Robert J. Fogelin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195387391
- eISBN:
- 9780199866489
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387391.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This work is a narrative study of the interactions between Hume's naturalism and his skepticism as they unfold in the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. More ...
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This work is a narrative study of the interactions between Hume's naturalism and his skepticism as they unfold in the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. More specifically, it examines the way in which the relationship between Hume's naturalism and skepticism shifts dramatically as he delves more deeply into the operations of the human understanding. At first, Hume's skeptical arguments largely play a subservient role of eliminating intellectualist competitors to his naturalistic account of belief formation. This is true, with one minor exception, in the first three parts of book 1 of the Treatise. The situation changes radically in part 4 of book 1, where Hume's investigation of human faculties reveals them to be capricious and unreliable. Hume finds the situation so dire that he comes to question whether anyone, himself included, possesses mental faculties capable of producing a science of human nature. This is Hume's skeptical crisis. The remainder of the book examines Hume's various efforts to extract himself from this difficulty, ending, in the Enquiry, with the claim that a suitable mitigated, or moderate, form of skepticism can arise by bringing radical Pyrrhonian doubts into a proper balance with common instinctive beliefs.Less
This work is a narrative study of the interactions between Hume's naturalism and his skepticism as they unfold in the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. More specifically, it examines the way in which the relationship between Hume's naturalism and skepticism shifts dramatically as he delves more deeply into the operations of the human understanding. At first, Hume's skeptical arguments largely play a subservient role of eliminating intellectualist competitors to his naturalistic account of belief formation. This is true, with one minor exception, in the first three parts of book 1 of the Treatise. The situation changes radically in part 4 of book 1, where Hume's investigation of human faculties reveals them to be capricious and unreliable. Hume finds the situation so dire that he comes to question whether anyone, himself included, possesses mental faculties capable of producing a science of human nature. This is Hume's skeptical crisis. The remainder of the book examines Hume's various efforts to extract himself from this difficulty, ending, in the Enquiry, with the claim that a suitable mitigated, or moderate, form of skepticism can arise by bringing radical Pyrrhonian doubts into a proper balance with common instinctive beliefs.
J. L. Mackie
- Published in print:
- 1976
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198750369
- eISBN:
- 9780191597947
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198750366.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In this book, Mackie critically examines various philosophical problems raised in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Mackie carefully considers Locke's treatment of these problems, ...
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In this book, Mackie critically examines various philosophical problems raised in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Mackie carefully considers Locke's treatment of these problems, but also proposes his own resolution of the related issues in contemporary philosophy. In the course of these discussions, Mackie also proposes his theory of a realism combined with a moderate empiricism. In Ch. 1, Mackie considers the distinction between primary and secondary qualities and argues that they might still have some legitimate application. In Ch. 2, he also defends a version of Locke's representative theory of perception. In Ch. 3, Locke's theory of substance is examined and compared with the theories of more recent philosophers, such as Saul Kripke. In Ch. 4, Mackie defends Locke's theory of abstraction against Berkeley's criticisms and suggests his own revision of the theory considered in relation to the problem of universals. In Chs. 5 and 6, Mackie examines and revises Locke's consideration of identity over time and personal identity. Finally, in Ch. 7, Mackie critically discusses Locke's rejection of innate ideas and considers the possibility of a reconciliation of innate ideas and empiricism.Less
In this book, Mackie critically examines various philosophical problems raised in John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Mackie carefully considers Locke's treatment of these problems, but also proposes his own resolution of the related issues in contemporary philosophy. In the course of these discussions, Mackie also proposes his theory of a realism combined with a moderate empiricism. In Ch. 1, Mackie considers the distinction between primary and secondary qualities and argues that they might still have some legitimate application. In Ch. 2, he also defends a version of Locke's representative theory of perception. In Ch. 3, Locke's theory of substance is examined and compared with the theories of more recent philosophers, such as Saul Kripke. In Ch. 4, Mackie defends Locke's theory of abstraction against Berkeley's criticisms and suggests his own revision of the theory considered in relation to the problem of universals. In Chs. 5 and 6, Mackie examines and revises Locke's consideration of identity over time and personal identity. Finally, in Ch. 7, Mackie critically discusses Locke's rejection of innate ideas and considers the possibility of a reconciliation of innate ideas and empiricism.
