Robert Kneller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199590193
- eISBN:
- 9780191723445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590193.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Knowledge Management
This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on ...
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This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on twelve years of experience in an interdisciplinary graduate-level education and research centre of the University of Tokyo, and frequent contacts with scientists and students. It also draws upon a large number of interviews over the past decade with companies that deal with universities. It shows that Japan's system of public science governance is unique. Foremost among these is the high degree of concentration of resources in a small number of universities. Another is close cooperation between universities and companies — particularly the large proportion of patented university discoveries that are exclusively controlled by large collaborative research partners.Less
This chapter provides an overview of Japan's public science system (PSS) and the major changes under way concerning its governance. It adopts a system-wide analytical perspective and is based on twelve years of experience in an interdisciplinary graduate-level education and research centre of the University of Tokyo, and frequent contacts with scientists and students. It also draws upon a large number of interviews over the past decade with companies that deal with universities. It shows that Japan's system of public science governance is unique. Foremost among these is the high degree of concentration of resources in a small number of universities. Another is close cooperation between universities and companies — particularly the large proportion of patented university discoveries that are exclusively controlled by large collaborative research partners.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It ...
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This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It explains that the Nuremberg Principles originated in a Resolution of the General Assembly (Resolution 95, adopted on 11 November 1946). It notes that the resolution is reaffirmed in some fashion by the UN's International Law Commission in mid-1950. It clarifies that the GA's unanimous vote ‘indicated subscription by a large number of States to the substantive law of war crimes, including the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and to the lawful exercise of criminal jurisdiction over such individuals’. It emphasizes that in the International Military tribunals known to history as the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, defendants were also tried for other alleged offences. It stresses the importance of determining the relationship of those other offences with the law of war.Less
This chapter discusses the contributions of the international Courts in relation to the clarification and development of the law of war with the possible exception of the Nuremberg Principles. It explains that the Nuremberg Principles originated in a Resolution of the General Assembly (Resolution 95, adopted on 11 November 1946). It notes that the resolution is reaffirmed in some fashion by the UN's International Law Commission in mid-1950. It clarifies that the GA's unanimous vote ‘indicated subscription by a large number of States to the substantive law of war crimes, including the principle of individual criminal responsibility, and to the lawful exercise of criminal jurisdiction over such individuals’. It emphasizes that in the International Military tribunals known to history as the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, defendants were also tried for other alleged offences. It stresses the importance of determining the relationship of those other offences with the law of war.
Ranald Michie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199280612
- eISBN:
- 9780191712784
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280612.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book presents a history of the global securities market. It is the product of over thirty years of research. It covers many aspects of the history of the securities markets from its beginnings ...
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This book presents a history of the global securities market. It is the product of over thirty years of research. It covers many aspects of the history of the securities markets from its beginnings in Medieval Venice through Amsterdam and London to its operations in Tokyo and New York today. It integrates the history of both stocks and bonds, established and emerging markets, stock exchanges and over-the-counter trading, and the crises and continuity that have made the global securities market such a force in the world over the centuries.Less
This book presents a history of the global securities market. It is the product of over thirty years of research. It covers many aspects of the history of the securities markets from its beginnings in Medieval Venice through Amsterdam and London to its operations in Tokyo and New York today. It integrates the history of both stocks and bonds, established and emerging markets, stock exchanges and over-the-counter trading, and the crises and continuity that have made the global securities market such a force in the world over the centuries.
Geoffrey Blest
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206996
- eISBN:
- 9780191677427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by ...
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This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.Less
This chapter discusses the systematic review of the Geneva side of the law which issued in the four Geneva Conventions of the summer of 1949. It notes that the review is discreetly orchestrated by the International Committee of the Red Cross and confined within what that body understood to be its prudent limits. It further notes that this review is so long-drawn-out and so undramatic that it attracted hardly any public attention, yet some of its debates and achievements would have profoundly interested the more reflective members of the public. It compares the ‘Nuremberg’ and ‘Tokyo’ stories which attracted great publicity from the outset, and have not ceased to engage historians' attention. In this chapter the author tells the ‘Geneva’ story more amply and historically, since it has scarcely been told except by lawyers to lawyers for their own professional interest and purposes.
