborn fetuses, especially if they were in great danger. A number of high mortality African countries will be used as examples for group four. The World Health Organization has recently derived new estimates of late-fetal and intrapartum mortality which show that in some West African countries more than 5% of fetuses that have reached twenty-eight weeks gestation will be born dead. This fourth group offers a sharp and reasonably well-documented perspective on historical patterns.
Ruth Bonita, Alec Irwin, and Robert Beaglehole
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172997
- eISBN:
- 9780199865659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172997.003.0016
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
One of the paradoxes of globalization is that an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world is simultaneously marked by widening health gaps between privileged and less advantaged groups, ...
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One of the paradoxes of globalization is that an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world is simultaneously marked by widening health gaps between privileged and less advantaged groups, both between and within countries. Ambitious development and health objectives, most prominently the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), have been set by the global community to promote a fairer distribution of the benefits of progress. But gains toward the targets are too slow, particularly in the countries with the greatest needs. This chapter assesses WHO's capacity to lead in meeting these challenges. It begins with a review of key stages of WHO's history, then surveys the current state of global public health. Finally, it explores strategic directions set by WHO's current leadership to respond and help shape a healthier, more equitable future for all.Less
One of the paradoxes of globalization is that an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world is simultaneously marked by widening health gaps between privileged and less advantaged groups, both between and within countries. Ambitious development and health objectives, most prominently the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), have been set by the global community to promote a fairer distribution of the benefits of progress. But gains toward the targets are too slow, particularly in the countries with the greatest needs. This chapter assesses WHO's capacity to lead in meeting these challenges. It begins with a review of key stages of WHO's history, then surveys the current state of global public health. Finally, it explores strategic directions set by WHO's current leadership to respond and help shape a healthier, more equitable future for all.
Peter Svedberg
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292685
- eISBN:
- 9780191596957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292686.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, ...
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This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, worldwide. The available estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia are compared to estimates from other regions. Most observations are for young children and, to a lesser extent, for females of reproductive age. The anthropometric status of these population groups in the various countries, along age and gender lines and also the rural/urban divide, are mapped. A puzzling finding is that the prevalence of undernutrition, when measured by anthropometrics—both in young children and adult women—is by far the highest in South Asia, while the (FAO) food‐supply‐based estimates find the incidence to be the highest in sub‐Saharan Africa (also see Ch. 18).Less
This chapter sets out by assessing the uniform height and weight norms established by the WHO, which are conventionally used to gauge the anthropometric status of people of different age and sex, worldwide. The available estimates of the prevalence of undernutrition in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia are compared to estimates from other regions. Most observations are for young children and, to a lesser extent, for females of reproductive age. The anthropometric status of these population groups in the various countries, along age and gender lines and also the rural/urban divide, are mapped. A puzzling finding is that the prevalence of undernutrition, when measured by anthropometrics—both in young children and adult women—is by far the highest in South Asia, while the (FAO) food‐supply‐based estimates find the incidence to be the highest in sub‐Saharan Africa (also see Ch. 18).
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva and Douglas Bettcher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0042
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). The WHO FCTC is public health history in the making and has become a landmark for the future ...
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This chapter discusses the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). The WHO FCTC is public health history in the making and has become a landmark for the future of global public health with major implications for the WHO's health goals. It represents a milestone for the global promotion of public health policies and provides new legal dimensions for international health cooperation. It corroborates the critical roles of international law in preventing disease and promoting health. While the WHO FCTC represents one huge stride forward, it is but a single step in controlling the tobacco epidemic. The success or failure of the Treaty remains highly dependent on country level implementation, and on how international, regional, and national players from different sectors employ it.Less
This chapter discusses the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). The WHO FCTC is public health history in the making and has become a landmark for the future of global public health with major implications for the WHO's health goals. It represents a milestone for the global promotion of public health policies and provides new legal dimensions for international health cooperation. It corroborates the critical roles of international law in preventing disease and promoting health. While the WHO FCTC represents one huge stride forward, it is but a single step in controlling the tobacco epidemic. The success or failure of the Treaty remains highly dependent on country level implementation, and on how international, regional, and national players from different sectors employ it.
Virginia Berridge
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204725
- eISBN:
- 9780191676376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204725.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The period of high-level panic among politicians and civil servants ended at the appearance of the Social Services Committee report in May 1987. Normalization brought with it also professionalization ...
