Yingyi Qian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262534246
- eISBN:
- 9780262342728
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262534246.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi ...
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As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.Less
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.
Roland Vogt (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083879
- eISBN:
- 9789882209077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083879.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
EU-China ties have evolved from the early tentative contacts in the late 1970s to a full-blown 'strategic partnership.' But doubt needs to be cast on the foundations of this relationship: what are ...
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EU-China ties have evolved from the early tentative contacts in the late 1970s to a full-blown 'strategic partnership.' But doubt needs to be cast on the foundations of this relationship: what are the mutual interests and how strategic are they? In fact, EU-China ties are in a transitional period. Gone is the early ignorance and exuberance and now a more pragmatic tone has set in. Europe and China have struggled to define their growing global roles and their positions vis-�is each other. The outcome has been that China has tended to overestimate the EU and what it can deliver for a future multipolar order.Less
EU-China ties have evolved from the early tentative contacts in the late 1970s to a full-blown 'strategic partnership.' But doubt needs to be cast on the foundations of this relationship: what are the mutual interests and how strategic are they? In fact, EU-China ties are in a transitional period. Gone is the early ignorance and exuberance and now a more pragmatic tone has set in. Europe and China have struggled to define their growing global roles and their positions vis-�is each other. The outcome has been that China has tended to overestimate the EU and what it can deliver for a future multipolar order.
Harry S. Laver and Jeffrey J. Matthews (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813174723
- eISBN:
- 9780813174778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813174723.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core ...
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The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core characteristics of effective leadership, such as vision, charisma, determination, and integrity, and apply them to significant figures in American military history. In doing so, they argue that leadership is a learned and practiced skill, developed through conscious effort and mentoring by superiors. Tracing the careers, traits, and behaviors of eleven legendary leaders, including Ulysses Grant, George Marshall, Henry Arnold, and David Shoup, each chapter provides detailed critical analysis of a leader's personal development and leadership style. This historically grounded exploration delivers an insightful examination of various military command styles that transcend time, place, rank, and branch of service.Less
The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core characteristics of effective leadership, such as vision, charisma, determination, and integrity, and apply them to significant figures in American military history. In doing so, they argue that leadership is a learned and practiced skill, developed through conscious effort and mentoring by superiors. Tracing the careers, traits, and behaviors of eleven legendary leaders, including Ulysses Grant, George Marshall, Henry Arnold, and David Shoup, each chapter provides detailed critical analysis of a leader's personal development and leadership style. This historically grounded exploration delivers an insightful examination of various military command styles that transcend time, place, rank, and branch of service.
Judith Renner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780719088025
- eISBN:
- 9781781705872
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719088025.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book offers a new and critical perspective on the global reconciliation technology by highlighting its contingent and highly political character as an authoritative practice of post-conflict ...
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This book offers a new and critical perspective on the global reconciliation technology by highlighting its contingent and highly political character as an authoritative practice of post-conflict peacebuilding. After retracing the emergence of the reconciliation discourse from South Africa to the global level, the book demonstrates how implementing reconciliation in post-conflict societies is a highly political practice which entails potentially undesirable consequences for the post-conflict societies to which it is deployed. Inquiring into the example of Sierra Leone, the book shows how the reconciliation discourse brings about the marginalization and neutralization of political claims and identities of local populations by producing these societies as being composed of the ‘victims’ and ‘perpetrators’ of past human rights violations which are first and foremost in need of reconciliation and healing.Less
This book offers a new and critical perspective on the global reconciliation technology by highlighting its contingent and highly political character as an authoritative practice of post-conflict peacebuilding. After retracing the emergence of the reconciliation discourse from South Africa to the global level, the book demonstrates how implementing reconciliation in post-conflict societies is a highly political practice which entails potentially undesirable consequences for the post-conflict societies to which it is deployed. Inquiring into the example of Sierra Leone, the book shows how the reconciliation discourse brings about the marginalization and neutralization of political claims and identities of local populations by producing these societies as being composed of the ‘victims’ and ‘perpetrators’ of past human rights violations which are first and foremost in need of reconciliation and healing.
Anne Lambright
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781781382516
- eISBN:
- 9781786945471
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781382516.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru studies how literature, drama, film, and the visual arts contest the dominant narrative of national ...
