José M. Magone
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535026
- eISBN:
- 9780191715860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535026.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the ...
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Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the southward expansion of the 1980s. They became second only to the Common Agricultural Policy in expenditure. Northern enlargement encouraged environmental, social, and employment policies, while Central and Eastern enlargement was based on democratic and anti-corruption conditionality. Members who favoured enlargement were Britain, the Scandinavian countries, and Germany, while the others were either reticent or hostile, notably France towards Turkish accession. Enlargement was on elite-led process, popular hostility contributing to the rejection of the constitutional referendum in France and the Netherlands. Enlargement has necessitated institutional and financial adjustments, increasing problems of convergence and of leadership.Less
Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the southward expansion of the 1980s. They became second only to the Common Agricultural Policy in expenditure. Northern enlargement encouraged environmental, social, and employment policies, while Central and Eastern enlargement was based on democratic and anti-corruption conditionality. Members who favoured enlargement were Britain, the Scandinavian countries, and Germany, while the others were either reticent or hostile, notably France towards Turkish accession. Enlargement was on elite-led process, popular hostility contributing to the rejection of the constitutional referendum in France and the Netherlands. Enlargement has necessitated institutional and financial adjustments, increasing problems of convergence and of leadership.
Ümit Cizre
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244904
- eISBN:
- 9780191600050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244901.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Ümit Cizre rethinks the connections between the metaphor of boundaries as containers of democracy and the evolution of Turkish and Kurdish identities since the founding of the modern Turkey in ...
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Ümit Cizre rethinks the connections between the metaphor of boundaries as containers of democracy and the evolution of Turkish and Kurdish identities since the founding of the modern Turkey in 1919–23. The author identifies the dual nature of Turkish nationality: equal citizenship without regard to ethnicity and ethnic singularity of Turkishness. Cizre then examines Kurdish contestation of this hegemonic discourse of nationality and its link to the state's territory. The author also places the chapter's conclusions in the context of the arrest and trial of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK).Less
Ümit Cizre rethinks the connections between the metaphor of boundaries as containers of democracy and the evolution of Turkish and Kurdish identities since the founding of the modern Turkey in 1919–23. The author identifies the dual nature of Turkish nationality: equal citizenship without regard to ethnicity and ethnic singularity of Turkishness. Cizre then examines Kurdish contestation of this hegemonic discourse of nationality and its link to the state's territory. The author also places the chapter's conclusions in the context of the arrest and trial of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK).
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted ...
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Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. This book goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a “crime against humanity and civilization,” the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's “official history” rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that the book now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.Less
Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. This book goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a “crime against humanity and civilization,” the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's “official history” rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that the book now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.
Esra Özyürek
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162782
- eISBN:
- 9781400852710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162782.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter looks at how converted German Muslims seek to practice a so-called true Islam stripped of cultural accretions. In its indigenous German Muslim context, an Islam free of culture means an ...
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This chapter looks at how converted German Muslims seek to practice a so-called true Islam stripped of cultural accretions. In its indigenous German Muslim context, an Islam free of culture means an Islam that has been purged of its often-stigmatized Arab and Turkish cultural practices. Once rectified like this, the reasoning goes, Islam will be more in line not only with its original spirit but also with European ideals of democracy, freedom, and tolerance. In that way, a purified Islam, in the German context, becomes an effort to connect German converts to their parents rather than differentiate them. This process sets apart immigrant Muslims, who are delineated by their traditional and hence by definition “wrong” Islamic practices.Less
This chapter looks at how converted German Muslims seek to practice a so-called true Islam stripped of cultural accretions. In its indigenous German Muslim context, an Islam free of culture means an Islam that has been purged of its often-stigmatized Arab and Turkish cultural practices. Once rectified like this, the reasoning goes, Islam will be more in line not only with its original spirit but also with European ideals of democracy, freedom, and tolerance. In that way, a purified Islam, in the German context, becomes an effort to connect German converts to their parents rather than differentiate them. This process sets apart immigrant Muslims, who are delineated by their traditional and hence by definition “wrong” Islamic practices.