Dorothy Overstreet Pratt
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496815460
- eISBN:
- 9781496815507
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496815460.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book examines the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 and argues that it became the crucible of change in the state, creating a cultural shift from a society based on class to one ...
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This book examines the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 and argues that it became the crucible of change in the state, creating a cultural shift from a society based on class to one based on race, though both remained important in the culture. State leaders called the convention to address the threat from outside the state – the Lodge Elections Bill – as well as the rising violence within the state. The convention delegates created layers of qualifiers for voting: payment of the poll tax, literacy, the Understanding Clause, no felony convictions, and lengthy residency requirements. In addition, the delegates utilized reapportionment to further strengthen provisions to disfranchise not only African Americans, but also a number of poor white voters. The newly promulgated constitution then withstood attacks by Congress during the debates over the Lodge Elections Bill and appeals to the federal courts, especially with Williams v Mississippi. The delegates succeeded in their charge to disfranchise, but in doing so unleashed new violence and a struggle to control the state that held it back economically and politically for seven decades.Less
This book examines the Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890 and argues that it became the crucible of change in the state, creating a cultural shift from a society based on class to one based on race, though both remained important in the culture. State leaders called the convention to address the threat from outside the state – the Lodge Elections Bill – as well as the rising violence within the state. The convention delegates created layers of qualifiers for voting: payment of the poll tax, literacy, the Understanding Clause, no felony convictions, and lengthy residency requirements. In addition, the delegates utilized reapportionment to further strengthen provisions to disfranchise not only African Americans, but also a number of poor white voters. The newly promulgated constitution then withstood attacks by Congress during the debates over the Lodge Elections Bill and appeals to the federal courts, especially with Williams v Mississippi. The delegates succeeded in their charge to disfranchise, but in doing so unleashed new violence and a struggle to control the state that held it back economically and politically for seven decades.
Erich Vranes
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562787
- eISBN:
- 9780191705366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562787.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, EU Law
This chapter deals with the concepts of jurisdiction and applicable law in WTO dispute settlement. It argues that international law in conflict with WTO law must, under certain circumstances, be ...
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This chapter deals with the concepts of jurisdiction and applicable law in WTO dispute settlement. It argues that international law in conflict with WTO law must, under certain circumstances, be recognized as superseding WTO law even within WTO proceedings. The central thesis is that substantive WTO obligations essentially being reciprocal, WTO Members should be regarded as being in a position, in principle, to modify such rights and duties inter partes. Given that the jurisdiction of WTO adjudicating bodies is claim-specific, their competence may lapse also due to inter se modifications of substantive WTO law (i.e., the legal grounds on which claims can be brought). This requires panels to take account of such non-WTO norms that are invoked as a defence, if the latter have to be regarded as lawful modifications of WTO law and as being meant to prevail over WTO law by the WTO Members bound by them.Less
This chapter deals with the concepts of jurisdiction and applicable law in WTO dispute settlement. It argues that international law in conflict with WTO law must, under certain circumstances, be recognized as superseding WTO law even within WTO proceedings. The central thesis is that substantive WTO obligations essentially being reciprocal, WTO Members should be regarded as being in a position, in principle, to modify such rights and duties inter partes. Given that the jurisdiction of WTO adjudicating bodies is claim-specific, their competence may lapse also due to inter se modifications of substantive WTO law (i.e., the legal grounds on which claims can be brought). This requires panels to take account of such non-WTO norms that are invoked as a defence, if the latter have to be regarded as lawful modifications of WTO law and as being meant to prevail over WTO law by the WTO Members bound by them.
Catherine Z. Elgin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036535
- eISBN:
- 9780262341370
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036535.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Epistemology standardly holds that there can be no epistemically good reason to accept a known falsehood or to accept a mode of justification that is not truth-conducive. Such a stance cannot ...