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Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru studies how literature, drama, film, and the visual arts contest the dominant narrative of national peace and reconciliation, as constructed by Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Established in 2001, the Commission aimed to ‘investigate and make public the truth’ of the country’s twenty-year civil war, drawing upon homologous predecessors that provided a highly scripted model of truth-gathering and national healing. In this model, a predetermined collective mourning, catharsis, and reconciliation would move the nation forward in a consensually-determined fashion. Andean Truths shows that the Peruvian case proves internationally-endorsed models insufficient for arriving at the ‘truth’ of a national trauma that primarily affected disenfranchised ethnic groups, namely, the Andean Quechua speaking populations that accounted for the overwhelming majority of victims of the violence. Even as scholars recognize the importance of bringing multiple voices to the table in discussing post-Shining Path Peru, the question remains of what a more Andean-oriented transitional justice process might entail. Drawing on theories of decoloniality, intercultural communication and epistemological diversity (following scholars such as Enrique Dussel, Aníbal Quijano and Boaventura de Sousa Santos), this book analyzes cultural products, from the theater of Yuyachkani to the narrative of Oscar Colchado Lucio, the art of Edilberto Jiménez, and other popular artistic responses, that highlight Andean understandings of the conflict and its aftermath. These cultural products challenge dominant understandings of the conflict and question Peru’s ability to overcome its collective trauma without seriously reconsidering prevailing cultural paradigms.Less
Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru studies how literature, drama, film, and the visual arts contest the dominant narrative of national peace and reconciliation, as constructed by Peru’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Established in 2001, the Commission aimed to ‘investigate and make public the truth’ of the country’s twenty-year civil war, drawing upon homologous predecessors that provided a highly scripted model of truth-gathering and national healing. In this model, a predetermined collective mourning, catharsis, and reconciliation would move the nation forward in a consensually-determined fashion. Andean Truths shows that the Peruvian case proves internationally-endorsed models insufficient for arriving at the ‘truth’ of a national trauma that primarily affected disenfranchised ethnic groups, namely, the Andean Quechua speaking populations that accounted for the overwhelming majority of victims of the violence. Even as scholars recognize the importance of bringing multiple voices to the table in discussing post-Shining Path Peru, the question remains of what a more Andean-oriented transitional justice process might entail. Drawing on theories of decoloniality, intercultural communication and epistemological diversity (following scholars such as Enrique Dussel, Aníbal Quijano and Boaventura de Sousa Santos), this book analyzes cultural products, from the theater of Yuyachkani to the narrative of Oscar Colchado Lucio, the art of Edilberto Jiménez, and other popular artistic responses, that highlight Andean understandings of the conflict and its aftermath. These cultural products challenge dominant understandings of the conflict and question Peru’s ability to overcome its collective trauma without seriously reconsidering prevailing cultural paradigms.
Ibrahim Fraihat
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300215632
- eISBN:
- 9780300220957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300215632.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
While toppling decades-old authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen took only months, rebuilding these states will likely take years. This book argues that to transition to sustainable ...
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While toppling decades-old authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen took only months, rebuilding these states will likely take years. This book argues that to transition to sustainable peace and stability, these societies must engage in an inclusive national reconciliation process. Based on over 200 interviews with key figures in Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen, this book identifies the greatest drivers of the polarization afflicting each country and the specific national reconciliation processes that can best address them. Dr. Sharqieh finds that an effective national reconciliation process must include a national dialogue, a truth seeking effort, the reparation of victims’ past injuries, dealing with the former regime, and institutional reform. Each subject country has taken different approaches thus far. Tunisia held a homegrown national dialogue driven mainly by civil society organizations and Yemen completed a ten-month, UN-assisted conference, but Libya has been unable to begin a national dialogue thus far. Party politics and limited resources have influenced the other reconciliation processes. While Libya opted to purge all those who served in Muammar Qaddafi’s regime, Yemen chose to grant President Saleh immunity from prosecution in return for his abdication. Tunisia, meanwhile, has adopted a transitional justice law that mandates the investigation and prosecution of the state’s past crimes. These processes, especially if supported by key agents of reconciliation including women, civil society, and tribes, can combine to create the momentum needed to bridge divides and help Arab Spring societies move toward peace, stability, and development.Less
While toppling decades-old authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen took only months, rebuilding these states will likely take years. This book argues that to transition to sustainable peace and stability, these societies must engage in an inclusive national reconciliation process. Based on over 200 interviews with key figures in Tunisia, Libya, and Yemen, this book identifies the greatest drivers of the polarization afflicting each country and the specific national reconciliation processes that can best address them. Dr. Sharqieh finds that an effective national reconciliation process must include a national dialogue, a truth seeking effort, the reparation of victims’ past injuries, dealing with the former regime, and institutional reform. Each subject country has taken different approaches thus far. Tunisia held a homegrown national dialogue driven mainly by civil society organizations and Yemen completed a ten-month, UN-assisted conference, but Libya has been unable to begin a national dialogue thus far. Party politics and limited resources have influenced the other reconciliation processes. While Libya opted to purge all those who served in Muammar Qaddafi’s regime, Yemen chose to grant President Saleh immunity from prosecution in return for his abdication. Tunisia, meanwhile, has adopted a transitional justice law that mandates the investigation and prosecution of the state’s past crimes. These processes, especially if supported by key agents of reconciliation including women, civil society, and tribes, can combine to create the momentum needed to bridge divides and help Arab Spring societies move toward peace, stability, and development.