Ryan Gingeras
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199561520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721076
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561520.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The birth of the Turkish Republic was an event borne out of immense bloodshed and carnage. During the decade leading up to the end of the Ottoman Empire and the ascendancy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ...
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The birth of the Turkish Republic was an event borne out of immense bloodshed and carnage. During the decade leading up to the end of the Ottoman Empire and the ascendancy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, virtually every town and village throughout Anatolia was wracked by intercommunal violence. This book presents a history of these bloody years of political and social transformation. The book challenges the determinism associated with the nationalist interpretation of the events that transpire in contemporary Turkey between 1912 and 1923, and delves deeper into this period of transition between empire and nation-state. In looking closely at a small corner of territory immediately south of the old Ottoman capital of Istanbul, this book traces the evolution of various communities of native Christians and immigrant Muslims against the backdrop of the Balkan Wars, the First World War, the Armenian Genocide, the Turkish War of Independence, and the Greek occupation of the region. By taking up the roles of four discrete groups located along the southern rim of the Sea of Marmara, this book demonstrates the ways in which a series of provincial communities were both the objects and the engines of radical social and political change. The book specifically takes on the origins of the bitter communal and sectarian violence that occurs throughout this period. Rather than essentialize the conflict as a war between monolithic ethnic groups driven by fanaticism and ancient hatreds, this book instead lends greater attention to the culpability of several competing states in fanning successive waves of violence seen in this portion of northwestern Anatolia.Less
The birth of the Turkish Republic was an event borne out of immense bloodshed and carnage. During the decade leading up to the end of the Ottoman Empire and the ascendancy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, virtually every town and village throughout Anatolia was wracked by intercommunal violence. This book presents a history of these bloody years of political and social transformation. The book challenges the determinism associated with the nationalist interpretation of the events that transpire in contemporary Turkey between 1912 and 1923, and delves deeper into this period of transition between empire and nation-state. In looking closely at a small corner of territory immediately south of the old Ottoman capital of Istanbul, this book traces the evolution of various communities of native Christians and immigrant Muslims against the backdrop of the Balkan Wars, the First World War, the Armenian Genocide, the Turkish War of Independence, and the Greek occupation of the region. By taking up the roles of four discrete groups located along the southern rim of the Sea of Marmara, this book demonstrates the ways in which a series of provincial communities were both the objects and the engines of radical social and political change. The book specifically takes on the origins of the bitter communal and sectarian violence that occurs throughout this period. Rather than essentialize the conflict as a war between monolithic ethnic groups driven by fanaticism and ancient hatreds, this book instead lends greater attention to the culpability of several competing states in fanning successive waves of violence seen in this portion of northwestern Anatolia.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0012
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures ...
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This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.Less
This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.
Dawn Chatty
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264591
- eISBN:
- 9780191734397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264591.003.0013
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
The chapters presented in this volume have covered a wide range of case studies; the Sahrawi refugees in Algeria and Spain; the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and Gaza; the Turkish settlers in ...