Matthew D. Marr
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801453380
- eISBN:
- 9780801455544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801453380.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This book reveals how social contexts at various levels combine and interact to shape the experiences of transitional housing program users in two of the most prosperous cities of the global economy, ...
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This book reveals how social contexts at various levels combine and interact to shape the experiences of transitional housing program users in two of the most prosperous cities of the global economy, Los Angeles and Tokyo. This is the first book to directly focus on exits from homelessness in American or Japanese cities, and it is the first targeted comparison of homelessness in two global cities. The book argues that homelessness should be understood primarily as a socially generated, traumatic, and stigmatizing predicament, rather than as a stable condition, identity, or culture. It pushes for movement away from the study of “homeless people” and “homeless culture” toward an understanding of homelessness as a condition that can be transcended at individual and societal levels. The book prescribes policy changes to end homelessness that include expanding subsidized housing to persons without disabilities and experiencing homelessness chronically, as well as taking broader measures to address vulnerabilities produced by labor markets, housing markets, and the rapid deterioration of social safety nets that often results from neoliberal globalization.Less
This book reveals how social contexts at various levels combine and interact to shape the experiences of transitional housing program users in two of the most prosperous cities of the global economy, Los Angeles and Tokyo. This is the first book to directly focus on exits from homelessness in American or Japanese cities, and it is the first targeted comparison of homelessness in two global cities. The book argues that homelessness should be understood primarily as a socially generated, traumatic, and stigmatizing predicament, rather than as a stable condition, identity, or culture. It pushes for movement away from the study of “homeless people” and “homeless culture” toward an understanding of homelessness as a condition that can be transcended at individual and societal levels. The book prescribes policy changes to end homelessness that include expanding subsidized housing to persons without disabilities and experiencing homelessness chronically, as well as taking broader measures to address vulnerabilities produced by labor markets, housing markets, and the rapid deterioration of social safety nets that often results from neoliberal globalization.
Martin Repp
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195156829
- eISBN:
- 9780199784806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515682X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
This essay presents a systematic overview of Aum Shinrikyo, its historical development, and the significant body of scholarship that has been carried out on the movement. The analyses of Aum ...
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This essay presents a systematic overview of Aum Shinrikyo, its historical development, and the significant body of scholarship that has been carried out on the movement. The analyses of Aum Shinrikyo, now called Aleph, must come to grips with explaining the 1995 poison gas attack on the Tokyo subway system; this and other criminal acts became known as the Aum incident. The discussion is built around the question: How did a group that began life as a peaceful yoga group transform into an apocalyptic doomsday religion, capable of acts of terrorism? It is argued that the Aum incident is too complex to be grasped sufficiently by monocausal explanations, and it is the complex interaction of various factors that made it happen as it did.Less
This essay presents a systematic overview of Aum Shinrikyo, its historical development, and the significant body of scholarship that has been carried out on the movement. The analyses of Aum Shinrikyo, now called Aleph, must come to grips with explaining the 1995 poison gas attack on the Tokyo subway system; this and other criminal acts became known as the Aum incident. The discussion is built around the question: How did a group that began life as a peaceful yoga group transform into an apocalyptic doomsday religion, capable of acts of terrorism? It is argued that the Aum incident is too complex to be grasped sufficiently by monocausal explanations, and it is the complex interaction of various factors that made it happen as it did.
Akiko Takenaka
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824846787
- eISBN:
- 9780824871628
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824846787.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Yasukuni Shrine, a former national war memorial in which spirits of all Japanese military dead are commemorated, currently serves as the lightening rod for debates surrounding Japan’s legacies of the ...
