Search Results

The purpose of the next experiments was to see if non-expert subjects would develop a common wine vocabulary which they used consensually if they met regularly for eight months to drink and discuss wine and wine words. At each session three or four wines were served, and tasks were performed, similar to those used with the Stanford subjects. Afterwards the wines and the descriptors were discussed. Discussions were tape-recorded and analyzed. Tasks carried out at the beginning of the year were replicated with the same wines at the end. Although these results showed no over-all group consensus, subjects reported that they learned a great deal about wines and wine-language and that they could understand the descriptions of the other subjects better, even if they did not use the same descriptors.

This chapter describes the events preceding the final Geronimo campaign, marked by the flight of Geronimo and his renegades. Since the departure of John Glum from San Carlos in 1877, relations between agents and Apaches had deteriorated badly. Then in the early 1880s, as the Chiricahuas were forced back on this reservation, functionaries in the Indian Bureau decreed that these proud warriors become farmers. The proud Apaches were reduced to living on rations provided for them by the Indian Office through the resident agent at each reservation, allowing the Tucson Ring to get rich through connivance. Every positive measure George Crook applied to quell the Indian displeasure was hampered by bureaucratic inefficiency in Washington, where the Tucson Ring had influence.

Chapters 8 and 9 consider the case of Tucson, which reveals a third possible approach to public housing governance and redevelopment, typifying the Publica Major constellation. This shows what can happen when responsibility for public housing remains more wholly vested in a well-functioning public sector, subject neither to the whims of private developers, as in New Orleans, nor to the sway of empowered low-income tenants, as in Boston. Chapter 8 narrates the complex and reluctant emergence of Tucson’s two-hundred-unit Connie Chambers public housing project, completed in 1967 as a supplement to an earlier project known as La Reforma. Public housing growth remained inseparable from the deeply contested process of urban renewal that decimated eighty acres of the Mexican American downtown barrio and purged its residents. Those contemplating redevelopment of Connie Chambers, which was forged in lingering controversy, knew that they could not repeat the earlier ethnically motivated displacement.

One focus of recent research on early agriculture (Late Archaic period—2000 B.C.–A.D. 150) in the southern Southwest of the United States and northwestern Mexico has been the debate surrounding the impact of these early farmers on their landscapes. In at least two places, the Tucson Basin in southern Arizona and northern Chihuahua in northwest Mexico, agriculture was relatively intensive, while in others such as the San Simon Basin in southeastern Arizona, it apparently was not. Using an historical ecology perspective, we examine the likely impact of early agriculture using faunal and projectile point data from the Tucson Basin, northern Chihuahua, and the San Simon Basin. Our analysis suggests that these early farmers had less impact on their landscapes than expected.

Greater roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) have a secretive nature that makes accurate surveys a challenge. However, they draw much attention from residents and visitors. We used public-sighting information and researcher-based, randomly distributed surveys to document roadrunner locations in metropolitan Tucson, Arizona (USA), and to explore the biases inherent in public information surveys. The general pattern of distribution of roadrunner sightings was similar in both public and researcher surveys, with distribution in a broad band around the edge of Tucson with few or no sightings in the city center. Public-survey information provided a great deal of usable data quickly and inexpensively but reflected where people saw and reported roadrunners. Interpretations of relative abundance or habitat preference need to be made cautiously.

Cities are playing an increasingly important role in supporting local biodiversity, but more information on sustaining native species in these areas is needed. The Tucson Bird Count (TBC) is a program based on repeated, systematic volunteer bird surveys that represents a novel approach to monitoring urban birds, covering approximately one thousand sites throughout the Tucson, Arizona (USA), metropolitan area. Here, we explore how TBC data can be used to assess habitat relationships, focusing on Abert's towhee (Pipilo aberti). Comparisons among the local Christmas Bird Count and the two TBC programs highlight the importance of isolated habitat islands to the persistence of some species. Finally, we discuss the ability of the TBC to serve as a model for other urban bird-monitoring programs.

Inhumation and cremation usually are studied in isolation regardless of the fact that they may be practiced in the same culture and time period. Among the Tucson Basin Hohokam in the Prehispanic American Southwest cremation was the main funeral custom and inhumation was practiced at a very low frequency throughout the Preclassic (AD 700–1150) and Classic (AD 1150–1450/1500) periods. This chapter explores changes through time in non-normative burial customs of inhumation from ten Tucson Basin (Arizona) Hohokam archaeological sites by exploring both biological reconstruction of bodies and posthumous treatments within and between sites. Inhumations are contrasted with cremations to explore how they are related but distinct practices of remembrance, and it is argued that critical and contextualized approaches to the study of non-normative burials are necessary in order to reconstruct the complexity of funeral customs and their associated cultural significance through time. The results provide a glimpse of social variation and multiple social groups within the Tucson Basin Hohokam sites.

This chapter dives into the myriad deceptive tactics used by police interrogators. The authors open with the false confessions of the Tucson Four, who faced extensive deception. The authors then turn to a philosophical discussion of deception, followed by examination of the ways that lies by police officers affect suspects, the public, and officers themselves. Next, the chapter reviews forms of police deception, including deception about Miranda, deceptive interrogation tactics, and elaborate role-playing activities as well as courts’ responses to deception during interrogation. This chapter also explores the experimental literature on interrogation and confession with particular attention to research about deceptive interrogation tactics. The chapter concludes with a review of the ways that deception shapes the totality of the circumstances.

Chapter 9 chronicles the demise of Tucson’s Connie Chambers project during the 1980s and its replacement by Posadas Sentinel. The city’s Community Services Department (CSD) used HOPE VI to redevelop the property as Posadas Sentinel, part of a wider revitalization effort in the surrounding barrio. Acutely conscious of neighborhood critics who feared further insensitive urban renewal, the city assiduously worked to maximize housing opportunities for residents of Connie Chambers. As with Orchard Gardens but unlike River Garden, Tucson’s city leaders premised the redevelopment on occupancy by very low-income households, while seeking other ways to diversify range of incomes. The CSD replaced all two hundred public housing units but, rather than put these all back into the original barrio site, took advantage of the city’s peculiar housing market and scattered much of the housing across the city by purchasing homes in a variety of new or vacant subdivisions.

Chapter 13 revisits the four constellations—Publica Major, the Big Developer, Nonprofitus, and Plebs—to compare the four places discussed in the book. These cities of stars reveal how HOPE VI affects governance in two settings: the phased implementation of projects and the management of completed neighborhoods. The relative power of public, private, not-for-profit, and community voices constrains project pace and shapes how much to prioritize on-site rehousing of the existing extremely low-income community. And, following on this, the second key arena of poverty governance entails decisions about selecting and managing residents in the completed development. Reflecting on the lived reality of the four communities provides an opportunity to revisit the stated rationales for income mixing. The chapter assesses the difficulties of redeveloping public housing in the context of ongoing (self-inflicted) economic austerity and lingering resentments and concludes by examining emergent directions for housing and planning policy.

During the war years, Mexican Cristero supporters in the United States began participating in a variety of activities in order to back the religious uprising. This chapter describes these efforts, which included public processions and marches, publicity campaigns, arms smuggling, recruitment of soldiers, and military revolts along the US-Mexico border. Using previously unexamined archival evidence from both Mexico and the United States, this chapter demonstrates how seemingly separate groups of emigrants collaborated and competed in order to advance their political and religious goals for their home country. Furthermore, it illustrates that the efforts of pro-Cristero emigrants to provide material support to their compatriots in the battlefields of west-central Mexico (through gunrunning and armed uprisings on the border) affected the development, if not the ultimate outcome, of the Cristero War.