Guido Ferrarini and Eddy Wymeersch (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199202911
- eISBN:
- 9780191707964
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202911.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
EU policy in the area of corporate governance and capital markets is being reoriented. Harmonization is less frequently seen as a concept in company law, regulatory competition is on the rise, and ...
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EU policy in the area of corporate governance and capital markets is being reoriented. Harmonization is less frequently seen as a concept in company law, regulatory competition is on the rise, and experiments in soft law are being carried out. Several member States have recently reformed their corporate laws, either as a reaction to financial scandals or in an effort to enhance investment. Convergence has increased as a result, particularly towards Anglo-American standards. Yet, differences still exist, profoundly rooted in national systems of corporate governance. By contrast, capital market law would seem to be an exception having undergone intense harmonization in the last few years through the Lamfalussy regulatory architecture. Nonetheless, a European system of securities regulation is not yet in place. Regulation is predominantly domestic, each country having its own securities supervisor, while private laws affecting capital markets are still divergent. This volume examines the on-going debate on corporate and financial law reform from an interdisciplinary perspective. Part 1 explores the political determinants of corporate governance and evaluates the likelihood of convergence and the role of regulatory competition. Part 2 considers the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), its central role in the harmonization of EU securities trading, and the intense debate that preceded its adoption. Part 3 provides deeper legal analysis of the MiFID and other core harmonization measures, including the Prospectus and Transparency Directives. Part 4 takes this analysis one step further by offering future perspectives on the post-FSAP era.Less
EU policy in the area of corporate governance and capital markets is being reoriented. Harmonization is less frequently seen as a concept in company law, regulatory competition is on the rise, and experiments in soft law are being carried out. Several member States have recently reformed their corporate laws, either as a reaction to financial scandals or in an effort to enhance investment. Convergence has increased as a result, particularly towards Anglo-American standards. Yet, differences still exist, profoundly rooted in national systems of corporate governance. By contrast, capital market law would seem to be an exception having undergone intense harmonization in the last few years through the Lamfalussy regulatory architecture. Nonetheless, a European system of securities regulation is not yet in place. Regulation is predominantly domestic, each country having its own securities supervisor, while private laws affecting capital markets are still divergent. This volume examines the on-going debate on corporate and financial law reform from an interdisciplinary perspective. Part 1 explores the political determinants of corporate governance and evaluates the likelihood of convergence and the role of regulatory competition. Part 2 considers the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID), its central role in the harmonization of EU securities trading, and the intense debate that preceded its adoption. Part 3 provides deeper legal analysis of the MiFID and other core harmonization measures, including the Prospectus and Transparency Directives. Part 4 takes this analysis one step further by offering future perspectives on the post-FSAP era.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
In Chapter 11, the conclusions of Chapters 6–10 are used to derive the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency for investors and for corporate leaders. Each of the four rules revolves ...
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In Chapter 11, the conclusions of Chapters 6–10 are used to derive the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency for investors and for corporate leaders. Each of the four rules revolves around the use of a power node.Less
In Chapter 11, the conclusions of Chapters 6–10 are used to derive the Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency for investors and for corporate leaders. Each of the four rules revolves around the use of a power node.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 14 introduces the The Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency Method and presents a series of step-by-step templates for evaluation and action plans that should be implemented by ...
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Chapter 14 introduces the The Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency Method and presents a series of step-by-step templates for evaluation and action plans that should be implemented by any business leader or investor who is seriously interested in extraordinary returns. Chapter 15 through 18 contain the operating instructions for implementation of the Four Rules and for using power nodes. These guidelines are illustrated with many specific examples that successful companies have used, as well as with lessons from avoidable mistakes.Less
Chapter 14 introduces the The Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency Method and presents a series of step-by-step templates for evaluation and action plans that should be implemented by any business leader or investor who is seriously interested in extraordinary returns. Chapter 15 through 18 contain the operating instructions for implementation of the Four Rules and for using power nodes. These guidelines are illustrated with many specific examples that successful companies have used, as well as with lessons from avoidable mistakes.