Drucilla Cornell
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823257577
- eISBN:
- 9780823261574
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823257577.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book grapples with fundamental questions regarding what type of revolution took place in South Africa over a more than 50 year long struggle. Each chapter grapples with the questions related to ...
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This book grapples with fundamental questions regarding what type of revolution took place in South Africa over a more than 50 year long struggle. Each chapter grapples with the questions related to the idea that the revolution in South Africa was a substantive revolution, because of its insistence on the establishment of a democratic and constitutional state that recognized the thoroughgoing wrongs of the colonial and apartheid past.Less
This book grapples with fundamental questions regarding what type of revolution took place in South Africa over a more than 50 year long struggle. Each chapter grapples with the questions related to the idea that the revolution in South Africa was a substantive revolution, because of its insistence on the establishment of a democratic and constitutional state that recognized the thoroughgoing wrongs of the colonial and apartheid past.
Sylvia de Bertodano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199276745
- eISBN:
- 9780191707650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276745.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
One of the major issues facing the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) when it arrived in East Timor in October 1999 was the question of how those responsible for the ...
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One of the major issues facing the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) when it arrived in East Timor in October 1999 was the question of how those responsible for the violence of the preceding ten months were to be brought to justice. UNTAET created the Special Panels for Serious Crimes (composed of national and international judges) in East Timor's capital Dili, to try suspects in East Timor. These panels are the first specially constructed internationalized courts which have tried serious crimes within a local justice system. However, due to a lack of commitment in terms of funding, personnel, and political will, the success of this experiment has been limited. This chapter reviews the experiment in internationalized justice taking place in Dili. In an attempt to provide an overall assessment, it also discusses the progress of the ad hoc tribunal in Jakarta, Indonesia.Less
One of the major issues facing the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) when it arrived in East Timor in October 1999 was the question of how those responsible for the violence of the preceding ten months were to be brought to justice. UNTAET created the Special Panels for Serious Crimes (composed of national and international judges) in East Timor's capital Dili, to try suspects in East Timor. These panels are the first specially constructed internationalized courts which have tried serious crimes within a local justice system. However, due to a lack of commitment in terms of funding, personnel, and political will, the success of this experiment has been limited. This chapter reviews the experiment in internationalized justice taking place in Dili. In an attempt to provide an overall assessment, it also discusses the progress of the ad hoc tribunal in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Chandra Sriram (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190628567
- eISBN:
- 9780190686567
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The social and political uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, designated the “Arab Spring” because the most visible ruptures appeared in the spring of 2011, drew global ...