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Epistemology standardly holds that there can be no epistemically good reason to accept a known falsehood or to accept a mode of justification that is not truth-conducive. Such a stance cannot accommodate science, for science unabashedly relies on models, idealizations, and thought experiments which are known not to be true. We ought not assume that the inaccuracy of such devices is a sign of their inadequacy. When effective, they are felicitous falsehoods that exemplify features they share with the phenomena they bear on. Inasmuch as works of art also deploy felicitous falsehoods, they too advance understanding. True Enough develops a holistic epistemology that focuses on the understanding of broad ranges of phenomena rather than on knowledge of individual facts. Epistemic acceptability on this account is not a matter of truth or truth-conduciveness, but of what would be reflectively endorsed by members of an idealized epistemic community – a quasi-Kantian realm of epistemic ends.Less
Epistemology standardly holds that there can be no epistemically good reason to accept a known falsehood or to accept a mode of justification that is not truth-conducive. Such a stance cannot accommodate science, for science unabashedly relies on models, idealizations, and thought experiments which are known not to be true. We ought not assume that the inaccuracy of such devices is a sign of their inadequacy. When effective, they are felicitous falsehoods that exemplify features they share with the phenomena they bear on. Inasmuch as works of art also deploy felicitous falsehoods, they too advance understanding. True Enough develops a holistic epistemology that focuses on the understanding of broad ranges of phenomena rather than on knowledge of individual facts. Epistemic acceptability on this account is not a matter of truth or truth-conduciveness, but of what would be reflectively endorsed by members of an idealized epistemic community – a quasi-Kantian realm of epistemic ends.
Zed Adams and Jacob Browning (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035248
- eISBN:
- 9780262335850
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035248.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In his work, the philosopher John Haugeland (1945–2010) proposed a radical expansion of philosophy’s conceptual toolkit, calling for a wider range of resources for understanding the mind, the world, ...
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In his work, the philosopher John Haugeland (1945–2010) proposed a radical expansion of philosophy’s conceptual toolkit, calling for a wider range of resources for understanding the mind, the world, and how they relate. Haugeland argued that “giving a damn” is essential for having a mind, and suggested that traditional approaches to cognitive science mistakenly overlook the relevance of caring to the understanding of mindedness. Haugeland’s determination to expand philosophy’s array of concepts led him to write on a wide variety of subjects that may seem unrelated—from topics in cognitive science and philosophy of mind to examinations of such figures as Immanuel Kant, Martin Heidegger, and Thomas Kuhn. Haugeland’s two books with the MIT Press, Artificial Intelligence and Mind Design, show the range of his interests.
This book offers a collection of essays in conversation with Haugeland’s work. The essays, by prominent scholars, extend Haugeland’s work on a range of contemporary topics in philosophy of mind—from questions about intentionality to issues concerning objectivity and truth to the work of Heidegger. Giving a Damn also includes a previously unpublished paper by Haugeland, “Two Dogmas of Rationalism,” as well as critical responses to it. Finally, an appendix offers Haugeland’s outline of Kant’s "Transcendental Deduction of the Categories.”Less
In his work, the philosopher John Haugeland (1945–2010) proposed a radical expansion of philosophy’s conceptual toolkit, calling for a wider range of resources for understanding the mind, the world, and how they relate. Haugeland argued that “giving a damn” is essential for having a mind, and suggested that traditional approaches to cognitive science mistakenly overlook the relevance of caring to the understanding of mindedness. Haugeland’s determination to expand philosophy’s array of concepts led him to write on a wide variety of subjects that may seem unrelated—from topics in cognitive science and philosophy of mind to examinations of such figures as Immanuel Kant, Martin Heidegger, and Thomas Kuhn. Haugeland’s two books with the MIT Press, Artificial Intelligence and Mind Design, show the range of his interests.
This book offers a collection of essays in conversation with Haugeland’s work. The essays, by prominent scholars, extend Haugeland’s work on a range of contemporary topics in philosophy of mind—from questions about intentionality to issues concerning objectivity and truth to the work of Heidegger. Giving a Damn also includes a previously unpublished paper by Haugeland, “Two Dogmas of Rationalism,” as well as critical responses to it. Finally, an appendix offers Haugeland’s outline of Kant’s "Transcendental Deduction of the Categories.”
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This book studies David Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. The Enquiry has, contrary to its author's expressed wishes, long lived in the shadow of its predecessor, A Treatise of Human ...