Andrew Kuper
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199274901
- eISBN:
- 9780191601552
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274908.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) ...
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How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; (3) membership in, and decision procedures of, the UN General Assembly and Security Council; and (4) structures and methods of corruption control by Transparency International. Along the way, the chapter refutes those arguments about funding and sovereignty that hamper the establishment of stronger World Courts; it develops nine criteria for including non-state actors in institutions of global governance; it suggests new ideas for holding corporations and nongovernmental organizations accountable; and it explores how short-term and long-term obstacles to reform can be overcome.Less
How can the theory of Responsive Democracy guide and be implemented in political practice? This chapter proposes significant reforms to: (1) the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court; (2) the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice; (3) membership in, and decision procedures of, the UN General Assembly and Security Council; and (4) structures and methods of corruption control by Transparency International. Along the way, the chapter refutes those arguments about funding and sovereignty that hamper the establishment of stronger World Courts; it develops nine criteria for including non-state actors in institutions of global governance; it suggests new ideas for holding corporations and nongovernmental organizations accountable; and it explores how short-term and long-term obstacles to reform can be overcome.
Peter Eigen and Christian Eigen‐Zucchi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195157406
- eISBN:
- 9780199832965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195157400.003.0024
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Explains how corruption is a major hindrance to the provision of global public goods, and how international attempts to control corruption, while not always necessarily successful, constitute a ...
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Explains how corruption is a major hindrance to the provision of global public goods, and how international attempts to control corruption, while not always necessarily successful, constitute a global public good in themselves. Explores the difficult incentives surrounding the production of the global public good of corruption control. It also provides a case study showing how an international civil society organization, Transparency International, has helped to build coalitions between governments and private corporations to control corruption in the international arena.Less
Explains how corruption is a major hindrance to the provision of global public goods, and how international attempts to control corruption, while not always necessarily successful, constitute a global public good in themselves. Explores the difficult incentives surrounding the production of the global public good of corruption control. It also provides a case study showing how an international civil society organization, Transparency International, has helped to build coalitions between governments and private corporations to control corruption in the international arena.
David Sarokin and Jay Schulkin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034920
- eISBN:
- 9780262336253
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034920.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Library Science
Missed Information explores three themes about information and modern society:
(1) We are neglecting information. Even in our Information Age, we pay more attention to information technology -- the ...
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Missed Information explores three themes about information and modern society:
(1) We are neglecting information. Even in our Information Age, we pay more attention to information technology -- the means of storing, moving, protecting information -- than to information itself. "Information" is still the thing we get about other subjects, but rarely is the subject in its own right.
(2) Information, on its own, is a powerful agent of change.The old adage, "Information is power", has never been more true. Neglecting information quality can lead to system collapse, as happened in the Soviet Union and came close to happening in the subprime mortgage crisis.
(3) Better information and improved information access increases the efficiency of all society's major systems. The benefits of doing so are substantial: more citizen participation, stronger economic performance, better environmental protection and improved government and consumer services. Ultimately, better information allows society's systems to respond more effectively to our collective concerns about global sustainability, such as child labor, climate change, and chemical pollution.
The authors examine these themes in depth, not only from the perspective of broad economic, social and technological principles, but with an eye to practical innovations. The book proposes mechanisms for improving information and decision-making in health care, financial reporting, government systems and consumer purchasing, and explores the benefits to be realized once the changes are made.Less
Missed Information explores three themes about information and modern society:
(1) We are neglecting information. Even in our Information Age, we pay more attention to information technology -- the means of storing, moving, protecting information -- than to information itself. "Information" is still the thing we get about other subjects, but rarely is the subject in its own right.