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Yasukuni Shrine, a former national war memorial in which spirits of all Japanese military dead are commemorated, currently serves as the lightening rod for debates surrounding Japan’s legacies of the Asia-Pacific War (1931-45). Yasukuni Shrine: History, Memory, and Japan’s Unending Postwar offers a departure from the existing scholarship that treat the shrine as a political problem by offering a study of Yasukuni Shrine as a war memorial. It examines the shrine’s role in waging war, promoting peace, honoring the dead, and especially in building a modern national identity. Through a careful analysis of the shrine’s history from the inception of the idea of a collective war memorial in the mid-nineteenth century and through Japan’s wars of imperialism to the ongoing political problems in the present, this study examines the making and unmaking of a modern militaristic Japan through the lens of Yasukuni Shrine. It also considers the shrine within the context of memory studies—that is, in terms of the varying ways that contemporary Japanese remember the Asia-Pacific War. It is the first book-length scholarly analysis of Yasukuni Shrine in English.Less
Yasukuni Shrine, a former national war memorial in which spirits of all Japanese military dead are commemorated, currently serves as the lightening rod for debates surrounding Japan’s legacies of the Asia-Pacific War (1931-45). Yasukuni Shrine: History, Memory, and Japan’s Unending Postwar offers a departure from the existing scholarship that treat the shrine as a political problem by offering a study of Yasukuni Shrine as a war memorial. It examines the shrine’s role in waging war, promoting peace, honoring the dead, and especially in building a modern national identity. Through a careful analysis of the shrine’s history from the inception of the idea of a collective war memorial in the mid-nineteenth century and through Japan’s wars of imperialism to the ongoing political problems in the present, this study examines the making and unmaking of a modern militaristic Japan through the lens of Yasukuni Shrine. It also considers the shrine within the context of memory studies—that is, in terms of the varying ways that contemporary Japanese remember the Asia-Pacific War. It is the first book-length scholarly analysis of Yasukuni Shrine in English.
Michael Fisch
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226558417
- eISBN:
- 9780226558691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226558691.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Anthropology of the Machine: Tokyo’s Commuter Train Network is an exploration of collective life formed at the interstices of human and machine operation within one of the most complex and ...
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Anthropology of the Machine: Tokyo’s Commuter Train Network is an exploration of collective life formed at the interstices of human and machine operation within one of the most complex and large-scale technical infrastructures in the world. Adopting a simultaneous critical and optimistic approach, it is an attempt to think with the specific quality of relations formed within Tokyo’s commuter rail infrastructure in order to develop a mode of analysis adequate to the technological complexity of contemporary society and to explore emergent ontologies of human and machine co-constitution. In so doing, it draws attention not only to Tokyo’s commuter train network’s infamously packed trains and precision schedule but more importantly its operation at the extreme edge of sustainability beyond its structural capacity. Such a system, it posits, embodies the contradictory and unsustainable logic defining our contemporary relationship with technology. At the same time, through a theoretically novel approach that emphasizes the generative gaps within the network’s immersive mediation, Anthropology of the Machine advances Tokyo’s commuter train network as a unique setting through which to question received discourses on technology and to re-conceptualize the human relationship with machines toward a more sustainable future.Less
Anthropology of the Machine: Tokyo’s Commuter Train Network is an exploration of collective life formed at the interstices of human and machine operation within one of the most complex and large-scale technical infrastructures in the world. Adopting a simultaneous critical and optimistic approach, it is an attempt to think with the specific quality of relations formed within Tokyo’s commuter rail infrastructure in order to develop a mode of analysis adequate to the technological complexity of contemporary society and to explore emergent ontologies of human and machine co-constitution. In so doing, it draws attention not only to Tokyo’s commuter train network’s infamously packed trains and precision schedule but more importantly its operation at the extreme edge of sustainability beyond its structural capacity. Such a system, it posits, embodies the contradictory and unsustainable logic defining our contemporary relationship with technology. At the same time, through a theoretically novel approach that emphasizes the generative gaps within the network’s immersive mediation, Anthropology of the Machine advances Tokyo’s commuter train network as a unique setting through which to question received discourses on technology and to re-conceptualize the human relationship with machines toward a more sustainable future.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The chapter devotes its attention to the problem of trade protectionism in the OECD countries. The hypothesis that the NICs tended to consistently and skillfully shift their exports towards those ...