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This book studies David Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. The Enquiry has, contrary to its author's expressed wishes, long lived in the shadow of its predecessor, A Treatise of Human Nature. This book presents the Enquiry in a fresh light, and aims to raise it to its rightful position in Hume's work and in the history of philosophy. It argues that the Enquiry is not, as so often assumed, a mere collection of watered-down extracts from the earlier work. It is, rather, a coherent work with a unified argument; and, when this argument is grasped as a whole, the Enquiry shows itself to be the best introduction to the lineaments of its author's general philosophy. This book offers a careful guide through the argument and structure of the work. It shows how the central sections of the Enquiry offer a critique of the dogmatic empiricisms of the ancient world (Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Aristotelianism), and set in place an alternative conception of human powers based on the sceptical principles of habit and probability. These principles are then put to work, to rule out philosophy's metaphysical ambitions and their consequences: religious systems and their attendant conception of human beings as semi-divine rational animals. Hume's scepticism, experimentalism, and naturalism are thus shown to be different aspects of the one unified philosophy — a sceptical version of the Enlightenment vision.Less
This book studies David Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. The Enquiry has, contrary to its author's expressed wishes, long lived in the shadow of its predecessor, A Treatise of Human Nature. This book presents the Enquiry in a fresh light, and aims to raise it to its rightful position in Hume's work and in the history of philosophy. It argues that the Enquiry is not, as so often assumed, a mere collection of watered-down extracts from the earlier work. It is, rather, a coherent work with a unified argument; and, when this argument is grasped as a whole, the Enquiry shows itself to be the best introduction to the lineaments of its author's general philosophy. This book offers a careful guide through the argument and structure of the work. It shows how the central sections of the Enquiry offer a critique of the dogmatic empiricisms of the ancient world (Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Aristotelianism), and set in place an alternative conception of human powers based on the sceptical principles of habit and probability. These principles are then put to work, to rule out philosophy's metaphysical ambitions and their consequences: religious systems and their attendant conception of human beings as semi-divine rational animals. Hume's scepticism, experimentalism, and naturalism are thus shown to be different aspects of the one unified philosophy — a sceptical version of the Enlightenment vision.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198240945
- eISBN:
- 9780191680304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198240945.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Locke bequeathed to his successors a complex inheritance. The Two Treatises hinged on the inalienability of the property in one's person. Not only did this rule out the more explicit forms of ...
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Locke bequeathed to his successors a complex inheritance. The Two Treatises hinged on the inalienability of the property in one's person. Not only did this rule out the more explicit forms of slavery, it also excluded political slavery: any political system which placed its citizens under an unregulated, or arbitrary, will. The Essay concerning Human Understanding left an equally powerful impression. Its concern with both the foundations of knowledge and the efficient causes of human action led to an upsurge of interest in moral epistemology and psychology, and thereby to the first attempts to give a sophisticated account of the natural jurists' commonplace that the natural law has its foundations in human nature. The complex task faced by Locke's inheritors was to find a way to unify these different themes from the Two Treatises and the Essay, and it is in this context that the work of Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746) is such a striking achievement. This chapter outlines Hutcheson's synthesis of Lockian and other themes, concluding with an analysis of the crucial weakness in his account of justice — a weakness which throws substantial light on Hume's purposes in Book III of the Treatise.Less
Locke bequeathed to his successors a complex inheritance. The Two Treatises hinged on the inalienability of the property in one's person. Not only did this rule out the more explicit forms of slavery, it also excluded political slavery: any political system which placed its citizens under an unregulated, or arbitrary, will. The Essay concerning Human Understanding left an equally powerful impression. Its concern with both the foundations of knowledge and the efficient causes of human action led to an upsurge of interest in moral epistemology and psychology, and thereby to the first attempts to give a sophisticated account of the natural jurists' commonplace that the natural law has its foundations in human nature. The complex task faced by Locke's inheritors was to find a way to unify these different themes from the Two Treatises and the Essay, and it is in this context that the work of Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746) is such a striking achievement. This chapter outlines Hutcheson's synthesis of Lockian and other themes, concluding with an analysis of the crucial weakness in his account of justice — a weakness which throws substantial light on Hume's purposes in Book III of the Treatise.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This book is out of step with some well-established verities in the interpretation of David Hume's philosophy. The preference is misguided in at least two respects. In the first place, it reflects ...