(2) Information, on its own, is a powerful agent of change.The old adage, "Information is power", has never been more true. Neglecting information quality can lead to system collapse, as happened in the Soviet Union and came close to happening in the subprime mortgage crisis.
(3) Better information and improved information access increases the efficiency of all society's major systems. The benefits of doing so are substantial: more citizen participation, stronger economic performance, better environmental protection and improved government and consumer services. Ultimately, better information allows society's systems to respond more effectively to our collective concerns about global sustainability, such as child labor, climate change, and chemical pollution.
The authors examine these themes in depth, not only from the perspective of broad economic, social and technological principles, but with an eye to practical innovations. The book proposes mechanisms for improving information and decision-making in health care, financial reporting, government systems and consumer purchasing, and explores the benefits to be realized once the changes are made.
Roy T. Cook
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628462388
- eISBN:
- 9781626746831
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628462388.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
Cook’s simple question belies a deep and careful exploration – and ultimately a refutation – of the “panel transparency thesis”: the premise that “characters, objects, events, and locations within ...
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Cook’s simple question belies a deep and careful exploration – and ultimately a refutation – of the “panel transparency thesis”: the premise that “characters, objects, events, and locations within the fictional world described by a comic appear, to characters within that fiction, as they are depicted within the panels of that comic.” By way of Kendall Watson’s explorations of “fictional truth,” Cook examines the Joker’s various physiognomies in print, suggesting that, “although the Joker cannot both have and not have six-inch teeth, there is nothing contradictory about imagining that he appears to us one way during one story and that he appears to us another way during another story.” Suggesting that, given the Joker’s “multiple choice” approach to outlining his origin story, we might best understand the rendering of the character to be always already a metaphorical act, Cook concludes counter-intuitively that “we in fact know almost nothing about the Joker’s appearance.”Less
Cook’s simple question belies a deep and careful exploration – and ultimately a refutation – of the “panel transparency thesis”: the premise that “characters, objects, events, and locations within the fictional world described by a comic appear, to characters within that fiction, as they are depicted within the panels of that comic.” By way of Kendall Watson’s explorations of “fictional truth,” Cook examines the Joker’s various physiognomies in print, suggesting that, “although the Joker cannot both have and not have six-inch teeth, there is nothing contradictory about imagining that he appears to us one way during one story and that he appears to us another way during another story.” Suggesting that, given the Joker’s “multiple choice” approach to outlining his origin story, we might best understand the rendering of the character to be always already a metaphorical act, Cook concludes counter-intuitively that “we in fact know almost nothing about the Joker’s appearance.”
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262029995
- eISBN:
- 9780262333719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029995.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay ...
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.Less
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.
Francesco Denozza
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199202911
- eISBN:
- 9780191707964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199202911.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
Under European law, issuers of financial instruments must disclose as soon as possible information which would be likely to have a significant effect on the prices of those financial instruments. ...
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Under European law, issuers of financial instruments must disclose as soon as possible information which would be likely to have a significant effect on the prices of those financial instruments. When a sufficient number of investors decide whether or not to carry out stock investments in a specific company after having taken into account nonfinancial information, information of this kind can have a significant effect on the prices. It follows that the disclosure of socially relevant data may be mandatory even when those data are financially immaterial and their disclosure may harm the company and its actual shareholders. Thus, we become aware of the existence of a conflict between investors interested in nonfinancial information and other investors. The European law's choice of imposing the disclosure of nonfinancial information, even when it could harm the company and its shareholders, puts the interest of investors concerned only with the maximization of the value of their shares after the interests of other investors.Less
Under European law, issuers of financial instruments must disclose as soon as possible information which would be likely to have a significant effect on the prices of those financial instruments. When a sufficient number of investors decide whether or not to carry out stock investments in a specific company after having taken into account nonfinancial information, information of this kind can have a significant effect on the prices. It follows that the disclosure of socially relevant data may be mandatory even when those data are financially immaterial and their disclosure may harm the company and its actual shareholders. Thus, we become aware of the existence of a conflict between investors interested in nonfinancial information and other investors. The European law's choice of imposing the disclosure of nonfinancial information, even when it could harm the company and its shareholders, puts the interest of investors concerned only with the maximization of the value of their shares after the interests of other investors.