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The period of high-level panic among politicians and civil servants ended at the appearance of the Social Services Committee report in May 1987. Normalization brought with it also professionalization and institutionalization. This saw the expansion of paid, rather than volunteer posts, in health services and in local authorities. WHO was not, of course, the only international arena in which AIDS policies were discussed in terms of the consequent impact on UK policy development. From 1986 onward, there was a multiplication of different international and European networks getting involved. In the summer of 1987, AIDS was on the agenda of the Economic Summit in Venice and a meeting of Commonwealth heads of government in Vancouver. The ethos of anti-discrimination and individualism was also reinforced through the expansion of the annual international AIDS conferences.Less
The period of high-level panic among politicians and civil servants ended at the appearance of the Social Services Committee report in May 1987. Normalization brought with it also professionalization and institutionalization. This saw the expansion of paid, rather than volunteer posts, in health services and in local authorities. WHO was not, of course, the only international arena in which AIDS policies were discussed in terms of the consequent impact on UK policy development. From 1986 onward, there was a multiplication of different international and European networks getting involved. In the summer of 1987, AIDS was on the agenda of the Economic Summit in Venice and a meeting of Commonwealth heads of government in Vancouver. The ethos of anti-discrimination and individualism was also reinforced through the expansion of the annual international AIDS conferences.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0020
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the ...
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Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the 1990s, and despite newly emerging diseases like SARS in 2003 and the fearsome prospect of human-to-human avian flu, it is nevertheless a time of some excitement over prospects for effective control of much of infectious disease. Funded by national and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and even popular entertainers, like Bono, large-scale new efforts are under way to address global killers like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, among others. This “marvelous momentum” can be seen as part of a continuing effort from the time of Jenner on. Extrapolating from this, we “think big” in order to explore the notion of a comprehensive global effort. Five tracks are identified: 1) national and international organizations and the development of collective will; 2) epidemiologic and healthcare infrastructure; 3) scientific development; 4) religious, social, and cultural considerations; 5) legal and social protections for individuals and groups.Less
Despite the devastating pandemic of HIV/AIDS that erupted in the early 1980s, despite the failure to eradicate polio and the emergence of resistant forms of tuberculosis that came into focus in the 1990s, and despite newly emerging diseases like SARS in 2003 and the fearsome prospect of human-to-human avian flu, it is nevertheless a time of some excitement over prospects for effective control of much of infectious disease. Funded by national and international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO); private foundations, including the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; and even popular entertainers, like Bono, large-scale new efforts are under way to address global killers like AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, among others. This “marvelous momentum” can be seen as part of a continuing effort from the time of Jenner on. Extrapolating from this, we “think big” in order to explore the notion of a comprehensive global effort. Five tracks are identified: 1) national and international organizations and the development of collective will; 2) epidemiologic and healthcare infrastructure; 3) scientific development; 4) religious, social, and cultural considerations; 5) legal and social protections for individuals and groups.
Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer, Moses Aikins, Robert Black, Lara Wolfson, Raymond Hutubessy, and David B. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547494
- eISBN:
- 9780191720055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547494.003.13
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
There are logistical and analytical challenges when conducting economic evaluations in the developing world, ranging from lack of data on costs to determining generalizability. This chapter describes ...
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There are logistical and analytical challenges when conducting economic evaluations in the developing world, ranging from lack of data on costs to determining generalizability. This chapter describes the WHO-CHOICE approach, a generalized form of cost-effectiveness analysis. By using the ‘null’ scenario which assumes an absence of interventions for treating or preventing a condition of interest, this method allows existing and new interventions to be analysed at the same time. Cost-effectiveness analysis for child health interventions are presented including oral rehydration therapy, case management for pneumonia, Vitamin A and zinc supplementation and fortification, provision of supplementary food during weaning with nutrition counseling, and measles vaccination using the WHO-CHOICE approach. Methods for costing interventions and assessing the population impact of the interventions are presented. Results are expressed in terms of cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the value of the WHO-CHOICE approach to inform resource allocation.Less
There are logistical and analytical challenges when conducting economic evaluations in the developing world, ranging from lack of data on costs to determining generalizability. This chapter describes the WHO-CHOICE approach, a generalized form of cost-effectiveness analysis. By using the ‘null’ scenario which assumes an absence of interventions for treating or preventing a condition of interest, this method allows existing and new interventions to be analysed at the same time. Cost-effectiveness analysis for child health interventions are presented including oral rehydration therapy, case management for pneumonia, Vitamin A and zinc supplementation and fortification, provision of supplementary food during weaning with nutrition counseling, and measles vaccination using the WHO-CHOICE approach. Methods for costing interventions and assessing the population impact of the interventions are presented. Results are expressed in terms of cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the value of the WHO-CHOICE approach to inform resource allocation.