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The social and political uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, designated the “Arab Spring” because the most visible ruptures appeared in the spring of 2011, drew global attention not only because they presented broad-based political protest against regimes which were long- entrenched, whether authoritarian or monarchical. They were landmark events because they led to the removal of several heads of state, and prompted discussions of institutional reform. Notably, they also entailed a broad range of human rights claims, both those related to abuses by prior regimes of civil and political rights and bodily integrity, but also of socio-economic rights. In short, they not only put transitional justice on the political agenda in a region of the world where it was seldom discussed (despite limited experiments in Morocco), but also put forward a broader view of transitional justice than that which has traditionally been implemented. However, many of these transitions have since stalled, leaving transitional justice similarly stalled, stunted, or manipulated for political ends. These phenomena are not unique to the MENA region, but rather experiences from elsewhere with limited or frozen transition may be informative to the region. The chapters in this volume, written largely by experts in the region, draw upon pre- and post-Arab Spring use of transitional justice mechanisms in a range of countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, Morocco, and Bahrain.Less
The social and political uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, designated the “Arab Spring” because the most visible ruptures appeared in the spring of 2011, drew global attention not only because they presented broad-based political protest against regimes which were long- entrenched, whether authoritarian or monarchical. They were landmark events because they led to the removal of several heads of state, and prompted discussions of institutional reform. Notably, they also entailed a broad range of human rights claims, both those related to abuses by prior regimes of civil and political rights and bodily integrity, but also of socio-economic rights. In short, they not only put transitional justice on the political agenda in a region of the world where it was seldom discussed (despite limited experiments in Morocco), but also put forward a broader view of transitional justice than that which has traditionally been implemented. However, many of these transitions have since stalled, leaving transitional justice similarly stalled, stunted, or manipulated for political ends. These phenomena are not unique to the MENA region, but rather experiences from elsewhere with limited or frozen transition may be informative to the region. The chapters in this volume, written largely by experts in the region, draw upon pre- and post-Arab Spring use of transitional justice mechanisms in a range of countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, Morocco, and Bahrain.
M. Anne Brown
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719061059
- eISBN:
- 9781781700365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719061059.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
East Timor was forcibly incorporated into Indonesia in 1975 and managed to become independent almost twenty-five years later. Now the territory, poised on the edge of statehood, is undergoing ...
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East Timor was forcibly incorporated into Indonesia in 1975 and managed to become independent almost twenty-five years later. Now the territory, poised on the edge of statehood, is undergoing transition, but also flux and confusion. At the time of writing, the United Nations Transitional Authority for East Timor (UNTAET) is effectively the Government of East Timor, with elections for a constituent assembly to determine a constitution expected in August 2001. This chapter examines the immediate background to Indonesia's violent process of incorporation and the pattern of abuse that characterised it. To emphasise human rights promotion as grounded in exchange with the actual patterns of social practice involved casts a different light on the apparent self-evidence of that polarisation, as the story of East Timor suggests. Effective self-determination and effective international understanding of and response to East Timor's evolving circumstances may be anything but simple. Answers to questions around how to build a reasonably peaceful political order that East Timor's circumstances pose for its own population and leadership, and for others, may be fundamental to how we understand political community.Less
East Timor was forcibly incorporated into Indonesia in 1975 and managed to become independent almost twenty-five years later. Now the territory, poised on the edge of statehood, is undergoing transition, but also flux and confusion. At the time of writing, the United Nations Transitional Authority for East Timor (UNTAET) is effectively the Government of East Timor, with elections for a constituent assembly to determine a constitution expected in August 2001. This chapter examines the immediate background to Indonesia's violent process of incorporation and the pattern of abuse that characterised it. To emphasise human rights promotion as grounded in exchange with the actual patterns of social practice involved casts a different light on the apparent self-evidence of that polarisation, as the story of East Timor suggests. Effective self-determination and effective international understanding of and response to East Timor's evolving circumstances may be anything but simple. Answers to questions around how to build a reasonably peaceful political order that East Timor's circumstances pose for its own population and leadership, and for others, may be fundamental to how we understand political community.
Stéphane Lacroix and Jean-Pierre Filiu (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190876081
- eISBN:
- 9780190943097
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190876081.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Since 2013, the Middle East has experienced a double trend of chaos and civil war, on the one hand, and the return of authoritarianism, on the other. That convergence has eclipsed the political ...
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Since 2013, the Middle East has experienced a double trend of chaos and civil war, on the one hand, and the return of authoritarianism, on the other. That convergence has eclipsed the political transitions that occurred in the countries whose regimes were toppled in 2011, as if they were merely footnotes to a narrative that naturally led from an “Arab Spring” to an “Arab Winter”.
This volume aims at rehabilitating those transitions, by considering them as expressions of a “revolutionary moment” whose outcome was never pre-determined, but depended on the choices of a large range of actors. It brings together leading scholars of Arab politics to adopt a comparative approach to a few crucial aspects of those transitions: constitutional debates, the question of transitional justice, the evolution of civil-military relations, and the role of specific actors, both domestic and international.Less
Since 2013, the Middle East has experienced a double trend of chaos and civil war, on the one hand, and the return of authoritarianism, on the other. That convergence has eclipsed the political transitions that occurred in the countries whose regimes were toppled in 2011, as if they were merely footnotes to a narrative that naturally led from an “Arab Spring” to an “Arab Winter”.