Iuliia Pliushch and Thomas Metzinger
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029346
- eISBN:
- 9780262330213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029346.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Julia Pliushch and Thomas Metzinger attempt to shed light on the phenomenon of self-deception using some of the conceptual tools offered by Metzinger’s self-model theory of subjectivity. They analyze ...
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Julia Pliushch and Thomas Metzinger attempt to shed light on the phenomenon of self-deception using some of the conceptual tools offered by Metzinger’s self-model theory of subjectivity. They analyze a selected set of recent and well-documented empirical examples for human self-deception. They then offer a functionalist and representationalist analysis of how the integration of certain kinds of information into the currently active phenomenal self-model (PSM) can be blocked, thus precluding this information to become globally available for introspection. Due to the transparency of the conscious model of the self this deficit of self-knowledge mostly remains unnoticed by the self-deceived for certain periods of time, leading to sincere reports about its content of the currently active self-model that seem implausible from the third-person perspective. Interestingly, self-deception may be based on complex causal interactions between the transparent and the opaque layers of the human PSM. Their aim is concentrate on what we take to be the most intriguing and philosophically relevant question: How is it conceivable that systematic and robust forms of misrepresentation on the level of phenomenal self-consciousness exist and are sometimes even functionally adequate, for individual human persons as well as in an evolutionary context?Less
Julia Pliushch and Thomas Metzinger attempt to shed light on the phenomenon of self-deception using some of the conceptual tools offered by Metzinger’s self-model theory of subjectivity. They analyze a selected set of recent and well-documented empirical examples for human self-deception. They then offer a functionalist and representationalist analysis of how the integration of certain kinds of information into the currently active phenomenal self-model (PSM) can be blocked, thus precluding this information to become globally available for introspection. Due to the transparency of the conscious model of the self this deficit of self-knowledge mostly remains unnoticed by the self-deceived for certain periods of time, leading to sincere reports about its content of the currently active self-model that seem implausible from the third-person perspective. Interestingly, self-deception may be based on complex causal interactions between the transparent and the opaque layers of the human PSM. Their aim is concentrate on what we take to be the most intriguing and philosophically relevant question: How is it conceivable that systematic and robust forms of misrepresentation on the level of phenomenal self-consciousness exist and are sometimes even functionally adequate, for individual human persons as well as in an evolutionary context?
Peter Larmour
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824835149
- eISBN:
- 9780824869519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824835149.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Pacific Studies
Corruption is a popular topic in the Pacific Islands. Politicians are accused of it and campaign against it. Fiji's coup leaders vowed to clean it up. Several countries have “leadership codes” ...