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This book is out of step with some well-established verities in the interpretation of David Hume's philosophy. The preference is misguided in at least two respects. In the first place, it reflects certain convictions about the nature of Hume's philosophy — convictions derived from selected passages in A Treatise of Human Nature — that necessarily subordinate the first Enquiry concerning Human Understanding to the earlier work; and so, where they differ, rules it out of serious consideration. These convictions are not addressed directly, but will be counted by the book as a whole, as the aim is to show that the Enquiry is a unified work with a coherent argument, and that the very coherence, and significance, of the argument shows it to be the best short guide to Hume's philosophy.Less
This book is out of step with some well-established verities in the interpretation of David Hume's philosophy. The preference is misguided in at least two respects. In the first place, it reflects certain convictions about the nature of Hume's philosophy — convictions derived from selected passages in A Treatise of Human Nature — that necessarily subordinate the first Enquiry concerning Human Understanding to the earlier work; and so, where they differ, rules it out of serious consideration. These convictions are not addressed directly, but will be counted by the book as a whole, as the aim is to show that the Enquiry is a unified work with a coherent argument, and that the very coherence, and significance, of the argument shows it to be the best short guide to Hume's philosophy.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
From its opening section, the first Enquiry signals that it has a polemical purpose. It is not merely a polemic, of course, but identifying the work's apparent and real targets assists in bringing ...
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From its opening section, the first Enquiry signals that it has a polemical purpose. It is not merely a polemic, of course, but identifying the work's apparent and real targets assists in bringing out the underlying unity of its argument; and that argument, once its outlines have been sketched in, also illustrates the connections David Hume discerns between experimentalism and scepticism. The immediate task, then, is to emphasise the significance of the Enquiry's distinctively sharp edge, and to identify its primary targets. Attending to the particular circumstances in which the work was produced will be a useful preparation. Essentially, Hume published the Philosophical Essays concerning Human Understanding, which was the Enquiry's first title, in 1748, at the end of one of the most eventful periods of his life, events that are played down in the autobiography.Less
From its opening section, the first Enquiry signals that it has a polemical purpose. It is not merely a polemic, of course, but identifying the work's apparent and real targets assists in bringing out the underlying unity of its argument; and that argument, once its outlines have been sketched in, also illustrates the connections David Hume discerns between experimentalism and scepticism. The immediate task, then, is to emphasise the significance of the Enquiry's distinctively sharp edge, and to identify its primary targets. Attending to the particular circumstances in which the work was produced will be a useful preparation. Essentially, Hume published the Philosophical Essays concerning Human Understanding, which was the Enquiry's first title, in 1748, at the end of one of the most eventful periods of his life, events that are played down in the autobiography.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
To cast David Hume as a player in the major drama of the new philosophy against the old may appear to make him Newtonian to a degree no longer seriously defensible. To qualify this view by adding ...
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To cast David Hume as a player in the major drama of the new philosophy against the old may appear to make him Newtonian to a degree no longer seriously defensible. To qualify this view by adding that he is seeking to purify the new philosophy, even against some of its most notable defenders and interpreters, may seem only to ease the problem, and not to remove it. This is because some significant modern studies have challenged the validity of Hume's Newtonian credentials. The opponents of this carefully qualified, undeniably realist outlook are the Pyrrhonians and the philosophical dogmatists. So the task of the Enquiry is to show that the experimental philosophy, properly understood, has skeptical implications that undercut all the dogmatists, old and new, secular and not religious, and the body of the work is structured accordingly.Less
To cast David Hume as a player in the major drama of the new philosophy against the old may appear to make him Newtonian to a degree no longer seriously defensible. To qualify this view by adding that he is seeking to purify the new philosophy, even against some of its most notable defenders and interpreters, may seem only to ease the problem, and not to remove it. This is because some significant modern studies have challenged the validity of Hume's Newtonian credentials. The opponents of this carefully qualified, undeniably realist outlook are the Pyrrhonians and the philosophical dogmatists. So the task of the Enquiry is to show that the experimental philosophy, properly understood, has skeptical implications that undercut all the dogmatists, old and new, secular and not religious, and the body of the work is structured accordingly.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
The opening section of the first Enquiry has two main tasks. The first is pre-emptive damage control, the second is to signal the work's critical purpose. The damage control is the task of ...