This volume aims at rehabilitating those transitions, by considering them as expressions of a “revolutionary moment” whose outcome was never pre-determined, but depended on the choices of a large range of actors. It brings together leading scholars of Arab politics to adopt a comparative approach to a few crucial aspects of those transitions: constitutional debates, the question of transitional justice, the evolution of civil-military relations, and the role of specific actors, both domestic and international.
Ronen Steinberg
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501739248
- eISBN:
- 9781501739255
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501739248.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines how those who lived through the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution struggled to come to terms with it. It shows that, contrary to claims that are made often in the ...
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This book examines how those who lived through the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution struggled to come to terms with it. It shows that, contrary to claims that are made often in the literature, there were complicated, painful, and often honest debates about how to deal with the effects of mass violence on self and society after the Terror. Revolutionary leaders, relatives of victims, and ordinary citizens argued about how to hold those responsible for the violence accountable, how to offer some sort of relief to the victims, and how to commemorate this controversial episode in the politically charged climate of post-revolutionary France. Their solutions were not perfect, but their debates were innovative. The dilemmas that they struggled with, dilemmas around retribution, redress, and remembrance, derived from the democratizing impulses of the Revolution. Drawing on the concept of transitional justice and on the literature about the major traumas of the twentieth century, this book argues that the modern question of what to do with difficult pasts was born out of the social and political upheavals of the 18th century’s Age of Revolutions.
Less
This book examines how those who lived through the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution struggled to come to terms with it. It shows that, contrary to claims that are made often in the literature, there were complicated, painful, and often honest debates about how to deal with the effects of mass violence on self and society after the Terror. Revolutionary leaders, relatives of victims, and ordinary citizens argued about how to hold those responsible for the violence accountable, how to offer some sort of relief to the victims, and how to commemorate this controversial episode in the politically charged climate of post-revolutionary France. Their solutions were not perfect, but their debates were innovative. The dilemmas that they struggled with, dilemmas around retribution, redress, and remembrance, derived from the democratizing impulses of the Revolution. Drawing on the concept of transitional justice and on the literature about the major traumas of the twentieth century, this book argues that the modern question of what to do with difficult pasts was born out of the social and political upheavals of the 18th century’s Age of Revolutions.
Sonali Chakravarti
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226119984
- eISBN:
- 9780226120041
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226120041.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996-1998) was an unprecedented step in developing an institution of transitional justice that incorporated emotional responses to mass violence ...
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The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996-1998) was an unprecedented step in developing an institution of transitional justice that incorporated emotional responses to mass violence within the context of victim testimony. However, it was unable to recognize the significance of anger in a clear way. The obstacles it revealed in its engagement with anger were reminiscent of debates within the history of political thought on the relationship between anger and justice. Two of the most provocative philosophical positions on this question, that of Adam Smith and Hannah Arendt, are assessed in order to understand the fears surrounding the expression of anger in politics and the costs of its exclusion. The book argues that the expression of anger is vital to the success of transitional justice processes because it can reveal the perceptions of the state, including the emerging political order, of those who had previously been excluded and the obstacles to their full participation in the new society. It also reveals the limits of political life altogether. Most importantly, an engagement with anger can contribute to the development of trust among citizens through the practice of mutual risk.Less
The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1996-1998) was an unprecedented step in developing an institution of transitional justice that incorporated emotional responses to mass violence within the context of victim testimony. However, it was unable to recognize the significance of anger in a clear way. The obstacles it revealed in its engagement with anger were reminiscent of debates within the history of political thought on the relationship between anger and justice. Two of the most provocative philosophical positions on this question, that of Adam Smith and Hannah Arendt, are assessed in order to understand the fears surrounding the expression of anger in politics and the costs of its exclusion. The book argues that the expression of anger is vital to the success of transitional justice processes because it can reveal the perceptions of the state, including the emerging political order, of those who had previously been excluded and the obstacles to their full participation in the new society. It also reveals the limits of political life altogether. Most importantly, an engagement with anger can contribute to the development of trust among citizens through the practice of mutual risk.