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Corruption is a popular topic in the Pacific Islands. Politicians are accused of it and campaign against it. Fiji's coup leaders vowed to clean it up. Several countries have “leadership codes” designed to reduce corruption, and others have created specialized anti-corruption agencies. Donors, the World Bank, and NGOs such as Transparency International have made it an international issue. Yet there is often disagreement about what constitutes corruption and how seriously it matters. What some view as corrupt may be regarded as harmless by others. Existing laws have proved difficult to enforce and seem out of step with public opinion, which is often very suspicious of corrupt behavior among island elites. As well as talk there is silence: People fear the consequences of complaining. The dangers of anti-corruption campaigns became apparent during the “cleanup” following Fiji's 2006 coup. So what counts as corruption in the Pacific and what causes it? How much is really going on? How can we measure it? What types are present? Are gifts really bribes? Is “culture” an excuse for corruption? Is politics—in particular, democracy—intrinsically corrupt? This book attempts to answer these questions. The book takes a comparative approach, drawing on economics, law, political science, and anthropology, as well as literature and poetry from the region. It looks at Transparency International's studies of National Integrity Systems and at newer research, including events since the Fiji coup.Less
Corruption is a popular topic in the Pacific Islands. Politicians are accused of it and campaign against it. Fiji's coup leaders vowed to clean it up. Several countries have “leadership codes” designed to reduce corruption, and others have created specialized anti-corruption agencies. Donors, the World Bank, and NGOs such as Transparency International have made it an international issue. Yet there is often disagreement about what constitutes corruption and how seriously it matters. What some view as corrupt may be regarded as harmless by others. Existing laws have proved difficult to enforce and seem out of step with public opinion, which is often very suspicious of corrupt behavior among island elites. As well as talk there is silence: People fear the consequences of complaining. The dangers of anti-corruption campaigns became apparent during the “cleanup” following Fiji's 2006 coup. So what counts as corruption in the Pacific and what causes it? How much is really going on? How can we measure it? What types are present? Are gifts really bribes? Is “culture” an excuse for corruption? Is politics—in particular, democracy—intrinsically corrupt? This book attempts to answer these questions. The book takes a comparative approach, drawing on economics, law, political science, and anthropology, as well as literature and poetry from the region. It looks at Transparency International's studies of National Integrity Systems and at newer research, including events since the Fiji coup.
David Huddart
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781781380253
- eISBN:
- 9781781381540
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781380253.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, English Language
This chapter explores how World Englishes can be understood as instances of cultural translation, focusing ultimately on the example of Singapore. It begins by considering the extent to which ...
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This chapter explores how World Englishes can be understood as instances of cultural translation, focusing ultimately on the example of Singapore. It begins by considering the extent to which cultural translation is a problematic because imperialist concept and practice. Arguing against a translation based on the transparency of a demanding and Western globalization, the chapter focuses on different examples of language use in Singapore that can be interpreted in terms of the performative. This stress on the performative draws on both World Englishes studies and postcolonial studies, for example the work of Homi K. Bhabha.Less
This chapter explores how World Englishes can be understood as instances of cultural translation, focusing ultimately on the example of Singapore. It begins by considering the extent to which cultural translation is a problematic because imperialist concept and practice. Arguing against a translation based on the transparency of a demanding and Western globalization, the chapter focuses on different examples of language use in Singapore that can be interpreted in terms of the performative. This stress on the performative draws on both World Englishes studies and postcolonial studies, for example the work of Homi K. Bhabha.
Graham Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036429
- eISBN:
- 9780262340984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036429.003.0004
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Chapter 4 uses the differences between LEED, Green Globes, the Living Building Challenge, and ENERGY STAR to highlight the methodological issues associated with information-based governance. The ...
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Chapter 4 uses the differences between LEED, Green Globes, the Living Building Challenge, and ENERGY STAR to highlight the methodological issues associated with information-based governance. The chapter introduces the concepts of replicability, reliability, and validity, and applies them in an analysis of the transparency and quality of the data and methods used in existing information-based initiatives. The importance of life cycle approaches to developing valid environmental information about products and companies is also discussed. With a few important exceptions, data from 245 cases of these initiatives demonstrates their general lack of methodological transparency and validity, and highlight the challenges associated with developing robust metrics of sustainability. The chapter discusses several important tradeoffs between different dimensions of validity, and suggests several strategies for managing these tradeoffs. It also identifies the most promising and problematic information generation practices found in the database and the lessons learned from these examples.Less
Chapter 4 uses the differences between LEED, Green Globes, the Living Building Challenge, and ENERGY STAR to highlight the methodological issues associated with information-based governance. The chapter introduces the concepts of replicability, reliability, and validity, and applies them in an analysis of the transparency and quality of the data and methods used in existing information-based initiatives. The importance of life cycle approaches to developing valid environmental information about products and companies is also discussed. With a few important exceptions, data from 245 cases of these initiatives demonstrates their general lack of methodological transparency and validity, and highlight the challenges associated with developing robust metrics of sustainability. The chapter discusses several important tradeoffs between different dimensions of validity, and suggests several strategies for managing these tradeoffs. It also identifies the most promising and problematic information generation practices found in the database and the lessons learned from these examples.
