Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter discusses U.S.-based American Tobacco Company's (ATC) acquisition of Ogden's Limited, a well-known tobacco and cigarette ...
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This chapter discusses U.S.-based American Tobacco Company's (ATC) acquisition of Ogden's Limited, a well-known tobacco and cigarette manufacturing company in Liverpool, England. Upon his arrival in England in October 1901, ATC owner James Buchanan Duke launched a marketing initiative to promote his new company's product. This prompted a defensive stance among the local competitors, and 13 companies banded together to form the Imperial Tobacco Company. In order the overcome the competition and solidify his hold on the British market Duke registered a company called British Tobacco Company, designed to act as a holding company into which ATC's British interests could later be subsumed. This chapter also discusses the history of the American cigarette industry and Duke's entry into cigarette manufacturing.Less
This chapter discusses U.S.-based American Tobacco Company's (ATC) acquisition of Ogden's Limited, a well-known tobacco and cigarette manufacturing company in Liverpool, England. Upon his arrival in England in October 1901, ATC owner James Buchanan Duke launched a marketing initiative to promote his new company's product. This prompted a defensive stance among the local competitors, and 13 companies banded together to form the Imperial Tobacco Company. In order the overcome the competition and solidify his hold on the British market Duke registered a company called British Tobacco Company, designed to act as a holding company into which ATC's British interests could later be subsumed. This chapter also discusses the history of the American cigarette industry and Duke's entry into cigarette manufacturing.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter examines the process by which the global cigarette industry was established during the first half of the 20th century. It also ...
More
This chapter examines the process by which the global cigarette industry was established during the first half of the 20th century. It also analyses the role played by the British American Tobacco Company Limited (BAT Co.), which became the world's leading international cigarette manufacturer. The evolution of the international cigarette manufacturing industry before the Second World War occurred in four phases. These include the shift from hand-rolled to machine-made products during 1880—1902, the American Tobacco Company's shift towards foreign direct investments, competitors' attempts to challenge BAT Co., and the creation of cartels and informal agreements that replaced the competitive rivalry between manufacturers in 1929.Less
This chapter examines the process by which the global cigarette industry was established during the first half of the 20th century. It also analyses the role played by the British American Tobacco Company Limited (BAT Co.), which became the world's leading international cigarette manufacturer. The evolution of the international cigarette manufacturing industry before the Second World War occurred in four phases. These include the shift from hand-rolled to machine-made products during 1880—1902, the American Tobacco Company's shift towards foreign direct investments, competitors' attempts to challenge BAT Co., and the creation of cartels and informal agreements that replaced the competitive rivalry between manufacturers in 1929.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter discusses the formation of an Anglo-American Alliance in the cigarette industry during the 1890s. It examines the growth of ...
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This chapter discusses the formation of an Anglo-American Alliance in the cigarette industry during the 1890s. It examines the growth of Bristol-based W. D. and H. O. Wills after it was granted exclusive control of the American-invented Bonsack machine in Britain and of Nottingham-based John Player and Sons with the use of the Elliott machine invented by Bernhard Baron. It also discusses the management and growth strategies of the American Tobacco Co. (ATC) in the cigarette and cigarette plug sectors, which were accomplished through vertical integration, acquisitions, and horizontal integration. ATC's growth was further strengthened with its entry into the British market and the formation of the British American Tobacco Company (BAT Co.).Less
This chapter discusses the formation of an Anglo-American Alliance in the cigarette industry during the 1890s. It examines the growth of Bristol-based W. D. and H. O. Wills after it was granted exclusive control of the American-invented Bonsack machine in Britain and of Nottingham-based John Player and Sons with the use of the Elliott machine invented by Bernhard Baron. It also discusses the management and growth strategies of the American Tobacco Co. (ATC) in the cigarette and cigarette plug sectors, which were accomplished through vertical integration, acquisitions, and horizontal integration. ATC's growth was further strengthened with its entry into the British market and the formation of the British American Tobacco Company (BAT Co.).
Evan P. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060149
- eISBN:
- 9780813050591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060149.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This brief conclusion offers a picture of the changes that the end of the Federal Tobacco Program has wrought. It argues that tobacco manufacturers have largely replaced the federal government in ...
More
This brief conclusion offers a picture of the changes that the end of the Federal Tobacco Program has wrought. It argues that tobacco manufacturers have largely replaced the federal government in controlling production and has offered them less protections. At the same time, it has forced growers to increase the scale of tobacco production; in turn, they have chosen to hire more migrant and/or H-2A workers to do the work of growing tobacco and, in the process, largely undone the world of small-scale tobacco production that dominated in the twentieth century.Less
This brief conclusion offers a picture of the changes that the end of the Federal Tobacco Program has wrought. It argues that tobacco manufacturers have largely replaced the federal government in controlling production and has offered them less protections. At the same time, it has forced growers to increase the scale of tobacco production; in turn, they have chosen to hire more migrant and/or H-2A workers to do the work of growing tobacco and, in the process, largely undone the world of small-scale tobacco production that dominated in the twentieth century.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The ...