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The chapters presented in this volume have covered a wide range of case studies; the Sahrawi refugees in Algeria and Spain; the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and Gaza; the Turkish settlers in Cyprus; the Iraqi refugees in Jordan and the internally displaced Iraqis in the northern Iraq; and the Afghan refugees in Iran. These chapters have opened up areas of research which are important to pursue. They have examined displacement and the impact of generation and gender including the physical and mental stress of refugee situations. They have explored the phenomenon of repatriation and its various forms such as voluntary repatriation and involuntary repatriation such as the case of the Afghan and Iraqi refugees. The chapters also have discussed the Palestinian ‘right of return’ within the context of legal, emotional and cultural expressions. In addition to these, the crisis in identity in exile has been addressed to provide a better understanding of assimilation, integration and alienation. Policies have also been considered to understand the international refugee regime as well as national and regional interpretations. The chapters in this volume hope to prove to be significant contributions to the understanding of the plight of refugees and displaced people and the political and economic universe in which they must operate. Refugees are categories of people who have lost the protection of their government and who thrive at the margins of the global nation-state system. Their struggle to survive depends upon turning their exile or forced migration around; to regain the protection of a government and to become ‘citizens’ once again either in the original homeland or a new nation. It is a quest all should sympathize with and support.Less
The chapters presented in this volume have covered a wide range of case studies; the Sahrawi refugees in Algeria and Spain; the Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and Gaza; the Turkish settlers in Cyprus; the Iraqi refugees in Jordan and the internally displaced Iraqis in the northern Iraq; and the Afghan refugees in Iran. These chapters have opened up areas of research which are important to pursue. They have examined displacement and the impact of generation and gender including the physical and mental stress of refugee situations. They have explored the phenomenon of repatriation and its various forms such as voluntary repatriation and involuntary repatriation such as the case of the Afghan and Iraqi refugees. The chapters also have discussed the Palestinian ‘right of return’ within the context of legal, emotional and cultural expressions. In addition to these, the crisis in identity in exile has been addressed to provide a better understanding of assimilation, integration and alienation. Policies have also been considered to understand the international refugee regime as well as national and regional interpretations. The chapters in this volume hope to prove to be significant contributions to the understanding of the plight of refugees and displaced people and the political and economic universe in which they must operate. Refugees are categories of people who have lost the protection of their government and who thrive at the margins of the global nation-state system. Their struggle to survive depends upon turning their exile or forced migration around; to regain the protection of a government and to become ‘citizens’ once again either in the original homeland or a new nation. It is a quest all should sympathize with and support.
Yaël Ronen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264591
- eISBN:
- 9780191734397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264591.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in ...
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This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in Cyprus. Although ordinarily repatriation has a positive connotation of going home, in the case of the Turkish settlers, repatriation or homecoming may mean the displacement for another home. This chapter begins with a short overview of the history of the settler issue in Northern Cyprus and its evolution. It then considers the problems the prospect of repatriation may impose on the vision of a future unified Cyprus. It also discusses the modalities which are currently negotiated for addressing this issue. Because these modalities are framed in the shadow of international human rights law, the implications of some human rights standards for the conflict are also examined. Lastly, the proposed modalities are examined in comparison with the alternative solution for the settler issue which was adopted in the Baltic states during the 1990s.Less
This chapter discusses the future of Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus. It examines the prospect of their repatriation to Turkey within the framework of the peaceful settlement of the conflict in Cyprus. Although ordinarily repatriation has a positive connotation of going home, in the case of the Turkish settlers, repatriation or homecoming may mean the displacement for another home. This chapter begins with a short overview of the history of the settler issue in Northern Cyprus and its evolution. It then considers the problems the prospect of repatriation may impose on the vision of a future unified Cyprus. It also discusses the modalities which are currently negotiated for addressing this issue. Because these modalities are framed in the shadow of international human rights law, the implications of some human rights standards for the conflict are also examined. Lastly, the proposed modalities are examined in comparison with the alternative solution for the settler issue which was adopted in the Baltic states during the 1990s.
Matthew Frank
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233649
- eISBN:
- 9780191716294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233649.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put ...
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This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put population transfers into practice in the 1920s and 1930s are examined. It shows how largely owing to the perceived success of the Greco-Turkish population exchange, as well as the recurring political crises in 1930s Europe, invariably involving German minorities, compulsory population transfer went from being regarded as an ‘Asiatic abomination’ by British policy-makers and observers of the European scene to being a rational and progressive choice of last resort where intractable minority problems were concerned. The interwar period also shows, however, that with increasing acceptance of population transfer in principle came an awareness of the difficulties of putting this principle into practice.Less
This chapter demonstrates how British adherence to the principle of population transfer predated the Second World War. The origins of the concept as well as various proposals and attempts to put population transfers into practice in the 1920s and 1930s are examined. It shows how largely owing to the perceived success of the Greco-Turkish population exchange, as well as the recurring political crises in 1930s Europe, invariably involving German minorities, compulsory population transfer went from being regarded as an ‘Asiatic abomination’ by British policy-makers and observers of the European scene to being a rational and progressive choice of last resort where intractable minority problems were concerned. The interwar period also shows, however, that with increasing acceptance of population transfer in principle came an awareness of the difficulties of putting this principle into practice.