Lorraine Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198569855
- eISBN:
- 9780191730443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569855.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Nurses represent a significant proportion of the health care workforce engaged in providing palliative care for patients with life-threatening illnesses and their families. As palliative care has ...
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Nurses represent a significant proportion of the health care workforce engaged in providing palliative care for patients with life-threatening illnesses and their families. As palliative care has developed and been acknowledged as a specialty, nurse education has been forced to be creative, resourceful, and proactive in providing nurse practitioners with the skills and knowledge that they require to support patients and their families when facing a life-threatening illness. This chapter outlines the trajectory of nurse education in the UK from pre-registration through to advanced nurse practitioners and describes current provision of palliative care education at pre- and post-registration levels. It also considers ways in which palliative nurse education is shaped by policy and explores current and future challenges facing practitioners and educators.Less
Nurses represent a significant proportion of the health care workforce engaged in providing palliative care for patients with life-threatening illnesses and their families. As palliative care has developed and been acknowledged as a specialty, nurse education has been forced to be creative, resourceful, and proactive in providing nurse practitioners with the skills and knowledge that they require to support patients and their families when facing a life-threatening illness. This chapter outlines the trajectory of nurse education in the UK from pre-registration through to advanced nurse practitioners and describes current provision of palliative care education at pre- and post-registration levels. It also considers ways in which palliative nurse education is shaped by policy and explores current and future challenges facing practitioners and educators.
Suresh Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198569855
- eISBN:
- 9780191730443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569855.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Palliative care in India is more than two decades old. Despite that, less than 3% of patients with incurable cancer get pain relief) and less than 2% of patients in need of palliative care have ...
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Palliative care in India is more than two decades old. Despite that, less than 3% of patients with incurable cancer get pain relief) and less than 2% of patients in need of palliative care have access to it. There is huge regional variation in the availability of services. In India, with its federal structure, health care comes mainly under the jurisdiction of state governments. Palliative care has not found a place in the health policy documents of central or state governments, but in regions where palliative care services operate with massive community participation, the local governments seem to have recognized the need of such services. For example, in Nilambur, Kerala where the community-owned Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care programme is very active, all eleven local governments have made it mandatory to have a representative from the palliative care team in the Panchayath Health Committee.Less
Palliative care in India is more than two decades old. Despite that, less than 3% of patients with incurable cancer get pain relief) and less than 2% of patients in need of palliative care have access to it. There is huge regional variation in the availability of services. In India, with its federal structure, health care comes mainly under the jurisdiction of state governments. Palliative care has not found a place in the health policy documents of central or state governments, but in regions where palliative care services operate with massive community participation, the local governments seem to have recognized the need of such services. For example, in Nilambur, Kerala where the community-owned Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care programme is very active, all eleven local governments have made it mandatory to have a representative from the palliative care team in the Panchayath Health Committee.
Rod Macleod
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199216420
- eISBN:
- 9780191730306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216420.003.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines the concept of psychosocial care in the context of palliative care. According to the 2002 revised definition of the World Health Organisation (WHO), palliative care is an ...
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This chapter examines the concept of psychosocial care in the context of palliative care. According to the 2002 revised definition of the World Health Organisation (WHO), palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness and it is considered to be part of the so-called supportive care. The British National Council for Palliative Care (NCPC) defined psychosocial care as being concerned with the psychological and emotional well being of the patient and their family/carers, including issues of self-esteem, insight into an adaptation to the illness and its consequences, communication, social functioning, and relationships.Less
This chapter examines the concept of psychosocial care in the context of palliative care. According to the 2002 revised definition of the World Health Organisation (WHO), palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness and it is considered to be part of the so-called supportive care. The British National Council for Palliative Care (NCPC) defined psychosocial care as being concerned with the psychological and emotional well being of the patient and their family/carers, including issues of self-esteem, insight into an adaptation to the illness and its consequences, communication, social functioning, and relationships.
R.J. DUNLOP and J.M. HOCKLEY
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192629807
- eISBN:
- 9780191730061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629807.003.0001
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This book is about taking and adapting the philosophy of care developed within hospice units and applying it to the hospital environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care ...