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The chapter devotes its attention to the problem of trade protectionism in the OECD countries. The hypothesis that the NICs tended to consistently and skillfully shift their exports towards those that are less subject to trade barriers are explored. It begins by providing a brief overview of the GATT rounds and its measures of protectionism. A sample of 269 manufactured products imported into the U.S. market during that period are utilized by the authors and the findings suggests that although pre-Kennedy round tariffs were found not to discriminate significantly against NIC-sourced products, the post-Tokyo round tariffs did. Further, as this chapter also illustrates through the use of the regression model, during the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, NICs expanded especially in products that fell under the overall categories of textiles or consumer goods—two areas especially sensitive to protectionist sentiment in the United States.Less
The chapter devotes its attention to the problem of trade protectionism in the OECD countries. The hypothesis that the NICs tended to consistently and skillfully shift their exports towards those that are less subject to trade barriers are explored. It begins by providing a brief overview of the GATT rounds and its measures of protectionism. A sample of 269 manufactured products imported into the U.S. market during that period are utilized by the authors and the findings suggests that although pre-Kennedy round tariffs were found not to discriminate significantly against NIC-sourced products, the post-Tokyo round tariffs did. Further, as this chapter also illustrates through the use of the regression model, during the mid-1960s and the late 1970s, NICs expanded especially in products that fell under the overall categories of textiles or consumer goods—two areas especially sensitive to protectionist sentiment in the United States.
Kishwar Rizvi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469621166
- eISBN:
- 9781469624952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469621166.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The focus of the first chapter is the Republic of Turkey, where Ottoman-style mosques have been built with the support of the Islamist government in sites as varied as Berlin and Tokyo. While the ...
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The focus of the first chapter is the Republic of Turkey, where Ottoman-style mosques have been built with the support of the Islamist government in sites as varied as Berlin and Tokyo. While the commissions in Germany and Japan may be viewed as serving immigrant Turkish communities, the Ertuğrul Gazi mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (1998) calls for a different interpretation, one that looks at an imagined sense of ethnic, “Turkic” identity. Local expressions of historicism are exemplified in the Kocatepe Mosque in the Turkish capital, Ankara, a monumental structure that also incorporates a parking garage and supermarket in its basement. This chapter also considers the work of the architect Hilmi Şenalp, the principal of a large design and engineering firm based in Istanbul who has designed several mosques commissioned by the Turkish government. He has also been selected to build the first Turkish mosque in Washington, DC, which will be in the neo-Ottoman Revival style that has come to characterize his buildings.Less
The focus of the first chapter is the Republic of Turkey, where Ottoman-style mosques have been built with the support of the Islamist government in sites as varied as Berlin and Tokyo. While the commissions in Germany and Japan may be viewed as serving immigrant Turkish communities, the Ertuğrul Gazi mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (1998) calls for a different interpretation, one that looks at an imagined sense of ethnic, “Turkic” identity. Local expressions of historicism are exemplified in the Kocatepe Mosque in the Turkish capital, Ankara, a monumental structure that also incorporates a parking garage and supermarket in its basement. This chapter also considers the work of the architect Hilmi Şenalp, the principal of a large design and engineering firm based in Istanbul who has designed several mosques commissioned by the Turkish government. He has also been selected to build the first Turkish mosque in Washington, DC, which will be in the neo-Ottoman Revival style that has come to characterize his buildings.
William J. Siembieda and Haruo Hayashi
- Published in print:
- 1953
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479889389
- eISBN:
- 9781479830893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479889389.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
For many decades Japan has invested in natural science and engineering to prepare for all types of disasters. Based on the disaster experiences of the Kobe and the Great East Japan Earthquakes, it is ...
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For many decades Japan has invested in natural science and engineering to prepare for all types of disasters. Based on the disaster experiences of the Kobe and the Great East Japan Earthquakes, it is beginning to focus on the community and its social characteristics as key elements to face contemporary disaster crisis challenges. This chapter presents the evolution of Japan’s crisis management system through legislation, the organization of ministerial responsibilities, and its application at local and district level. The key question raised is how can the present governance structure based on decentralized authority adjust to the challenges of an aging population, declining government revenues, and larger possible disasters? The emerging answer is found in: how well the concept of holistic operational continuity can be embraced; encouraging decentralized and flexible decision making; reducing the overall social hardship after disasters; and increasing the pace of incremental adjustments to the crisis management system.Less
For many decades Japan has invested in natural science and engineering to prepare for all types of disasters. Based on the disaster experiences of the Kobe and the Great East Japan Earthquakes, it is beginning to focus on the community and its social characteristics as key elements to face contemporary disaster crisis challenges. This chapter presents the evolution of Japan’s crisis management system through legislation, the organization of ministerial responsibilities, and its application at local and district level. The key question raised is how can the present governance structure based on decentralized authority adjust to the challenges of an aging population, declining government revenues, and larger possible disasters? The emerging answer is found in: how well the concept of holistic operational continuity can be embraced; encouraging decentralized and flexible decision making; reducing the overall social hardship after disasters; and increasing the pace of incremental adjustments to the crisis management system.