Paul D. Numrich
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195386219
- eISBN:
- 9780199866731
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195386219.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Orthodox Christians have lived in Muslim lands for centuries and now bring their unique perspectives to multireligious America. Encounters that began in conflict in the Old World carry the potential ...
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Orthodox Christians have lived in Muslim lands for centuries and now bring their unique perspectives to multireligious America. Encounters that began in conflict in the Old World carry the potential for redemptive mutual understanding in the United States if the groups will look into each other's eyes, in the words of Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras. This chapter examines efforts of Greek Orthodox Christians and Turkish Muslims in Chicago to heal the wounds of the past and find a better future together. “What we did not understand,” explains the chancellor of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Chicago, “was that we were suffering together. In retrospect (and likely into the future), our shared history contains hope for our shared destiny.” The Orthodox community in Chicago has been active for many years in broadly based interreligious activities.Less
Orthodox Christians have lived in Muslim lands for centuries and now bring their unique perspectives to multireligious America. Encounters that began in conflict in the Old World carry the potential for redemptive mutual understanding in the United States if the groups will look into each other's eyes, in the words of Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras. This chapter examines efforts of Greek Orthodox Christians and Turkish Muslims in Chicago to heal the wounds of the past and find a better future together. “What we did not understand,” explains the chancellor of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Chicago, “was that we were suffering together. In retrospect (and likely into the future), our shared history contains hope for our shared destiny.” The Orthodox community in Chicago has been active for many years in broadly based interreligious activities.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the ...
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This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the international consequences caused by the gradual and apparently terminal decline of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. This volume examines the military and diplomatic policies of Russia as it struggled with the Ottoman Empire for influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus. The book is based on extensive use of Russian archive sources and it makes a contribution to our understanding of issues such as the development of Russian military thought, the origins and conduct of the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War, the origins and conduct of the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Adrianople. The book also considers issues such as the Russian army's use of Balkan irregulars, the reform of the Danubian Principalities (1829 –1834), the ideas of the ‘Russian Party’ and Russian public opinion toward the Eastern Question.Less
This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the international consequences caused by the gradual and apparently terminal decline of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. This volume examines the military and diplomatic policies of Russia as it struggled with the Ottoman Empire for influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus. The book is based on extensive use of Russian archive sources and it makes a contribution to our understanding of issues such as the development of Russian military thought, the origins and conduct of the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War, the origins and conduct of the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Adrianople. The book also considers issues such as the Russian army's use of Balkan irregulars, the reform of the Danubian Principalities (1829 –1834), the ideas of the ‘Russian Party’ and Russian public opinion toward the Eastern Question.
R. C. Repp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264751
- eISBN:
- 9780191734229
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264751.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Professor Geoffrey Lewis Lewis was a pioneer in Turkish Studies in Britain and an internationally admired scholar in the field. In considering the body of his work as a whole, two consistent themes ...
