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This chapter explores the development and increasing regulation of the institutional care of children removed from their families by the state. The growth of reformatory and industrial schools in the 19^th century is dealt with, as are the reasons why these two types of school were never truly separate in Scotland. Their formal amalgamation into “approved schools” in 1932 is examined, as is the regulatory structures that evolved to ensure their appropriate running, including their registration, the managers, and the rules for discipline and corporal punishment. The regulation of children’s homes, originally run by charitable endeavours (voluntary organisations) and after 1948 increasingly by local authorities, is also covered. Various official reports reimagining the purpose of institutional care are examined in some detail, in particular the Kearney Report, as are the regulatory rules that developed from these reports. Finally, the development of “secure accommodation”, that is to say, locked accommodation, is described, with the regulatory framework governing the running of secure accommodation within institutional care of children.

This chapter explores the shameful history of voluntary organisations and indeed the state exporting the problem of child protection by emigrating vulnerable children to the colonies. Many believed this would give the children a fresh start in a new life, but the lack of any regulatory mechanisms to prevent these children from being abused and exploited counters any good intent, for abuse and exploitation proved to be ubiquitous. The political objectives seldom had the interests of individual children in mind, and were more concerned first with removing a problem from Scotland, and latterly with building white stock in underpopulated parts of the British Empire. The chapter attempts to identify the – very shakey – legal foundations of the practice in the 19^th century, including parental consent and actings in loco parentis, before analysing the various statutory provisions from 1891 onwards that gave it some (legal) legitimacy. Statutory authority was removed only in 1997

This essay focuses on British efforts to manage emotion during the era of decolonization. As distinctive postcolonial regimes of emotion, welfare and decolonization were both expected to bring about not just dramatic changes in material and political conditions, but also to inaugurate new emotional experiences and new types of emotional bonds. Employing the example of the Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) as a case study, the essay highlights 1) the centrality of emotion in the intersecting histories of welfare and decolonization, and 2) the diverse and sometimes conflicting ways in which emotion was understood by social scientists, their critics, and the decolonizing state. The VSO saw the reconstruction of emotional relationships as crucial to the West's success in the Cold War and to Britain's peaceful management of decolonization. The VSO example thus illustrates how a post-war regime of democratized and universal well-being was in part established on the uneven terrain of decolonization.

This chapter focus on the informal regulation of prostitution by examining the role of religious voluntary organisations in ‘rescuing fallen women’. Instead of punishing women who were caught soliciting by sending them to prison, the police and magistrates often turned to probation and voluntary organisations in an attempt to rehabilitate these women using a more penal welfare approach. The first half of this chapter will outline the ways in which probation sentences were used to police women who committed prostitution offences and examine the close links that existed between the new probation service and voluntary institutions. The second section will look more closely at the daily activities of these voluntary organisations, focusing particularly on the Magdalene Asylums, the Scottish National Vigilance Association (SNVA) and the Women Patrols. These case studies explore the ideologies, aims and methods of these organisation and how the daily routines and experiences of the ‘inmates ‘changed during the period. These case studies will allow us to examine how the collaborations that were established between these voluntary organisations, the police and the probation service influenced the regulation of prostitution and women’s experiences of the criminal justice system.

The internal workings of working class writing and publishing groups reveals important insights about the nature of democracy. The attempt to form collective and co-operative groups that supported everyone led to an active re-making of educational relationships along democratic lines. The insistence upon equality between writers, irrespective of individual ability, was a cardinal principle. However, in a changing funding climate, workshops came under pressure to formalise relationships, professionalise and introduce management structures. This had mixed results as groups attempted to negotiate these tensions. The example of the Fed brings into question some key aspects of critical pedagogy which privileges the role of tutors and education as a whole and, in some cases, assumes that learners have internalised dominant ideas.

This chapter considers the emergence of a number of voluntary organisations for women in the course of the 19^th and early 20^th century. It focuses in particular on the role of these organisations in the control and regulation of young working-class women in an increasingly urban and industrialised society, through the promotion of ‘traditional’ values and class deference.

This chapter presents developments in public policy affecting carers of working age in the six countries included in the book: Australia, England, Finland, Sweden, Japan and Taiwan. It briefly outlines the broad approach taken to supporting or involving carers in each type of welfare system. It then explains in more detail what services are available to support carers of working age; what rights and entitlements carers of working age have in each country when in employment; and the financial support available to carers of working age. These can include carers’ benefits, income support for carers disconnected from the labour market, payments to care, cash-for-care payments to carers enabling them to purchase alternative care support, and payments to carers to offset the extra costs of caring. The chapter also considers the role of voluntary organisations in supporting carers and in lobbying for better public policy carer support in each of the six countries. It concludes by highlighting the policy variations identified in the six countries.