Thomas R. H. Havens
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834777
- eISBN:
- 9780824871680
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834777.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Japan today protects one-seventh of its land surface in parks, which are visited by well over a billion people each year. This book analyzes the origins, development, and distinctive features of ...
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Japan today protects one-seventh of its land surface in parks, which are visited by well over a billion people each year. This book analyzes the origins, development, and distinctive features of these public spaces. Green zones were created by the government beginning in the late nineteenth century for state purposes but eventually evolved into sites of negotiation between bureaucrats and ordinary citizens who use them for demonstrations, riots, and shelters, as well as recreation. This book shows how revolutionary officials in the 1870s seized private properties and converted them into public parks for educating and managing citizens in the new emperor-sanctioned state. Rebuilding Tokyo and Yokohama after the earthquake and fires of 1923 spurred the spread of urban parklands both in the capital and other cities. According to Havens, the growth of suburbs, the national mobilization of World War II, and the post-1945 American occupation helped speed the creation of more urban parks, setting the stage for vast increases in public green spaces during Japan's golden age of affluence from the 1960s through the 1980s. Since the 1990s the Japanese public has embraced a heightened ecological consciousness and become deeply involved in the design and management of both city and natural parks. As in other prosperous countries, public–private partnerships have increasingly become the norm in operating parks for public benefit, yet the heavy hand of officialdom is still felt throughout Japan's open lands.Less
Japan today protects one-seventh of its land surface in parks, which are visited by well over a billion people each year. This book analyzes the origins, development, and distinctive features of these public spaces. Green zones were created by the government beginning in the late nineteenth century for state purposes but eventually evolved into sites of negotiation between bureaucrats and ordinary citizens who use them for demonstrations, riots, and shelters, as well as recreation. This book shows how revolutionary officials in the 1870s seized private properties and converted them into public parks for educating and managing citizens in the new emperor-sanctioned state. Rebuilding Tokyo and Yokohama after the earthquake and fires of 1923 spurred the spread of urban parklands both in the capital and other cities. According to Havens, the growth of suburbs, the national mobilization of World War II, and the post-1945 American occupation helped speed the creation of more urban parks, setting the stage for vast increases in public green spaces during Japan's golden age of affluence from the 1960s through the 1980s. Since the 1990s the Japanese public has embraced a heightened ecological consciousness and become deeply involved in the design and management of both city and natural parks. As in other prosperous countries, public–private partnerships have increasingly become the norm in operating parks for public benefit, yet the heavy hand of officialdom is still felt throughout Japan's open lands.
CHUSHICHI TSUZUKI
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205890
- eISBN:
- 9780191676840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205890.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Political History
This chapter describes the new constitution and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. It talks about the ‘unconditional’ surrender. It also presents some characteristics of the reform period of the American ...
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This chapter describes the new constitution and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. It talks about the ‘unconditional’ surrender. It also presents some characteristics of the reform period of the American occupation. Democracy was not to be imposed. The chapter then explains the sabotaged democracy. In addition, it discusses the war crimes and the Far Eastern Military Tribunal. The revival of political parties under the occupation period is reported. The major concern of the Shidehara government was to put an end to the ‘aberration’ of wartime military rule and to return to pre-war parliamentary politics or what was known as Taisho democracy. Political parties took advantage of the Potsdam Declaration.Less
This chapter describes the new constitution and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. It talks about the ‘unconditional’ surrender. It also presents some characteristics of the reform period of the American occupation. Democracy was not to be imposed. The chapter then explains the sabotaged democracy. In addition, it discusses the war crimes and the Far Eastern Military Tribunal. The revival of political parties under the occupation period is reported. The major concern of the Shidehara government was to put an end to the ‘aberration’ of wartime military rule and to return to pre-war parliamentary politics or what was known as Taisho democracy. Political parties took advantage of the Potsdam Declaration.
