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This chapter explores the urbanization of the Strait of Gibraltar region, particularly the coastal hubs of Tangier and greater Gibraltar. It draws on the impressions of a growing number of tourists and travelers to depict the rapid changes on both shores of the Strait, which became a magnet for temporary and permanent migrants of diverse social and ethno-religious categories. This cosmopolitan modernism was most on display in leisure settings like the Tangier beach, though it also fueled an underworld of fugitives, bandits, and revolutionaries.

Zoo Renewal is not an attempt to explain away or fix that sinking feeling we might experience when looking at a living animal in its zoo enclosure; its tonalities may well exceed interpretation or remedy. But given the extreme presentism of zoos today combined with an environmental futurity that leans heavily on children, inquiring into the not-so-distant past and the urban specificity of bad zoo feelings is a necessary critical procedure. The question worth answering is not, as Berger might have posed it, why do people feel bad at the zoo, but what are the idioms and interactions through which feeling bad has been cultivated, amplified, relieved, and disavowed? The stories that follow reorient us in this direction and toward the analytic practices required for their telling.

Chapter One, focuses on the seminal role of the “naked cage” as a widely condemned design staple by tracking its iterations across radically different sites of zoo revitalization, and the specific ways in which it incited a shame historically felt and marshaled by white middle-class liberals.

Chapter Two traces the revitalization of the National Zoo through twenty years of master planning. I situate changes in the zoo’s physical geography as symptomatic of and responsive to a civic culture gripped by the shame of its decline and the promise of uplift.

This chapter examines in detail the impact of seven periods of occupation and social and economic change on the town plan and building fabric of Cusco. After a brief note on the city’s mythical foundation, it comprises a description of the inka city as the Spaniards first saw it in 1533; the foundation of the Spanish city and its subsequent remodelling during the late sixteenth century; a description of the mid-seventeenth century, particularly after the earthquake of 1650; the changes in the late colonial period (eighteenth century); the subsequent decline during the republican period (nineteenth century); and its revival and the pressures of urban transport, public utilities, earthquakes, and tourism development on it throughout the twentieth century to the present day.

Chapter Four investigates the suburban attitudes and borrowed views embedded in San Diego’s zoo designs by reading the planning and promotion of their open-air, mixed species exhibits against a regional history of race and real estate.

The chapter provides an overview of the book and its key themes. It identifies the importance of migration, urban history, economic success and social mobility. The authors have been encouraged to use a wide range of historical sources and make the book accessible to a wide readership

Chapter Three follows the acquisition, exhibition and breeding of Mohini, a magnetic female Bengal white tiger. I argue that Mohini’s varied bodies both reinforced and jeopardized the zoo’s reconstruction as a breeding ground for white racial identities.

Chapter Five takes up the regionally specific ways that planners of San Diego’s Wild Animal Park figured the southern white rhinoceros as endangered, asking how the species came to embody the quality and status of endangerment in the midst of a Southern Californian public uncertain of its own survival.

Chapter two will discuss how, from the 1880s, diphtheria increasingly became an urban disease in Britain, Europe and America, and it is unlikely that Irish urban centres managed to avoid this ominous trend. The introduction of the Infectious Disease (Ireland) Act in 1906, and the mandatory obligation this legislation placed on local authorities to notify outbreaks of infectious disease, exposed the true prevalence of diphtheria in Ireland. The burgeoning, albeit reluctant, acknowledgement by local authorities in Dublin and Cork that diphtheria was endemic in their districts brought with it realization that a comprehensive public health response was required. Radical reform of public health administration and service provision in the newly independent Irish Free State, meant that Irish health authorities were well placed to take advantage of cutting edge laboratory-based measures to control infectious disease. It examines the development of anti-diphtheria antitoxin and its application as a preventive measure on a mass scale in New York in the early 1920s before considering how this radical public health intervention was received by health authorities and medical professionals in Britain and Ireland. This chapter will show how Irish health officials and medical officers eschewed the reticence of their British counterparts, readily abandoned traditional sanitarian approaches to disease control and embraced new public health methodologies in a bid to protect child life.

This essay explores the ways Europeans in interwar Bombay sustained their cultural identity as a distinct ethnic group despite the impermanent character of their residence in the city, their dispersed settlement patterns over much of southern Bombay, and the decline of their political dominance in the context of Indian nationalism. The essay particularly points to the creation of an intense sociality centered around social clubs, parties, and jazz performances. It also stresses the role of European associational life and the role of sports (for instance, cricket, hunting, yachting and golf) to the production of a continued sense of community and identity. By suggesting that the context of declining European power was critical to the ways Europeans reproduced their community, this essay contributes to the emergence of a new perspective on South Asian urban history that suggests that historians must abandon the concept of the colonial city during the post- World War I period. Europeans were now just one community in a city of communities that were undergoing parallel processes of making and remaking.

This chapter describes the hamam’s different identities and the impressions it left on its users: its religious function of ritual cleansing, based on the Qur’an and the Hadith (the collected sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad); its social function as a place to gather and exchange news, and as a place for important rituals such as the bride’s bath; its place in sexual fantasies as well as sexual encounters; its medical function in the treatment of certain diseases, as laid out in Ottoman medical treatises; and its urban function to convey a sense of architectural splendour and to promote the imperial dynasty by demonstrating its concern for the city inhabitants’ well-being;.