Carrol Clarkson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823254156
- eISBN:
- 9780823260898
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823254156.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Drawing the Line examines the ways in which cultural, political, and legal lines are imagined, drawn, crossed, erased, and redrawn in post-apartheid South Africa— through literary texts, artworks, ...
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Drawing the Line examines the ways in which cultural, political, and legal lines are imagined, drawn, crossed, erased, and redrawn in post-apartheid South Africa— through literary texts, artworks, and other forms of cultural production. Under the rubric of a philosophy of the limit, and with reference to a range of signifying acts and events, this book asks what it takes to recalibrate a socio-political scene, shifting perceptions of what counts and what matters, of what can be seen and heard, of what can be valued or regarded as meaningful. The book thus argues for an aesthetics of transitional justice and makes an appeal for a post-apartheid aesthetic inquiry, as opposed to simply a political or a legal one. Each chapter brings a South African artwork, text, speech, building, or social encounter into the ambit of topical conversations in critical theory and continental philosophy, asking: What challenge do these South African acts of signification and resignification pose, and what contribution do they make to current literary-philosophical thinking?Less
Drawing the Line examines the ways in which cultural, political, and legal lines are imagined, drawn, crossed, erased, and redrawn in post-apartheid South Africa— through literary texts, artworks, and other forms of cultural production. Under the rubric of a philosophy of the limit, and with reference to a range of signifying acts and events, this book asks what it takes to recalibrate a socio-political scene, shifting perceptions of what counts and what matters, of what can be seen and heard, of what can be valued or regarded as meaningful. The book thus argues for an aesthetics of transitional justice and makes an appeal for a post-apartheid aesthetic inquiry, as opposed to simply a political or a legal one. Each chapter brings a South African artwork, text, speech, building, or social encounter into the ambit of topical conversations in critical theory and continental philosophy, asking: What challenge do these South African acts of signification and resignification pose, and what contribution do they make to current literary-philosophical thinking?
Andrew A. G. Ross
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226077390
- eISBN:
- 9780226077567
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226077567.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book explores the complex and creative role of emotion in global politics. From casual observers to trained experts, people care about challenges such as terrorism, violent conflict, and ...
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This book explores the complex and creative role of emotion in global politics. From casual observers to trained experts, people care about challenges such as terrorism, violent conflict, and humanitarian crises; these are not just technical problems demanding solutions but also matters possessing emotional urgency and appeal. Political problems acquire emotional significance when they involve human suffering, political controversy, and other qualities of pressing moral concern. But, as this book shows, emotional intensity is also shaped by lived experience of events, communicative practices, and social interactions. The book studies emotional dimensions of global politics by investigating they way everyday social interactions intensify, harmonize, and blend the emotional responses of participants. It begins with on-the-ground events such as protests, speeches, and commemoration rituals and then traces the emotions they evoke among co-participants— both elites and ordinary people, near and far. Revisiting well-studied civil conflicts from the 1990s, as well as the War on Terror from the 2000s, the book uncovers emotional effects missed by research trained on identities, institutions, or interests. Drawing widely from current research in neuroscience, microsociology, and cultural theory, the book reconceptualizes the social genesis of emotion and their distinctive impact on global politics.Less
This book explores the complex and creative role of emotion in global politics. From casual observers to trained experts, people care about challenges such as terrorism, violent conflict, and humanitarian crises; these are not just technical problems demanding solutions but also matters possessing emotional urgency and appeal. Political problems acquire emotional significance when they involve human suffering, political controversy, and other qualities of pressing moral concern. But, as this book shows, emotional intensity is also shaped by lived experience of events, communicative practices, and social interactions. The book studies emotional dimensions of global politics by investigating they way everyday social interactions intensify, harmonize, and blend the emotional responses of participants. It begins with on-the-ground events such as protests, speeches, and commemoration rituals and then traces the emotions they evoke among co-participants— both elites and ordinary people, near and far. Revisiting well-studied civil conflicts from the 1990s, as well as the War on Terror from the 2000s, the book uncovers emotional effects missed by research trained on identities, institutions, or interests. Drawing widely from current research in neuroscience, microsociology, and cultural theory, the book reconceptualizes the social genesis of emotion and their distinctive impact on global politics.
Claire Moon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447300359
- eISBN:
- 9781447311706
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300359.003.0015
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter looks at reparations made to victims of atrocities. It looks in particular at the significance and meaning of reparative values and practices, which are often part of the process of ...