Graham Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036429
- eISBN:
- 9780262340984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036429.003.0006
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Chapter 6’s discussion of the outcomes of information-based governance strategies begins with a comparison of three initiatives that evaluate electronics products – ENERGY STAR, EPEAT, and TCO. It ...
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Chapter 6’s discussion of the outcomes of information-based governance strategies begins with a comparison of three initiatives that evaluate electronics products – ENERGY STAR, EPEAT, and TCO. It introduces different conceptions of effectiveness, and emphasizes that different actors may have different definitions and perceptions of effectiveness. The chapter discusses a range of hypotheses and evidence related to the effects of information on consumers, businesses, government agencies, advocacy organizations, and researchers. While some evidence shows that a few existing programs have indeed created tangible social and environmental benefits, the database of 245 cases reveals that the vast majority of information-based governance strategies have failed to provide such information about their effectiveness to the public. The chapter ends with a discussion of promising and problematic practices for tracking the environmental outcomes and benefits of information-based governance strategies.Less
Chapter 6’s discussion of the outcomes of information-based governance strategies begins with a comparison of three initiatives that evaluate electronics products – ENERGY STAR, EPEAT, and TCO. It introduces different conceptions of effectiveness, and emphasizes that different actors may have different definitions and perceptions of effectiveness. The chapter discusses a range of hypotheses and evidence related to the effects of information on consumers, businesses, government agencies, advocacy organizations, and researchers. While some evidence shows that a few existing programs have indeed created tangible social and environmental benefits, the database of 245 cases reveals that the vast majority of information-based governance strategies have failed to provide such information about their effectiveness to the public. The chapter ends with a discussion of promising and problematic practices for tracking the environmental outcomes and benefits of information-based governance strategies.
Natasha Tusikov
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520291218
- eISBN:
- 9780520965034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520291218.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The conclusion argues that Internet firms and the U.S. government have common interests in expanding the surveillance economy, which refers to the massive online accumulation of information. It also ...
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The conclusion argues that Internet firms and the U.S. government have common interests in expanding the surveillance economy, which refers to the massive online accumulation of information. It also considers measures to address the considerable challenges raised by the state-endorsed non-binding enforcement agreements. It explores ways in which states and corporations can use technology to regulate in ways that are fair, proportionate, and accountable. The chapter offers several recommendations. First is the need to cultivate greater public awareness of corporate regulation on the Internet. One way to do so is through industry transparency reports, in which corporate actors participating in the regulation disclose their involvement in regulation, a practice that has become more common following Edward Snowden’s disclosure of Internet firms’ involvement in the U.S. government’s Internet surveillance programs. The book ends with a call to establish digital rights and looks for inspiration to Brazil’s 2014 law, Marco Civil da Internet, which codified a set of digital rights.Less
The conclusion argues that Internet firms and the U.S. government have common interests in expanding the surveillance economy, which refers to the massive online accumulation of information. It also considers measures to address the considerable challenges raised by the state-endorsed non-binding enforcement agreements. It explores ways in which states and corporations can use technology to regulate in ways that are fair, proportionate, and accountable. The chapter offers several recommendations. First is the need to cultivate greater public awareness of corporate regulation on the Internet. One way to do so is through industry transparency reports, in which corporate actors participating in the regulation disclose their involvement in regulation, a practice that has become more common following Edward Snowden’s disclosure of Internet firms’ involvement in the U.S. government’s Internet surveillance programs. The book ends with a call to establish digital rights and looks for inspiration to Brazil’s 2014 law, Marco Civil da Internet, which codified a set of digital rights.