William V. Rapp
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195148138
- eISBN:
- 9780199849376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195148138.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Although steel no longer plays as big a part as it used to in today's global economy, it remains a fundamental yet very heterogeneous commodity as it comes in several different types and its ...
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Although steel no longer plays as big a part as it used to in today's global economy, it remains a fundamental yet very heterogeneous commodity as it comes in several different types and its production involves a number of diverse processes. The quality of the material is thus dictated by the equipment it has been processed on, the people who deal with the material, and the process control. This chapter looks into the situation of three companies: 1) Tokyo Steel Manufacturing Co., a Japanese Level 2 IT user; 2) Nucor Corp., a Level 2 IT user from the U.S.; and 3) Nippon Steel, a Level 3 IT user from Japan. This chapter provides an overview of the industry in a Japanese setting and in a global setting, and studies the strategies and roles the IT plays for the three firms.Less
Although steel no longer plays as big a part as it used to in today's global economy, it remains a fundamental yet very heterogeneous commodity as it comes in several different types and its production involves a number of diverse processes. The quality of the material is thus dictated by the equipment it has been processed on, the people who deal with the material, and the process control. This chapter looks into the situation of three companies: 1) Tokyo Steel Manufacturing Co., a Japanese Level 2 IT user; 2) Nucor Corp., a Level 2 IT user from the U.S.; and 3) Nippon Steel, a Level 3 IT user from Japan. This chapter provides an overview of the industry in a Japanese setting and in a global setting, and studies the strategies and roles the IT plays for the three firms.
Maurice Wright
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250530
- eISBN:
- 9780191697937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250530.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Japan's elite bureaucrats have five defining characteristics. First, their recruitment is open and competitive, but those appointed are drawn predominantly from among the graduates of Tokyo ...
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Japan's elite bureaucrats have five defining characteristics. First, their recruitment is open and competitive, but those appointed are drawn predominantly from among the graduates of Tokyo University's Law Faculty. Second, those recruited are generalists who dominate the elite bureaucracy in headquarters ministries. Third, bureau and ministry interests are stronger than national, centralizing tendencies; most bureaucrats serve the whole of their official life in the same ministry or agency. Fourth, behavioural norms of seniority, and rotation of posts, provide for the strictly regulated progression of class-cohorts with broadly based experience, mainly within ministries, up to the level of deputy director of division. Fifth, officials passed over for promotion at more senior levels in headquarters ministries resign; most, together with some other retirees, seek (with the assistance of their ministry) ‘second careers’ elsewhere in the public and private sectors, and in the Diet. This chapter looks at the recruitment, socialization, career progression, and retirement of the Ministry of Finance's elite administrators, within the context of those five broad characteristics.Less
Japan's elite bureaucrats have five defining characteristics. First, their recruitment is open and competitive, but those appointed are drawn predominantly from among the graduates of Tokyo University's Law Faculty. Second, those recruited are generalists who dominate the elite bureaucracy in headquarters ministries. Third, bureau and ministry interests are stronger than national, centralizing tendencies; most bureaucrats serve the whole of their official life in the same ministry or agency. Fourth, behavioural norms of seniority, and rotation of posts, provide for the strictly regulated progression of class-cohorts with broadly based experience, mainly within ministries, up to the level of deputy director of division. Fifth, officials passed over for promotion at more senior levels in headquarters ministries resign; most, together with some other retirees, seek (with the assistance of their ministry) ‘second careers’ elsewhere in the public and private sectors, and in the Diet. This chapter looks at the recruitment, socialization, career progression, and retirement of the Ministry of Finance's elite administrators, within the context of those five broad characteristics.
Neil Boister and Robert Cryer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199278527
- eISBN:
- 9780191706950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278527.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The Tokyo International Military Tribunal (IMT) (1946-1948) is a neglected topic in the literature on post-war international criminal law. Condemned by its critics as ‘Victors' Justice’ and ...