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The opening section of the first Enquiry has two main tasks. The first is pre-emptive damage control, the second is to signal the work's critical purpose. The damage control is the task of encouraging the polite reader not to be disheartened when the subsequent chapters become harder going; that the effort required will not be unreasonable. To this end, David Hume contrasts an easy philosophy with abstruse philosophy in order to show to the uncertain reader that he is alert to the merits of the former, and sensitive to the failings of the latter. He nevertheless insists that the latter is both necessary and advantageous. Thus, the way forward will be to attempt to combine the accessibility of the easy philosophy with the depth and profundity of abstruse philosophy.Less
The opening section of the first Enquiry has two main tasks. The first is pre-emptive damage control, the second is to signal the work's critical purpose. The damage control is the task of encouraging the polite reader not to be disheartened when the subsequent chapters become harder going; that the effort required will not be unreasonable. To this end, David Hume contrasts an easy philosophy with abstruse philosophy in order to show to the uncertain reader that he is alert to the merits of the former, and sensitive to the failings of the latter. He nevertheless insists that the latter is both necessary and advantageous. Thus, the way forward will be to attempt to combine the accessibility of the easy philosophy with the depth and profundity of abstruse philosophy.
Stephen Buckle
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199271146
- eISBN:
- 9780191699498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271146.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This section has suffered from its own success. In the first place, it has been so frequently anthologised in collections of readings in the philosophy of religion that it is most frequently read out ...
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This section has suffered from its own success. In the first place, it has been so frequently anthologised in collections of readings in the philosophy of religion that it is most frequently read out of context. Restoring it to its place within David Hume's wider argument aids in understanding the argument itself, and in assessing both its value and its contribution to the overall argument of the Enquiry. Secondly, its success means that it is now far more widely read than other critical discussions of miracles from the same period, so its distinguishing features are easily missed: not least, some limitations of the argument that were noted by contemporary critics. One limitation stems from the kind of argument Hume employs. Thus, the first task then is to place this section in context.Less
This section has suffered from its own success. In the first place, it has been so frequently anthologised in collections of readings in the philosophy of religion that it is most frequently read out of context. Restoring it to its place within David Hume's wider argument aids in understanding the argument itself, and in assessing both its value and its contribution to the overall argument of the Enquiry. Secondly, its success means that it is now far more widely read than other critical discussions of miracles from the same period, so its distinguishing features are easily missed: not least, some limitations of the argument that were noted by contemporary critics. One limitation stems from the kind of argument Hume employs. Thus, the first task then is to place this section in context.
Chris Noonan
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199207527
- eISBN:
- 9780191708817
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207527.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Competition Law
This chapter examines the position of private parties and states in disputes under an international competition law agreement. It focuses on the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) because it ...
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This chapter examines the position of private parties and states in disputes under an international competition law agreement. It focuses on the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) because it already has dealt with, and will deal with further, international competition law disputes. It argues that a dispute settlement process for international competition law may be more effective if it was part of the WTO. However, the nature of DSU procedures limits the types of disputes that can be effectively dealt with by the DSU and should limit the ambitions of any WTO agreement on competition law.Less
This chapter examines the position of private parties and states in disputes under an international competition law agreement. It focuses on the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) because it already has dealt with, and will deal with further, international competition law disputes. It argues that a dispute settlement process for international competition law may be more effective if it was part of the WTO. However, the nature of DSU procedures limits the types of disputes that can be effectively dealt with by the DSU and should limit the ambitions of any WTO agreement on competition law.
Nicole N. Aljoe, Eric Gardner, and Molly O’Hagan Hardy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252042232
- eISBN:
- 9780252050978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252042232.003.0008
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Nicole J. Aljoe, Eric Gardner, and Molly O’Hagan Hardy describe the development of Just Teach One Early African American Print and its focus on texts excluded from critical and historical narratives ...
