Tommaso Padoa‐Schioppa
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241767
- eISBN:
- 9780191596742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241767.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The concluding essay in the book, written in 1994. It summarizes the factors and events that led to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, and then gives the author's interpretation ...
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The concluding essay in the book, written in 1994. It summarizes the factors and events that led to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, and then gives the author's interpretation of events between the late spring of 1992 and early 1994, when the process of ratification and the crisis of the European Monetary System (EMS) interacted so powerfully. The concluding section reflects on the problems of implementing the treaty.Less
The concluding essay in the book, written in 1994. It summarizes the factors and events that led to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in February 1992, and then gives the author's interpretation of events between the late spring of 1992 and early 1994, when the process of ratification and the crisis of the European Monetary System (EMS) interacted so powerfully. The concluding section reflects on the problems of implementing the treaty.
Trine P. Larsen and Peter Taylor-Gooby
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199267262
- eISBN:
- 9780191602023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019926726X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state ...
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New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.Less
New social risks are at the forefront of the EU's social policy agenda. In part, this is because a new social risk approach fits with open market policies, which stress constraints on state interventions and the importance of adapting social provision to meet economic goals; in part because old social risk areas are so heavily occupied by existing national government policies that it is difficult to find support for innovations. During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of attempts to develop international policy harmonization were pursued. These failed due to the difficulty of achieving cross‐national consensus. There are a number of relevant directives, chiefly in the areas of equality of opportunity for men and women and other labour market issues. The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market.
Eileen Denza
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299356
- eISBN:
- 9780191685682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299356.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter examines the weaknesses and accomplishments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union. Despite criticism of ...
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This chapter examines the weaknesses and accomplishments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union. Despite criticism of the CFSP, it has made a number of achievements during the period between the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht in November 1993 and the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999. These achievements include the success of the CFSP in maintaining the independent sovereign status of Member States, and its contribution to international diplomacy.Less
This chapter examines the weaknesses and accomplishments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union. Despite criticism of the CFSP, it has made a number of achievements during the period between the entry into force of the Treaty of Maastricht in November 1993 and the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam in May 1999. These achievements include the success of the CFSP in maintaining the independent sovereign status of Member States, and its contribution to international diplomacy.
Tommaso Padoa‐Schioppa
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241767
- eISBN:
- 9780191596742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241767.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The state of play in the stages towards European economic and monetary union is analysed as at 1991. The issues that had already been settled by negotiation in this year are briefly discussed, and ...
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The state of play in the stages towards European economic and monetary union is analysed as at 1991. The issues that had already been settled by negotiation in this year are briefly discussed, and then those that were still open at the time (which concerned the transition to the final stage of union) are examined in more detail. These are essentially three issues: the tasks and powers of the monetary institution in stage two (the European Monetary Institute); the conditions (convergence criteria) that must be satisfied before passing from stage two to the final (third) stage; and the procedures for deciding the date on which the third stage is to start—the issue of the ‘opting‐out’ clause.Less
The state of play in the stages towards European economic and monetary union is analysed as at 1991. The issues that had already been settled by negotiation in this year are briefly discussed, and then those that were still open at the time (which concerned the transition to the final stage of union) are examined in more detail. These are essentially three issues: the tasks and powers of the monetary institution in stage two (the European Monetary Institute); the conditions (convergence criteria) that must be satisfied before passing from stage two to the final (third) stage; and the procedures for deciding the date on which the third stage is to start—the issue of the ‘opting‐out’ clause.
Christoph Knill and Duncan Liefferink
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719075803
- eISBN:
- 9781781701461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719075803.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter provides a historical overview of the establishment of environmental policy as a policy domain of the European Union (EU). The development in EU environmental policy can be traced in ...