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The Tokyo International Military Tribunal (IMT) (1946-1948) is a neglected topic in the literature on post-war international criminal law. Condemned by its critics as ‘Victors' Justice’ and expediently forgotten by its erstwhile supporters, it is commonly thought by those who recall it at all that it was little more (and probably less) than a footnote to the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. This work seeks to dispel this widely held belief by showing the way the Tokyo Tribunal was both similar to and different from its Nuremberg counterpart, the extent to which the critiques of the Tokyo IMT have purchase, and the Tribunal's contemporary relevance. The book also shows how the Tokyo Tribunal needs to be approached not as a monolithic entity, but as being made up of many different and often contradictory parts. The prosecution, defence, and judicial arms of the tribunal both differed with each other on many points of procedure, law, and fact, but also differed inter se, and the book shows how these differences had an impact on the proceedings. It is a comprehensive legal analysis of the Tokyo IMT, covering its law, theory, and practice and the lessons it may teach those formulating, prosecuting, and defending international crimes today. It also places the trial in its political and historical context. The work is based in part on extensive archival research undertaken by the authors.Less
The Tokyo International Military Tribunal (IMT) (1946-1948) is a neglected topic in the literature on post-war international criminal law. Condemned by its critics as ‘Victors' Justice’ and expediently forgotten by its erstwhile supporters, it is commonly thought by those who recall it at all that it was little more (and probably less) than a footnote to the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. This work seeks to dispel this widely held belief by showing the way the Tokyo Tribunal was both similar to and different from its Nuremberg counterpart, the extent to which the critiques of the Tokyo IMT have purchase, and the Tribunal's contemporary relevance. The book also shows how the Tokyo Tribunal needs to be approached not as a monolithic entity, but as being made up of many different and often contradictory parts. The prosecution, defence, and judicial arms of the tribunal both differed with each other on many points of procedure, law, and fact, but also differed inter se, and the book shows how these differences had an impact on the proceedings. It is a comprehensive legal analysis of the Tokyo IMT, covering its law, theory, and practice and the lessons it may teach those formulating, prosecuting, and defending international crimes today. It also places the trial in its political and historical context. The work is based in part on extensive archival research undertaken by the authors.
Vesselin Popovski
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199781577
- eISBN:
- 9780199932887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199781577.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the evolution of international criminal justice, from the earliest known tribunal to the International Criminal Court. It traces arguments supporting and criticizing these ...
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This chapter examines the evolution of international criminal justice, from the earliest known tribunal to the International Criminal Court. It traces arguments supporting and criticizing these tribunals, from both legality and legitimacy perspectives, and explores the implications for the relationship between the two concepts. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials are seen as a strong example of legitimacy trumping legality, forcing international law to address the gaps they highlighted. The trials were exceptional, unprecedented measures, which were nevertheless seen as preferable to the two alternatives of amnesty or extrajudicial executions. They suffered from numerous legality failings related to their establishment and fundamental flaws in legal procedure, while their legitimacy was also lacking in terms of impartiality, objectivity, and hypocrisy. But despite these shortcomings, they gradually gained widespread legitimacy by contributing to sustained peace in Germany and Japan and implementing the concept of individual criminal accountability in international law.Less
This chapter examines the evolution of international criminal justice, from the earliest known tribunal to the International Criminal Court. It traces arguments supporting and criticizing these tribunals, from both legality and legitimacy perspectives, and explores the implications for the relationship between the two concepts. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials are seen as a strong example of legitimacy trumping legality, forcing international law to address the gaps they highlighted. The trials were exceptional, unprecedented measures, which were nevertheless seen as preferable to the two alternatives of amnesty or extrajudicial executions. They suffered from numerous legality failings related to their establishment and fundamental flaws in legal procedure, while their legitimacy was also lacking in terms of impartiality, objectivity, and hypocrisy. But despite these shortcomings, they gradually gained widespread legitimacy by contributing to sustained peace in Germany and Japan and implementing the concept of individual criminal accountability in international law.
Christopher McCrudden
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232420
- eISBN:
- 9780191716058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232420.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, EU Law
This chapter examines the original negotiations in the OECD that paved the way for the development of the GPA. These negotiations took place against a background of domestic use of procurement ...
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This chapter examines the original negotiations in the OECD that paved the way for the development of the GPA. These negotiations took place against a background of domestic use of procurement linkages. The chapter looks at the negotiation of state-specific exceptions as part of the accession negotiations. It considers the United States' negotiations at the time of joining the 1979 WTO GPA, and then the Canadian approach to accession to the 1994 GPA, then considers the approach that the GPA itself took to such linkages.Less
This chapter examines the original negotiations in the OECD that paved the way for the development of the GPA. These negotiations took place against a background of domestic use of procurement linkages. The chapter looks at the negotiation of state-specific exceptions as part of the accession negotiations. It considers the United States' negotiations at the time of joining the 1979 WTO GPA, and then the Canadian approach to accession to the 1994 GPA, then considers the approach that the GPA itself took to such linkages.