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Professor Geoffrey Lewis Lewis was a pioneer in Turkish Studies in Britain and an internationally admired scholar in the field. In considering the body of his work as a whole, two consistent themes emerge, two driving forces behind it: first, a deep, continuing fascination with language, and now especially with Turkish; and second, a rooted and constantly developing love of Turkey and its people and a concomitant desire to bring its language, history, and culture to the attention of the English-speaking world by a variety of means, all of them grounded in a thorough scholarly engagement with his subject.Less
Professor Geoffrey Lewis Lewis was a pioneer in Turkish Studies in Britain and an internationally admired scholar in the field. In considering the body of his work as a whole, two consistent themes emerge, two driving forces behind it: first, a deep, continuing fascination with language, and now especially with Turkish; and second, a rooted and constantly developing love of Turkey and its people and a concomitant desire to bring its language, history, and culture to the attention of the English-speaking world by a variety of means, all of them grounded in a thorough scholarly engagement with his subject.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter gives an overview of the military and diplomatic history of Russo-Turkish relations from their origins to 1815. It outlines the reasons for Russian military ascendancy over its eastern ...
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This chapter gives an overview of the military and diplomatic history of Russo-Turkish relations from their origins to 1815. It outlines the reasons for Russian military ascendancy over its eastern neighbour. It covers the Eastern question in the Balkans, regarding the Russo-Turkish relations from 1810 to 1821; the relations between Russia, Turkey and Persia to 1813; the origins of the ‘weak neighbour’ policy. Political concerns, primarily the fear of the European powers' potentially hostile reaction to a Russian forward policy had frustrated the aims of the army in 1821. This was a precedent destined to characterize much of Russian policy during the Eastern crisis of the 1820s.Less
This chapter gives an overview of the military and diplomatic history of Russo-Turkish relations from their origins to 1815. It outlines the reasons for Russian military ascendancy over its eastern neighbour. It covers the Eastern question in the Balkans, regarding the Russo-Turkish relations from 1810 to 1821; the relations between Russia, Turkey and Persia to 1813; the origins of the ‘weak neighbour’ policy. Political concerns, primarily the fear of the European powers' potentially hostile reaction to a Russian forward policy had frustrated the aims of the army in 1821. This was a precedent destined to characterize much of Russian policy during the Eastern crisis of the 1820s.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Research into the Greek revolution was only one of the tasks that Kiselev had assigned to his Main Staff. Kiselev was also committed to two much larger projects — the writing of a complete history of ...
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Research into the Greek revolution was only one of the tasks that Kiselev had assigned to his Main Staff. Kiselev was also committed to two much larger projects — the writing of a complete history of previous Russo-Turkish wars and the making of preparations for a possible future one. This chapter deals with the Second Army's research into previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711–1812) in an attempt to arrive at strategic and tactical innovations for future conflicts. The discussion traces the development of this process within the Russian army, with particular reference to the search of the Second Army for guidance in a future Russo-Turkish war. It also covers the military ideas of I. P. Liprandi and the impact of KiseIev's empirical school.Less
Research into the Greek revolution was only one of the tasks that Kiselev had assigned to his Main Staff. Kiselev was also committed to two much larger projects — the writing of a complete history of previous Russo-Turkish wars and the making of preparations for a possible future one. This chapter deals with the Second Army's research into previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711–1812) in an attempt to arrive at strategic and tactical innovations for future conflicts. The discussion traces the development of this process within the Russian army, with particular reference to the search of the Second Army for guidance in a future Russo-Turkish war. It also covers the military ideas of I. P. Liprandi and the impact of KiseIev's empirical school.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter covers the search for strategy, the Greek question in the period of Congress diplomacy from 1822 to 1825, the accession of Nicholas I and the drift to war. The previous research was ...
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This chapter covers the search for strategy, the Greek question in the period of Congress diplomacy from 1822 to 1825, the accession of Nicholas I and the drift to war. The previous research was accompanied by the formulation of an innovative war plan which envisaged, for the first time in Russian military history, the crossing of the Balkan mountain range and an assault on Constantinople One of Kiselev's first actions on becoming head of the Second Army's Main Staff in 1819 was to draw up a war plan against the Ottoman Empire. He was assisted in this enterprise by the large body of experience acquired by the Russian army during its five previous Turkish wars fought between 1711 and 1812.Less
This chapter covers the search for strategy, the Greek question in the period of Congress diplomacy from 1822 to 1825, the accession of Nicholas I and the drift to war. The previous research was accompanied by the formulation of an innovative war plan which envisaged, for the first time in Russian military history, the crossing of the Balkan mountain range and an assault on Constantinople One of Kiselev's first actions on becoming head of the Second Army's Main Staff in 1819 was to draw up a war plan against the Ottoman Empire. He was assisted in this enterprise by the large body of experience acquired by the Russian army during its five previous Turkish wars fought between 1711 and 1812.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter covers the 1828–9 Turkish war. It focuses on strategy, main operations and the role of personality, with less attention paid to tactics, supplies, logistics and the overall ...