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This chapter provides a historical overview of the establishment of environmental policy as a policy domain of the European Union (EU). The development in EU environmental policy can be traced in three distinct phases. The first phase was from 1972 to 1987, when European environmental measures were legally justified primarily by trade policy motives. The next stage was around 1987 to 1992, which was primarily characterised by the legal and institutional consolidation and further development of the common environmental policy. The final phase, since 1992, is characterised by two opposite trends: from an institutional and legal standpoint, the developments triggered by the Single European Act were gradually revised and updated, in particular in the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam and through the creation of the European Environment Agency.Less
This chapter provides a historical overview of the establishment of environmental policy as a policy domain of the European Union (EU). The development in EU environmental policy can be traced in three distinct phases. The first phase was from 1972 to 1987, when European environmental measures were legally justified primarily by trade policy motives. The next stage was around 1987 to 1992, which was primarily characterised by the legal and institutional consolidation and further development of the common environmental policy. The final phase, since 1992, is characterised by two opposite trends: from an institutional and legal standpoint, the developments triggered by the Single European Act were gradually revised and updated, in particular in the Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam and through the creation of the European Environment Agency.
Anthony Arnull, Piet Eeckhout, and Takis Tridimas (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199219032
- eISBN:
- 9780191711862
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219032.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This book commemorates the career of Sir Francis Jacobs KCMG QC, who served as British Advocate General at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg from October 1988 until January 2006. This ...
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This book commemorates the career of Sir Francis Jacobs KCMG QC, who served as British Advocate General at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg from October 1988 until January 2006. This collection of essays examines the key developments in EU law over the period that Sir Francis served as Advocate General, one that saw momentous changes in the character of the Union and its legal order. It encompassed the Treaty of Maastricht, which superimposed the Union on the pre-existing European Community, as well as the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice; the proclamation of the Union's Charter of Fundamental Rights; the drafting of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe; the creation of the Court of First Instance and the EU Civil Service Tribunal; the completion of the single market; and the enlargement of the Union to 15 Member States in 1995 and 25 Member States in 2004. The period also witnessed a profound change in the nature of much academic scholarship on the law of the Union. The book is divided into five sections dealing respectively with: general issues and institutional questions; fundamental rights; substantive law; external relations; and national perspectives. The contributors are distinguished figures drawn from a variety of constituencies, including the national and European judiciaries, legal practice, and the academic world.Less
This book commemorates the career of Sir Francis Jacobs KCMG QC, who served as British Advocate General at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg from October 1988 until January 2006. This collection of essays examines the key developments in EU law over the period that Sir Francis served as Advocate General, one that saw momentous changes in the character of the Union and its legal order. It encompassed the Treaty of Maastricht, which superimposed the Union on the pre-existing European Community, as well as the Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice; the proclamation of the Union's Charter of Fundamental Rights; the drafting of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe; the creation of the Court of First Instance and the EU Civil Service Tribunal; the completion of the single market; and the enlargement of the Union to 15 Member States in 1995 and 25 Member States in 2004. The period also witnessed a profound change in the nature of much academic scholarship on the law of the Union. The book is divided into five sections dealing respectively with: general issues and institutional questions; fundamental rights; substantive law; external relations; and national perspectives. The contributors are distinguished figures drawn from a variety of constituencies, including the national and European judiciaries, legal practice, and the academic world.
Ruth Dukes
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199601691
- eISBN:
- 9780191792700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601691.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
In this chapter the idea of the labour constitution is adopted as a framework through which to analyse the history of the EU and, in particular, the question of worker participation at different ...
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In this chapter the idea of the labour constitution is adopted as a framework through which to analyse the history of the EU and, in particular, the question of worker participation at different levels of economic organization—different sites of decision-making—within the Union. The focus lies with the European social dialogue at the supranational, cross-sectoral level, and its precursors in the Economic, and Coal and Steel, Communities. Viewed through the framework of the labour constitution, the key question to be addressed is taken to be that of the potential of the dialogue to function in a way comparable with the collective bargaining and corporatist arrangements of the (old) member states: to democratize the EU economic order, and to deliver improved substantive outcomes for European workers.Less
In this chapter the idea of the labour constitution is adopted as a framework through which to analyse the history of the EU and, in particular, the question of worker participation at different levels of economic organization—different sites of decision-making—within the Union. The focus lies with the European social dialogue at the supranational, cross-sectoral level, and its precursors in the Economic, and Coal and Steel, Communities. Viewed through the framework of the labour constitution, the key question to be addressed is taken to be that of the potential of the dialogue to function in a way comparable with the collective bargaining and corporatist arrangements of the (old) member states: to democratize the EU economic order, and to deliver improved substantive outcomes for European workers.