Peter Wynn Kirby
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824834289
- eISBN:
- 9780824870515
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824834289.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in ...
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What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in environmental studies? This book explores these questions through a deep cultural analysis of waste in contemporary Japan. The parameters are intentionally broad— encompassing ideas of “nature,” attitudes toward hygiene, notions of health and illness, problems with vermin and toxic waste, processes of social exclusion, and reproductive threats. The book concludes that how surroundings are conceived, invoked, and enacted is subjective, highly contextual, and under continual negotiation— with suggestive implications for anthropology, social science, and environmental studies generally. Focusing on two Tokyo neighborhoods, it shows how waste practices and ideas of pollution in the city tie clearly into broader social issues such as exclusionary practices, emergent lifestyle changes, recycling efforts, and novel forms of energy production. Throughout, waste and environmental health problems in Tokyo collide against diverse cultural elements linked to nature(s). The book's inquiry into the ways in which environmental questions circulate throughout Japanese society furnishes insight into central elements of contemporary Japanese life. As for the question of how to shape environmental policy internationally, the book reminds us that efforts to influence a society's waste shadow must unfold over a distinctive sociocultural topography where attitudes to garbage, health, purity, pollution, and excess can impact environmental priorities in profound ways.Less
What does “environment” really mean in the complex, non-Western milieu of present-day Tokyo? How can anthropology contribute to the technical discussions and quantitative measures typically found in environmental studies? This book explores these questions through a deep cultural analysis of waste in contemporary Japan. The parameters are intentionally broad— encompassing ideas of “nature,” attitudes toward hygiene, notions of health and illness, problems with vermin and toxic waste, processes of social exclusion, and reproductive threats. The book concludes that how surroundings are conceived, invoked, and enacted is subjective, highly contextual, and under continual negotiation— with suggestive implications for anthropology, social science, and environmental studies generally. Focusing on two Tokyo neighborhoods, it shows how waste practices and ideas of pollution in the city tie clearly into broader social issues such as exclusionary practices, emergent lifestyle changes, recycling efforts, and novel forms of energy production. Throughout, waste and environmental health problems in Tokyo collide against diverse cultural elements linked to nature(s). The book's inquiry into the ways in which environmental questions circulate throughout Japanese society furnishes insight into central elements of contemporary Japanese life. As for the question of how to shape environmental policy internationally, the book reminds us that efforts to influence a society's waste shadow must unfold over a distinctive sociocultural topography where attitudes to garbage, health, purity, pollution, and excess can impact environmental priorities in profound ways.
Neil Boister and Robert Cryer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199278527
- eISBN:
- 9780191706950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278527.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the status and basis of the Tokyo IMT as an international tribunal. It covers the challenges to the jurisdiction of the court, such as those relating to the Potsdam ...
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This chapter deals with the status and basis of the Tokyo IMT as an international tribunal. It covers the challenges to the jurisdiction of the court, such as those relating to the Potsdam Declaration, the powers of General MacArthur to create such a Tribunal, the definition of ‘war crimes’, the status of the Tribunal as a ‘Victor's Tribunal’, wars which were not related to the Asia-Pacific war, and the status of some of the defendants as Prisoners of War. It also discusses the US Supreme Court decision that refused to review the Tokyo IMT's judgment on the basis that it was an international, not a US, Tribunal.Less
This chapter deals with the status and basis of the Tokyo IMT as an international tribunal. It covers the challenges to the jurisdiction of the court, such as those relating to the Potsdam Declaration, the powers of General MacArthur to create such a Tribunal, the definition of ‘war crimes’, the status of the Tribunal as a ‘Victor's Tribunal’, wars which were not related to the Asia-Pacific war, and the status of some of the defendants as Prisoners of War. It also discusses the US Supreme Court decision that refused to review the Tokyo IMT's judgment on the basis that it was an international, not a US, Tribunal.