Gay Hawkins, Emily Potter, and Kane Race
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029414
- eISBN:
- 9780262329521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029414.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter takes the ‘bottle’ part of bottled water seriously and investigates the history and invention of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle in the 1970s. Its central claim is that this ...
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This chapter takes the ‘bottle’ part of bottled water seriously and investigates the history and invention of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle in the 1970s. Its central claim is that this new packaging material significantly rematerialized the beverages industry and formed potent new alliances with water. The PET bottle is investigated as an actant whose effects on beverages markets must be considered as an event. That is, something that prompts a proliferation of new relations and networks. The processes whereby bottles became actants and market devices are analysed with a particular focus on how their distinct sociomaterial qualities were stabilised through research and development and how they came to shape new values and qualities for water, new drinking practices such as carrying water with you at all times, and new disposal methods.Less
This chapter takes the ‘bottle’ part of bottled water seriously and investigates the history and invention of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle in the 1970s. Its central claim is that this new packaging material significantly rematerialized the beverages industry and formed potent new alliances with water. The PET bottle is investigated as an actant whose effects on beverages markets must be considered as an event. That is, something that prompts a proliferation of new relations and networks. The processes whereby bottles became actants and market devices are analysed with a particular focus on how their distinct sociomaterial qualities were stabilised through research and development and how they came to shape new values and qualities for water, new drinking practices such as carrying water with you at all times, and new disposal methods.
Robert W. Poole Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226557571
- eISBN:
- 9780226557601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226557601.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
After explaining traditional utilities and their regulation by utility commissions, this chapter suggests how highway utilities would be governed. Based on overseas experience, it proposes the ...
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After explaining traditional utilities and their regulation by utility commissions, this chapter suggests how highway utilities would be governed. Based on overseas experience, it proposes the long-term concession agreement as the means of regulatory oversight. It also sets forth value-added tolling provisions aimed at customer protection.Less
After explaining traditional utilities and their regulation by utility commissions, this chapter suggests how highway utilities would be governed. Based on overseas experience, it proposes the long-term concession agreement as the means of regulatory oversight. It also sets forth value-added tolling provisions aimed at customer protection.
C. Raj Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198077329
- eISBN:
- 9780199081004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077329.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter examines the proposal for the establishment of an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in India. It contends that this proposal recognizes the inherent challenges of any ...
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This chapter examines the proposal for the establishment of an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in India. It contends that this proposal recognizes the inherent challenges of any institutional approach to seeking reforms, given the bottlenecks and obstacles for enforcement of the rule of law. It discusses the necessary framework for a successful anti-corruption agency, according to Transparency International. These include committed political backing at the highest levels of government, adequate resources to undertake its mission, and adequate powers of access to documentation and for the questioning of witnesses.Less
This chapter examines the proposal for the establishment of an Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) in India. It contends that this proposal recognizes the inherent challenges of any institutional approach to seeking reforms, given the bottlenecks and obstacles for enforcement of the rule of law. It discusses the necessary framework for a successful anti-corruption agency, according to Transparency International. These include committed political backing at the highest levels of government, adequate resources to undertake its mission, and adequate powers of access to documentation and for the questioning of witnesses.
Quassim Cassam
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199657575
- eISBN:
- 9780191793110
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199657575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Rationalism about self-knowledge, of the kind elaborated and defended by writers such as Moran and Boyle, is an account of self-knowledge for an ideally rational homo philosophicus rather than for ...