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Nicole J. Aljoe, Eric Gardner, and Molly O’Hagan Hardy describe the development of Just Teach One Early African American Print and its focus on texts excluded from critical and historical narratives of black literature. The chapter describes JTO: EAAP’s plans to link its work with other DH projects like the Early Caribbean Digital Archive and the Colored Conventions Project, and to build bridges to lesser-known collections, including historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and church collections, in order to aid text sharing, identification, preservation, and technological engagement. Recognizing its responsibility to preserve black cultural heritage, the essay describes JTO: EAAP’s decision to use TEI standards to encode texts on the site and provides an extended example from Aljoe’s classroom project on “Theresa: A Haytien Tale.”Less
Nicole J. Aljoe, Eric Gardner, and Molly O’Hagan Hardy describe the development of Just Teach One Early African American Print and its focus on texts excluded from critical and historical narratives of black literature. The chapter describes JTO: EAAP’s plans to link its work with other DH projects like the Early Caribbean Digital Archive and the Colored Conventions Project, and to build bridges to lesser-known collections, including historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and church collections, in order to aid text sharing, identification, preservation, and technological engagement. Recognizing its responsibility to preserve black cultural heritage, the essay describes JTO: EAAP’s decision to use TEI standards to encode texts on the site and provides an extended example from Aljoe’s classroom project on “Theresa: A Haytien Tale.”
Leszek Koczanowicz
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780748644056
- eISBN:
- 9781474408691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748644056.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
In this closing chapter, the concept of non-consensual democracy is discussed against the background of the notions of democracy endorsed in contemporary political theory. Two main strands in ...
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In this closing chapter, the concept of non-consensual democracy is discussed against the background of the notions of democracy endorsed in contemporary political theory. Two main strands in democratic theory are examined: that of consensus and that of disagreement. The role of disagreement is particularly stressed as this facet of democracy has been underestimated so far. The point is that disagreement does not necessarily have to lead to social chaos and, ultimately, to the hegemony of one group involved in struggle. The project of non-consensual democracy aims at overcoming this contradiction. Non-consensual democracy is a democracy in which disagreement is combined with better understanding among all the parties to a dispute. For non-consensual democracy to be possible, certain conditions must be met. First, it demands an ethical commitment to dialogue. Second, it requires solidarity as a regulative principle. Third, the system of democratic institutions has to be organized to facilitate social understanding.Less
In this closing chapter, the concept of non-consensual democracy is discussed against the background of the notions of democracy endorsed in contemporary political theory. Two main strands in democratic theory are examined: that of consensus and that of disagreement. The role of disagreement is particularly stressed as this facet of democracy has been underestimated so far. The point is that disagreement does not necessarily have to lead to social chaos and, ultimately, to the hegemony of one group involved in struggle. The project of non-consensual democracy aims at overcoming this contradiction. Non-consensual democracy is a democracy in which disagreement is combined with better understanding among all the parties to a dispute. For non-consensual democracy to be possible, certain conditions must be met. First, it demands an ethical commitment to dialogue. Second, it requires solidarity as a regulative principle. Third, the system of democratic institutions has to be organized to facilitate social understanding.
Dorothy Overstreet Pratt
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781496815460
- eISBN:
- 9781496815507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496815460.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter covers the debates among the delegates and by the newspaper editors in the state over the Understanding Clause. Hardliner delegates fought hard against a literacy provision, because it ...
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This chapter covers the debates among the delegates and by the newspaper editors in the state over the Understanding Clause. Hardliner delegates fought hard against a literacy provision, because it would have affected some poor whites in the state. The compromise proposed by Senator George was to allow prospective voters to have a section of the constitution read to them, and if they could explain it, then they would be allowed to register to vote. Many delegates, newspaper editors, and citizens voiced opposition to what they considered just another type of fraud; after all, fighting fraud had generated the call for the convention. Surprisingly, the one African American delegate, Isaiah Montgomery, voted for the provision and gave an open speech in support of it.Less
This chapter covers the debates among the delegates and by the newspaper editors in the state over the Understanding Clause. Hardliner delegates fought hard against a literacy provision, because it would have affected some poor whites in the state. The compromise proposed by Senator George was to allow prospective voters to have a section of the constitution read to them, and if they could explain it, then they would be allowed to register to vote. Many delegates, newspaper editors, and citizens voiced opposition to what they considered just another type of fraud; after all, fighting fraud had generated the call for the convention. Surprisingly, the one African American delegate, Isaiah Montgomery, voted for the provision and gave an open speech in support of it.