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This chapter looks at reparations made to victims of atrocities. It looks in particular at the significance and meaning of reparative values and practices, which are often part of the process of reckoning with past state crimes, with reference to transitional justice processes in Argentina and South Africa. The chapter critiques both ‘values’—the normative dimensions of reconciliation—and ‘value’—as compensation—in repairing the crimes of the past by investigating cases where victim groups have contested, and even refused, reparatory attempts. By analysing the reception of reparations by victims, this chapter advances a rethinking of the normative terrain and practices of power upon which reconciliatory politics is predicated. In so doing, it outlines the ways in which reparations can also perform as social control mechanisms that delimit victim claims to justice. It also attends to what these cases tell us about the social and political power that humanitarian—specifically reparative—values accrue at particular historical junctures.Less
This chapter looks at reparations made to victims of atrocities. It looks in particular at the significance and meaning of reparative values and practices, which are often part of the process of reckoning with past state crimes, with reference to transitional justice processes in Argentina and South Africa. The chapter critiques both ‘values’—the normative dimensions of reconciliation—and ‘value’—as compensation—in repairing the crimes of the past by investigating cases where victim groups have contested, and even refused, reparatory attempts. By analysing the reception of reparations by victims, this chapter advances a rethinking of the normative terrain and practices of power upon which reconciliatory politics is predicated. In so doing, it outlines the ways in which reparations can also perform as social control mechanisms that delimit victim claims to justice. It also attends to what these cases tell us about the social and political power that humanitarian—specifically reparative—values accrue at particular historical junctures.
Jonathan VanAntwerpen
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199364862
- eISBN:
- 9780199364893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199364862.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Within the brief history of the field of transitional justice, South African renderings of reconciliation both loom large and occupy an exceptional and somewhat unstable place. This chapter, ...
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Within the brief history of the field of transitional justice, South African renderings of reconciliation both loom large and occupy an exceptional and somewhat unstable place. This chapter, critically examines this placement by considering, first (and all too partially), the history of reconciliation in South Africa and the place of the South African TRC within the recent history of truth commissions, and second, the ambivalent uptake of the language of reconciliation on the part of elite international actors within the field of transitional justice, with a particular view to the International Center of Transitional Justice, founded in the aftermath of the South African TRC and the world’s largest nongovernmental organization devoted specifically to the theory and practice of transitional justice.Less
Within the brief history of the field of transitional justice, South African renderings of reconciliation both loom large and occupy an exceptional and somewhat unstable place. This chapter, critically examines this placement by considering, first (and all too partially), the history of reconciliation in South Africa and the place of the South African TRC within the recent history of truth commissions, and second, the ambivalent uptake of the language of reconciliation on the part of elite international actors within the field of transitional justice, with a particular view to the International Center of Transitional Justice, founded in the aftermath of the South African TRC and the world’s largest nongovernmental organization devoted specifically to the theory and practice of transitional justice.
Lore Colaert
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061603
- eISBN:
- 9780813051222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061603.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
Forensic exhumations are part of transitional justice processes worldwide. In a “forensic turn” in memory politics, the judicial evidence found on victim's bodies is believed to contribute to the ...
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Forensic exhumations are part of transitional justice processes worldwide. In a “forensic turn” in memory politics, the judicial evidence found on victim's bodies is believed to contribute to the historic record. A recent memory movement in Spain, for example, uses exhumations of mass graves from the Civil War era and Francoist dictatorship to break Spain's “pact of forgetting.” Contrary to international trends, however, the Spanish exhumations are conducted outside a legal framework. Moreover, given that Spain's war record is subject to a prohibition on political representation, the exhumations do not so much reveal unknown facts as they uncover silences. Colaert contends that although the inscription of Spain's collective memory in the forensic turn helps to overcome political silences regarding a violent past, it also limits the exhumations' contribution to the search for forensic truth.Less
Forensic exhumations are part of transitional justice processes worldwide. In a “forensic turn” in memory politics, the judicial evidence found on victim's bodies is believed to contribute to the historic record. A recent memory movement in Spain, for example, uses exhumations of mass graves from the Civil War era and Francoist dictatorship to break Spain's “pact of forgetting.” Contrary to international trends, however, the Spanish exhumations are conducted outside a legal framework. Moreover, given that Spain's war record is subject to a prohibition on political representation, the exhumations do not so much reveal unknown facts as they uncover silences. Colaert contends that although the inscription of Spain's collective memory in the forensic turn helps to overcome political silences regarding a violent past, it also limits the exhumations' contribution to the search for forensic truth.