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Rationalism about self-knowledge, of the kind elaborated and defended by writers such as Moran and Boyle, is an account of self-knowledge for an ideally rational homo philosophicus rather than for homo sapiens. Fast thinking, belief-perseverance, attitude-recalcitrance, and self-ignorance are all respects in which human beings are not homo philosophicus. Rationalism says that what my beliefs and other attitudes are can be determined by reflecting on what they ought rationally to be. This Transparency Method for acquiring self-knowledge is of limited value, and substitutes a harder question for a much easier one. This book defends a form of inferentialism about self-knowledge. Inferences from behavioural and psychological evidence are a basic source of self-knowledge for humans, including substantial self-knowledge and knowledge of our own beliefs, desires, and other attitudes. On this account, the supposed asymmetry between knowledge of oneself and knowledge of others is a difference in the kinds of evidence available in the two cases. Philosophical accounts of self-knowledge are criticized for neglecting substantial self-knowledge and focusing on relatively trivial self-knowledge. Knowledge of our own character, values, and emotions are all explained in inferentialist terms. Inner sense approaches to self-knowledge are rejected, and an account is given of the scope and sources of self-ignorance. The value of self-knowledge is explained in practical or pragmatic terms, by reference to its contribution to well-being, rather than by reference to ideals such as authenticity and unity.Less
Rationalism about self-knowledge, of the kind elaborated and defended by writers such as Moran and Boyle, is an account of self-knowledge for an ideally rational homo philosophicus rather than for homo sapiens. Fast thinking, belief-perseverance, attitude-recalcitrance, and self-ignorance are all respects in which human beings are not homo philosophicus. Rationalism says that what my beliefs and other attitudes are can be determined by reflecting on what they ought rationally to be. This Transparency Method for acquiring self-knowledge is of limited value, and substitutes a harder question for a much easier one. This book defends a form of inferentialism about self-knowledge. Inferences from behavioural and psychological evidence are a basic source of self-knowledge for humans, including substantial self-knowledge and knowledge of our own beliefs, desires, and other attitudes. On this account, the supposed asymmetry between knowledge of oneself and knowledge of others is a difference in the kinds of evidence available in the two cases. Philosophical accounts of self-knowledge are criticized for neglecting substantial self-knowledge and focusing on relatively trivial self-knowledge. Knowledge of our own character, values, and emotions are all explained in inferentialist terms. Inner sense approaches to self-knowledge are rejected, and an account is given of the scope and sources of self-ignorance. The value of self-knowledge is explained in practical or pragmatic terms, by reference to its contribution to well-being, rather than by reference to ideals such as authenticity and unity.
Konstantinos Adamantopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199265329
- eISBN:
- 9780191699030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265329.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The flip-side of the European Treaty's neutrality between public and private ownership is the equal application of the competition rules to both public and private undertakings as indicated in ...
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The flip-side of the European Treaty's neutrality between public and private ownership is the equal application of the competition rules to both public and private undertakings as indicated in Article 86(1) of the EC Treaty. The meaning of a ‘public undertaking’ is provided. The European Commission issued the Transparency Directive which compels Member States to supply the Commission with all needed data in order for the public funds supplied to public undertakings to ‘emerge’ clearly as well as the use to which they were put. The concept of State aid and the market economy principle is also addressed. In addition, the 1994 guidelines on the application of the State aid rules to the aviation sector are offered. The Commission underlines in its recent Communication that the events of 11 September 2001 should not be used by Member States or indeed the airlines themselves as a ‘pretext for bypassing the existing framework for aid [for] restructuring’.Less
The flip-side of the European Treaty's neutrality between public and private ownership is the equal application of the competition rules to both public and private undertakings as indicated in Article 86(1) of the EC Treaty. The meaning of a ‘public undertaking’ is provided. The European Commission issued the Transparency Directive which compels Member States to supply the Commission with all needed data in order for the public funds supplied to public undertakings to ‘emerge’ clearly as well as the use to which they were put. The concept of State aid and the market economy principle is also addressed. In addition, the 1994 guidelines on the application of the State aid rules to the aviation sector are offered. The Commission underlines in its recent Communication that the events of 11 September 2001 should not be used by Member States or indeed the airlines themselves as a ‘pretext for bypassing the existing framework for aid [for] restructuring’.