Armand De Mestral
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206995
- eISBN:
- 9780191695674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206995.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines the workings of the various dispute settlement systems which exist under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in order to determine whether NAFTA actually possesses ...
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This chapter examines the workings of the various dispute settlement systems which exist under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in order to determine whether NAFTA actually possesses the advantages and disadvantages attributed to it with respect to dispute settlement. The results reveal that there is a strong interrelationship between certain NAFTA procedures and the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The findings also suggest that many existing NAFTA procedures have the capacity to overlap and interweave.Less
This chapter examines the workings of the various dispute settlement systems which exist under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in order to determine whether NAFTA actually possesses the advantages and disadvantages attributed to it with respect to dispute settlement. The results reveal that there is a strong interrelationship between certain NAFTA procedures and the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). The findings also suggest that many existing NAFTA procedures have the capacity to overlap and interweave.
Andreas R. Ziegler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206995
- eISBN:
- 9780191695674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206995.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter examines the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) experience in dealing with dispute settlement in bilateral trade agreements. The EFTA Convention is an example that shows the ...
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This chapter examines the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) experience in dealing with dispute settlement in bilateral trade agreements. The EFTA Convention is an example that shows the development of dispute settlement in international trade agreements over the last half-century. While the original Convention relied primarily on bilateral and multilateral consultations within the main organ of the Convention, it provided the possibility for the arrangement of an examining committee to make recommendations to the Council. The chapter compares the EFTA Convention with the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).Less
This chapter examines the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) experience in dealing with dispute settlement in bilateral trade agreements. The EFTA Convention is an example that shows the development of dispute settlement in international trade agreements over the last half-century. While the original Convention relied primarily on bilateral and multilateral consultations within the main organ of the Convention, it provided the possibility for the arrangement of an examining committee to make recommendations to the Council. The chapter compares the EFTA Convention with the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU).
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770170
- eISBN:
- 9780804775090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770170.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke discusses the complex admixture of delight, instruction, and persuasion that is absolutely consistent with the three tasks of the orator ...
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In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke discusses the complex admixture of delight, instruction, and persuasion that is absolutely consistent with the three tasks of the orator commonly mentioned by classical rhetoricians: movere, delectare, docere (to move, to delight, to instruct). He appears to be giving the art of persuasion a privileged position in relation to understanding. This chapter examines the notions of understanding, the relationship between language and thought, and the link between language and the fountains of knowledge in Locke's Essay. It considers Locke's argument that the epistemological consequences of language's potential for error are minor, as well as his attempt to sustain this difficult claim in the Essay by resorting to a complex network of figures, centered on the distinction between origins and mere mechanisms of distribution. Finally, the chapter discusses Locke's remarks on language, gold, and exchange in the Essay and in some of his pamphlets on money, along with his claim that the same mechanisms which make linguistic and monetary value possible also make them liable to error, corruption, and devaluation.Less
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke discusses the complex admixture of delight, instruction, and persuasion that is absolutely consistent with the three tasks of the orator commonly mentioned by classical rhetoricians: movere, delectare, docere (to move, to delight, to instruct). He appears to be giving the art of persuasion a privileged position in relation to understanding. This chapter examines the notions of understanding, the relationship between language and thought, and the link between language and the fountains of knowledge in Locke's Essay. It considers Locke's argument that the epistemological consequences of language's potential for error are minor, as well as his attempt to sustain this difficult claim in the Essay by resorting to a complex network of figures, centered on the distinction between origins and mere mechanisms of distribution. Finally, the chapter discusses Locke's remarks on language, gold, and exchange in the Essay and in some of his pamphlets on money, along with his claim that the same mechanisms which make linguistic and monetary value possible also make them liable to error, corruption, and devaluation.