Eileen Denza
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299356
- eISBN:
- 9780191685682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299356.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter examines the judicial control of the intergovernmental pillars of the European Union. When the intergovernmental pillars were established ...
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This chapter examines the judicial control of the intergovernmental pillars of the European Union. When the intergovernmental pillars were established by the Treaty of Maastricht they were excluded almost totally from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Some of the reasons for this exclusion include the short-term character of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) and the very nature and record of the ECJ.Less
This chapter examines the judicial control of the intergovernmental pillars of the European Union. When the intergovernmental pillars were established by the Treaty of Maastricht they were excluded almost totally from the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Some of the reasons for this exclusion include the short-term character of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) and the very nature and record of the ECJ.
Paul Craig
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568628
- eISBN:
- 9780191739415
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568628.003.0024
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The Treaty of Maastricht introduced the European Ombudsman into the institutional landscape of the Union. The emergence of an extra-judicial mechanism geared towards overseeing the administrative ...
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The Treaty of Maastricht introduced the European Ombudsman into the institutional landscape of the Union. The emergence of an extra-judicial mechanism geared towards overseeing the administrative behaviour of the Union bureaucracy served a two-fold objective. In legal terms, it sought to enhance the protection of citizens' rights and interests in the Union space by establishing an alternative route to administrative litigation. In political terms, it was employed as a tool to put a smiling face to a largely distant, impersonal, and incomprehensible Community structure, sooth the growing uneasiness of the Union citizenry, and sugar the pill of further European integration. This chapter is organized as follows. It begins with a brief discussion of the historical emergence of the Ombudsman. It then considers the powers of the European Ombudsman and the restraints placed thereupon. It analyses the way in which the Ombudsman has defined and applied the concept of maladministration. Specific aspects of the institutional relationship between the Ombudsman and the Union judiciary are then addressed. The chapter concludes with some general remarks pertaining to the institutional evolution of the Ombudsman in the Union's political and legal order.Less
The Treaty of Maastricht introduced the European Ombudsman into the institutional landscape of the Union. The emergence of an extra-judicial mechanism geared towards overseeing the administrative behaviour of the Union bureaucracy served a two-fold objective. In legal terms, it sought to enhance the protection of citizens' rights and interests in the Union space by establishing an alternative route to administrative litigation. In political terms, it was employed as a tool to put a smiling face to a largely distant, impersonal, and incomprehensible Community structure, sooth the growing uneasiness of the Union citizenry, and sugar the pill of further European integration. This chapter is organized as follows. It begins with a brief discussion of the historical emergence of the Ombudsman. It then considers the powers of the European Ombudsman and the restraints placed thereupon. It analyses the way in which the Ombudsman has defined and applied the concept of maladministration. Specific aspects of the institutional relationship between the Ombudsman and the Union judiciary are then addressed. The chapter concludes with some general remarks pertaining to the institutional evolution of the Ombudsman in the Union's political and legal order.
Dieter Grimm
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198805120
- eISBN:
- 9780191843754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198805120.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter suggests that the European Union has outgrown the original economic community but it remains unclear what it should become in the end. It first explains how the European Economic ...
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This chapter suggests that the European Union has outgrown the original economic community but it remains unclear what it should become in the end. It first explains how the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the EU, became a singular, supranational entity somewhere between an international organization and a federal state. It then examines the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht; how EU’s democracy problem is exacerbated by a yawning gap between decision-making power and accountability; and the European Court of Justice’s role in the economic integration process as well as its interpretation of the European treaties. It also discusses proposals for an institutional reform of the EU, such as enhancing the representation of EU citizens on the European Parliament. Finally, it considers plausible explanations of European integration and how the EU must be arranged so as to find greater acceptance.Less
This chapter suggests that the European Union has outgrown the original economic community but it remains unclear what it should become in the end. It first explains how the European Economic Community, the forerunner of the EU, became a singular, supranational entity somewhere between an international organization and a federal state. It then examines the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht; how EU’s democracy problem is exacerbated by a yawning gap between decision-making power and accountability; and the European Court of Justice’s role in the economic integration process as well as its interpretation of the European treaties. It also discusses proposals for an institutional reform of the EU, such as enhancing the representation of EU citizens on the European Parliament. Finally, it considers plausible explanations of European integration and how the EU must be arranged so as to find greater acceptance.