Nicholas Al-Jeloo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748696161
- eISBN:
- 9781474416177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696161.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
The signing of Iraq's Transitional Administrative Law on 8 March 2004 ushered in a new, more pluralistic era for Iraq. It was now a ‘country of many nationalities’. In addition, all Iraqi citizens ...
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The signing of Iraq's Transitional Administrative Law on 8 March 2004 ushered in a new, more pluralistic era for Iraq. It was now a ‘country of many nationalities’. In addition, all Iraqi citizens were equal in their rights ‘without regard to gender, sect, opinion, belief, nationality, religion, or origin’; ‘discrimination on the basis of gender, nationality, religion, or origin’ was prohibited. However, ‘ultra-minorities’ have been the subjects of sustained oppression and active persecution. This chapter explores the successes and failures with regard to Iraq's ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, referring especially to recent human rights reports, making for a valuable case study in the way contemporary states deal with their minority groups.Less
The signing of Iraq's Transitional Administrative Law on 8 March 2004 ushered in a new, more pluralistic era for Iraq. It was now a ‘country of many nationalities’. In addition, all Iraqi citizens were equal in their rights ‘without regard to gender, sect, opinion, belief, nationality, religion, or origin’; ‘discrimination on the basis of gender, nationality, religion, or origin’ was prohibited. However, ‘ultra-minorities’ have been the subjects of sustained oppression and active persecution. This chapter explores the successes and failures with regard to Iraq's ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities, referring especially to recent human rights reports, making for a valuable case study in the way contemporary states deal with their minority groups.
Kimberly D. Williams and Lesley A. Gregoricka
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781683400790
- eISBN:
- 9781683401063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400790.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The shift between Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar (ca. 2700–2000 BC) mortuary traditions on the Oman Peninsula is poorly understood, primarily because the semi-nomadic communities of this ...
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The shift between Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar (ca. 2700–2000 BC) mortuary traditions on the Oman Peninsula is poorly understood, primarily because the semi-nomadic communities of this liminal period left little to the archaeological record, with the exception of monumental tombs. Because of the ambiguity surrounding this transition, tombs from this time are typically classified as either ‘Hafit’ or ‘Umm an-Nar’ without regard for the considerable geographic and temporal variation in tomb structure and membership throughout southeastern Arabia. Recent survey and excavation of a Bronze Age necropolis at Al Khubayb in the Sultanate of Oman have revealed Transitional tombs that—far from exhibiting a simplified dichotomy—represent a blurring of the traditionally discrete boundaries dividing the Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods. Bioarchaeological analyses of tombs at Al Khubayb further enable researchers to make a distinction between tomb types and elucidate the process by which mortuary treatments changed. Over the late fourth and into the early third millennium BC, these entombment practices changed from (a) relatively small, roughly-hewn limestone tombs known as Hafit-type cairns to (b) Transitional tombs displaying features intermediary to both Hafit and Umm an-Nar period mortuary structures to (c) large, expertly-constructed Umm an-Nar communal tombs.Less
The shift between Hafit (ca. 3100–2700 BC) and Umm an-Nar (ca. 2700–2000 BC) mortuary traditions on the Oman Peninsula is poorly understood, primarily because the semi-nomadic communities of this liminal period left little to the archaeological record, with the exception of monumental tombs. Because of the ambiguity surrounding this transition, tombs from this time are typically classified as either ‘Hafit’ or ‘Umm an-Nar’ without regard for the considerable geographic and temporal variation in tomb structure and membership throughout southeastern Arabia. Recent survey and excavation of a Bronze Age necropolis at Al Khubayb in the Sultanate of Oman have revealed Transitional tombs that—far from exhibiting a simplified dichotomy—represent a blurring of the traditionally discrete boundaries dividing the Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods. Bioarchaeological analyses of tombs at Al Khubayb further enable researchers to make a distinction between tomb types and elucidate the process by which mortuary treatments changed. Over the late fourth and into the early third millennium BC, these entombment practices changed from (a) relatively small, roughly-hewn limestone tombs known as Hafit-type cairns to (b) Transitional tombs displaying features intermediary to both Hafit and Umm an-Nar period mortuary structures to (c) large, expertly-constructed Umm an-Nar communal tombs.