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This book is about taking and adapting the philosophy of care developed within hospice units and applying it to the hospital environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care as the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Control of pain, of other symptoms, and of psychological, social, and spiritual problems is paramount. The book focuses on peripatetic hospital-based palliative care teams because they seek to upgrade terminal care without assuming control of patients. This chapter describes how the care of the dying became neglected, the modern hospice movement, terminal illness and hospitals, why patients die in hospitals, the needs of patients, the needs of relatives, the needs of professional carers, and translating needs into team objectives.Less
This book is about taking and adapting the philosophy of care developed within hospice units and applying it to the hospital environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care as the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Control of pain, of other symptoms, and of psychological, social, and spiritual problems is paramount. The book focuses on peripatetic hospital-based palliative care teams because they seek to upgrade terminal care without assuming control of patients. This chapter describes how the care of the dying became neglected, the modern hospice movement, terminal illness and hospitals, why patients die in hospitals, the needs of patients, the needs of relatives, the needs of professional carers, and translating needs into team objectives.
Ichiro Kawachi and Sarah Wamala (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172997
- eISBN:
- 9780199865659
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172997.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Globalization is breaking down of economic, political, cultural, demographic, and social barriers across the world at an astonishing pace. The topic of globalization has caused passionate debate in ...
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Globalization is breaking down of economic, political, cultural, demographic, and social barriers across the world at an astonishing pace. The topic of globalization has caused passionate debate in many circles including academic journals, the popular media, and even on the streets. This new world order is marked by new actors, new rules of governance, new forms of communication, and the global movement of populations. Health is an exquisitely sensitive mirror of social conditions, and this book argues that the assessment of health is an important criterion for evaluating and monitoring the progress of globalization. This book provides an analysis of the most serious global threats to health, the tools that can be used to evaluate them, and the international agencies established to respond to them. Medical threats such as infectious diseases, obesity, tobacco use, and global climate change are discussed, but the book also expands its scope to include socio-political health impacts such as economic inequality. The complex role of organizations such as the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank is also analyzed, as is the increasing interconnectedness of health and non-health actors. Is this blurring of boundaries really beneficial to the public's health, or have these actors abandoned health issues for power politics?Less
Globalization is breaking down of economic, political, cultural, demographic, and social barriers across the world at an astonishing pace. The topic of globalization has caused passionate debate in many circles including academic journals, the popular media, and even on the streets. This new world order is marked by new actors, new rules of governance, new forms of communication, and the global movement of populations. Health is an exquisitely sensitive mirror of social conditions, and this book argues that the assessment of health is an important criterion for evaluating and monitoring the progress of globalization. This book provides an analysis of the most serious global threats to health, the tools that can be used to evaluate them, and the international agencies established to respond to them. Medical threats such as infectious diseases, obesity, tobacco use, and global climate change are discussed, but the book also expands its scope to include socio-political health impacts such as economic inequality. The complex role of organizations such as the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank is also analyzed, as is the increasing interconnectedness of health and non-health actors. Is this blurring of boundaries really beneficial to the public's health, or have these actors abandoned health issues for power politics?
Martin McKee, Paul Garner, and Robin Stott (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192631985
- eISBN:
- 9780191723582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631985.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book explores the impact of globalization, economic policies, war and violence, trade, and reproductive ideologies on global health and health services. It offers examples, both successful and ...
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This book explores the impact of globalization, economic policies, war and violence, trade, and reproductive ideologies on global health and health services. It offers examples, both successful and unsuccessful, of international co-operative efforts to address these multiple issues, citing international collaboration of health professional organizations such as Jubilee 2000. It questions the efficacy, ideology, and scope of several of the leading players, such as WHO, World Bank, and many NGOs that are trying to address these issues, as well as pointing out the emergence of international organisations whose activities harm health, such as arms and tobacco traders. The book focuses on those public health issues that cross national boundaries. In order to put effective policy into place, considerable international co-operation is necessary. This book is primarily about international collaboration to promote health of the world's population. This book looks at the how international collaboration can and does help to tackle current and emerging public health problems. It covers issues such as emerging and re-emerging infectious disease; health consequences of global environment change; trade, public health, and food; war: from humanitarian relief to prevention; the global tobacco epidemic; migration, equity and health, and international co-operation for reproductive health. The overall thrust is to suggest that health professionals are uniquely placed to help develop organizations and policies, which by capitalizing on their good track record on international co-operation, they would be in a relatively strong position to implement to the benefit of global health.Less
This book explores the impact of globalization, economic policies, war and violence, trade, and reproductive ideologies on global health and health services. It offers examples, both successful and unsuccessful, of international co-operative efforts to address these multiple issues, citing international collaboration of health professional organizations such as Jubilee 2000. It questions the efficacy, ideology, and scope of several of the leading players, such as WHO, World Bank, and many NGOs that are trying to address these issues, as well as pointing out the emergence of international organisations whose activities harm health, such as arms and tobacco traders. The book focuses on those public health issues that cross national boundaries. In order to put effective policy into place, considerable international co-operation is necessary. This book is primarily about international collaboration to promote health of the world's population. This book looks at the how international collaboration can and does help to tackle current and emerging public health problems. It covers issues such as emerging and re-emerging infectious disease; health consequences of global environment change; trade, public health, and food; war: from humanitarian relief to prevention; the global tobacco epidemic; migration, equity and health, and international co-operation for reproductive health. The overall thrust is to suggest that health professionals are uniquely placed to help develop organizations and policies, which by capitalizing on their good track record on international co-operation, they would be in a relatively strong position to implement to the benefit of global health.