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This chapter covers the 1828–9 Turkish war. It focuses on strategy, main operations and the role of personality, with less attention paid to tactics, supplies, logistics and the overall administration of the army. It considers the preparations for war, including the war budget, men and supplies; the 1828 Balkan campaign; the 1828 Caucasian campaign; political and military developments from October 1828 to April 1829; the 1829 Balkan campaign; and the 1829 Caucasian campaign.Less
This chapter covers the 1828–9 Turkish war. It focuses on strategy, main operations and the role of personality, with less attention paid to tactics, supplies, logistics and the overall administration of the army. It considers the preparations for war, including the war budget, men and supplies; the 1828 Balkan campaign; the 1828 Caucasian campaign; political and military developments from October 1828 to April 1829; the 1829 Balkan campaign; and the 1829 Caucasian campaign.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter, on public opinion, charts the growth and spread of nationalist sentiment in educated society during the Turkish war. It reveals the tension between the popular demand for unilateral, ...
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This chapter, on public opinion, charts the growth and spread of nationalist sentiment in educated society during the Turkish war. It reveals the tension between the popular demand for unilateral, expansionist action and the conservative official tsarist policy which aimed at the conservation of the Ottoman Empire. It shows that official coverage of the 1828–9 war turned this conflict into the Russian Empire's first ‘media war’, and gave rise to the idea that popular nationalist sentiment might be harnessed as a means of ensuring the future stability of the regime. The discussion also considers the origins of the Third Section; the quest for social stability in 1826–9; the Cult of Nicholas; and public opinion during the 1829 campaign.Less
This chapter, on public opinion, charts the growth and spread of nationalist sentiment in educated society during the Turkish war. It reveals the tension between the popular demand for unilateral, expansionist action and the conservative official tsarist policy which aimed at the conservation of the Ottoman Empire. It shows that official coverage of the 1828–9 war turned this conflict into the Russian Empire's first ‘media war’, and gave rise to the idea that popular nationalist sentiment might be harnessed as a means of ensuring the future stability of the regime. The discussion also considers the origins of the Third Section; the quest for social stability in 1826–9; the Cult of Nicholas; and public opinion during the 1829 campaign.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Eastern crisis of the 1820s, the war of 1828–9, and the Russo-Turkish treaties of 1829 and 1833 collectively constituted the most decisive blows ever delivered to the Ottoman Empire by Russia. ...
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The Eastern crisis of the 1820s, the war of 1828–9, and the Russo-Turkish treaties of 1829 and 1833 collectively constituted the most decisive blows ever delivered to the Ottoman Empire by Russia. The confidence that Russian forces would win all major tactical encounters against an ‘Asiatic’ semi-regular enemy influenced the Russian strategists of the 1820s. Yet, the lingering feeling that Russia stretched the rules of the game in 1829 and the conviction that it overturned them by the terms of Unkiar-Skelessi in 1833 were to have crucial long-term significance for the Eastern Question. Nicholas was content to engage in brinkmanship and a succession of incidents and developments appeared to have set Russia and Britain on an inevitable collision course. After Nicholas, Catherine's dreams and the sense of Russia's historical destiny in the East would now continue to live on in the popular imagination.Less
The Eastern crisis of the 1820s, the war of 1828–9, and the Russo-Turkish treaties of 1829 and 1833 collectively constituted the most decisive blows ever delivered to the Ottoman Empire by Russia. The confidence that Russian forces would win all major tactical encounters against an ‘Asiatic’ semi-regular enemy influenced the Russian strategists of the 1820s. Yet, the lingering feeling that Russia stretched the rules of the game in 1829 and the conviction that it overturned them by the terms of Unkiar-Skelessi in 1833 were to have crucial long-term significance for the Eastern Question. Nicholas was content to engage in brinkmanship and a succession of incidents and developments appeared to have set Russia and Britain on an inevitable collision course. After Nicholas, Catherine's dreams and the sense of Russia's historical destiny in the East would now continue to live on in the popular imagination.
Taner Akçam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153339
- eISBN:
- 9781400841844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153339.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter explores the fundamental characteristics of the overall plan for the “homogenization” of Anatolia. Having initially devised and implemented a plan before the First World War to free ...
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This chapter explores the fundamental characteristics of the overall plan for the “homogenization” of Anatolia. Having initially devised and implemented a plan before the First World War to free themselves of non-Turkish elements in the Aegean region, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) then, under the cover of war, expanded this plan to include all of Anatolia. The primary goal of this project was a conscious reshaping of the region's demographic character on the basis of its Muslim Turkish population. The two main pillars of this policy, which can be characterized as the government's population and resettlement policy, were as follows: the first entailed the “cleansing” of Anatolia's non-Muslim population; the second was the assimilation of all of Anatolia's non-Turkish Muslim communities.Less
This chapter explores the fundamental characteristics of the overall plan for the “homogenization” of Anatolia. Having initially devised and implemented a plan before the First World War to free themselves of non-Turkish elements in the Aegean region, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) then, under the cover of war, expanded this plan to include all of Anatolia. The primary goal of this project was a conscious reshaping of the region's demographic character on the basis of its Muslim Turkish population. The two main pillars of this policy, which can be characterized as the government's population and resettlement policy, were as follows: the first entailed the “cleansing” of Anatolia's non-Muslim population; the second was the assimilation of all of Anatolia's non-Turkish Muslim communities.
Davide Rodogno
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151335
- eISBN:
- 9781400840014
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151335.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
This chapter examines the concept and practice of humanitarian intervention and nonintervention during the Eastern crisis of 1875–1878, with a particular focus on the insurrection in Bosnia and ...
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This chapter examines the concept and practice of humanitarian intervention and nonintervention during the Eastern crisis of 1875–1878, with a particular focus on the insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina and on the events of the Bulgarian atrocities, also known as the “Bulgarian horrors.” It first provides a background on the 1875 revolt in Bosnia and Herzegovina before discussing British foreign policy regarding the massacres in Rumelia. It then considers British leader William E. Gladstone's views on the question of military intervention on grounds of humanity, the National Conference held in London in 1876 to tackle the Eastern Question, and the motives for intervention in the campaigners' discourse. It also analyzes the negotiations of the December 1876 Conference of Constantinople and the breakout of the Russo-Turkish War in 1877. Finally, it looks at the Congress of Berlin, held on June 13, 1878, to address a number of territorial questions.Less
This chapter examines the concept and practice of humanitarian intervention and nonintervention during the Eastern crisis of 1875–1878, with a particular focus on the insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina and on the events of the Bulgarian atrocities, also known as the “Bulgarian horrors.” It first provides a background on the 1875 revolt in Bosnia and Herzegovina before discussing British foreign policy regarding the massacres in Rumelia. It then considers British leader William E. Gladstone's views on the question of military intervention on grounds of humanity, the National Conference held in London in 1876 to tackle the Eastern Question, and the motives for intervention in the campaigners' discourse. It also analyzes the negotiations of the December 1876 Conference of Constantinople and the breakout of the Russo-Turkish War in 1877. Finally, it looks at the Congress of Berlin, held on June 13, 1878, to address a number of territorial questions.