Walter W. Holland, Jørn Olsen, and Charles du V. Florey (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198569541
- eISBN:
- 9780191724077
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569541.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has ...
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This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has developed, and how it can be (and has been) applied to the control of common conditions and threats to public health. Five distinct sections detail through the wealth of material. The first section gives an historical account of the concepts and ideas, and current importance of epidemiology to global health issues and to organisations such as the WHO. The second section illustrates the advances and contributions to epidemiologic knowledge and the control of disease in specific areas such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, non-biologic disorders such as war and disasters, and new infectious diseases. The next section outlines the use of epidemiology in areas such as public health, health services, occupational and environmental medicine, and social epidemiology and nutrition. Section Four discusses methodological developments such as statistics, information sources, investigation of disease outbreaks, and clinical epidemiology. The final section looks at how the subject has developed internationally, with perspectives on regions such as the Americas, Poland, Spain, Eastern Mediterranean, New Zealand, China, Thailand, and Japan. This insight into how epidemiology has developed is essential reading for both existing and aspiring epidemiologists, as well as public health practitioners and health managers.Less
This book marks the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the International Epidemiological Association (IEA). It is a compendium by the world's leading epidemiologists of how the field has developed, and how it can be (and has been) applied to the control of common conditions and threats to public health. Five distinct sections detail through the wealth of material. The first section gives an historical account of the concepts and ideas, and current importance of epidemiology to global health issues and to organisations such as the WHO. The second section illustrates the advances and contributions to epidemiologic knowledge and the control of disease in specific areas such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, tuberculosis, maternal and child health, non-biologic disorders such as war and disasters, and new infectious diseases. The next section outlines the use of epidemiology in areas such as public health, health services, occupational and environmental medicine, and social epidemiology and nutrition. Section Four discusses methodological developments such as statistics, information sources, investigation of disease outbreaks, and clinical epidemiology. The final section looks at how the subject has developed internationally, with perspectives on regions such as the Americas, Poland, Spain, Eastern Mediterranean, New Zealand, China, Thailand, and Japan. This insight into how epidemiology has developed is essential reading for both existing and aspiring epidemiologists, as well as public health practitioners and health managers.
Bob H. Reinhardt
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469624099
- eISBN:
- 9781469625102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469624099.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter details the final phase of the global Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP). With momentum toward eradication building in 1972, D. A. Henderson, chief of the WHO's SEP, and his colleagues ...
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This chapter details the final phase of the global Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP). With momentum toward eradication building in 1972, D. A. Henderson, chief of the WHO's SEP, and his colleagues underscored the importance of “mutual understanding”: about the need for smallpox eradication, about the correct methods and tools for realizing that objective, and, ultimately, about the fundamental separation of smallpox from complicated environments—cultural, political, and ecological. But as the SEP entered the final phase of global eradication, these supposedly shared visions often fractured. As the CDC's tools, plans, and personnel migrated to the WHO's global program, they confronted a bigger and more complicated world that did not always warmly welcome the apparent American influences on smallpox eradication tactics and strategy. Political differences within and between nations, largely the result of intertwined Cold War and postcolonial tensions, also stood in the way of smallpox eradication.Less
This chapter details the final phase of the global Smallpox Eradication Program (SEP). With momentum toward eradication building in 1972, D. A. Henderson, chief of the WHO's SEP, and his colleagues underscored the importance of “mutual understanding”: about the need for smallpox eradication, about the correct methods and tools for realizing that objective, and, ultimately, about the fundamental separation of smallpox from complicated environments—cultural, political, and ecological. But as the SEP entered the final phase of global eradication, these supposedly shared visions often fractured. As the CDC's tools, plans, and personnel migrated to the WHO's global program, they confronted a bigger and more complicated world that did not always warmly welcome the apparent American influences on smallpox eradication tactics and strategy. Political differences within and between nations, largely the result of intertwined Cold War and postcolonial tensions, also stood in the way of smallpox eradication.