More
During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The development of this novel, image-laden product constituted a triumph for the methods of mass production and mass distribution in this most traditional of consumer goods industries. This book charts the way in which these innovations in manufacturing and marketing methods led to the formation in 1902 of the British American Tobacco Co. as an Anglo-American multinational joint venture designed to promote cigarettes in international markets. Based on archive materials from a wide variety of sources, including the company's own internal records, this book provides the first authoritative account of BAT's evolution and growth up until the Second World War. In particular, it shows the way in which the company developed a vast array of international operating subsidiaries, explores how it managed these enterprises in different political and cultural contexts — notably in China and India — and analyses the way in which the company, as a mature multinational enterprise, coped with the severe international economic dislocations of the 1930s. In the era of globalization, this account of the operational and organizational arrangements of a prefigurative ‘global’ company will shed light on current debates on alliances, joint ventures, and international business.Less
During the 1880s, the tobacco manufacturing industries of Britain and America were revolutionized by the introduction of mechanized cigarette production. The development of this novel, image-laden product constituted a triumph for the methods of mass production and mass distribution in this most traditional of consumer goods industries. This book charts the way in which these innovations in manufacturing and marketing methods led to the formation in 1902 of the British American Tobacco Co. as an Anglo-American multinational joint venture designed to promote cigarettes in international markets. Based on archive materials from a wide variety of sources, including the company's own internal records, this book provides the first authoritative account of BAT's evolution and growth up until the Second World War. In particular, it shows the way in which the company developed a vast array of international operating subsidiaries, explores how it managed these enterprises in different political and cultural contexts — notably in China and India — and analyses the way in which the company, as a mature multinational enterprise, coped with the severe international economic dislocations of the 1930s. In the era of globalization, this account of the operational and organizational arrangements of a prefigurative ‘global’ company will shed light on current debates on alliances, joint ventures, and international business.
Maria Leon-Roux and John P. Pierce
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199566655
- eISBN:
- 9780191594410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566655.003.0036
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Leading health agencies have published authoritative reports evaluating the research on the health risks of second-hand smoke (SHS). There is a consensus across these reports that SHS (also called ...
More
Leading health agencies have published authoritative reports evaluating the research on the health risks of second-hand smoke (SHS). There is a consensus across these reports that SHS (also called involuntary smoking) causes several diseases in non-smokers including lung cancer, heart disease, and both chronic and acute respiratory disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) negotiated the unprecedented Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first ever public health treaty that achieved widespread support among member nations. Article 8 of the WHO FCTC focuses on the ‘protection from exposure to tobacco smoke’. Countries signing the treaty are required to implement policies to protect all people from exposure to SHS by law and not by means of voluntary agreements. To provide better clarification of the benefits of WHO FCTC compliant legislation, in April 2008, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) convened a group of seventeen scientists from nine countries in Lyon, France to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. The group proposed eleven potentially causal statements and summarized the strength of the evidence for each statement using the following five IARC classifications: sufficient, strong, limited, inadequate or no evidence and evidence of lack of an effect. This chapter presents a summary of that evidence and the main conclusions of the report.Less
Leading health agencies have published authoritative reports evaluating the research on the health risks of second-hand smoke (SHS). There is a consensus across these reports that SHS (also called involuntary smoking) causes several diseases in non-smokers including lung cancer, heart disease, and both chronic and acute respiratory disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) negotiated the unprecedented Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the first ever public health treaty that achieved widespread support among member nations. Article 8 of the WHO FCTC focuses on the ‘protection from exposure to tobacco smoke’. Countries signing the treaty are required to implement policies to protect all people from exposure to SHS by law and not by means of voluntary agreements. To provide better clarification of the benefits of WHO FCTC compliant legislation, in April 2008, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) convened a group of seventeen scientists from nine countries in Lyon, France to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. The group proposed eleven potentially causal statements and summarized the strength of the evidence for each statement using the following five IARC classifications: sufficient, strong, limited, inadequate or no evidence and evidence of lack of an effect. This chapter presents a summary of that evidence and the main conclusions of the report.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter discusses the growth of BAT Co. as a multinational cigarette company. In 1902, James Duke and other BAT Co. directors consolidated ...
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This chapter discusses the growth of BAT Co. as a multinational cigarette company. In 1902, James Duke and other BAT Co. directors consolidated the company's assets and integrated them into a coherent corporate structure. They established an export business, based on factories in America and Britain, and used a number of foreign-based affiliates to handle the company's key foreign investments. In addition, BAT Co. incorporated two leaf-purchasing subsidiaries in the U.S. to provide the primary raw material. Despite being a multinational corporation, BAT Co. remained a joint venture fully owned by ATC and Imperial Tobacco Co.Less
This chapter discusses the growth of BAT Co. as a multinational cigarette company. In 1902, James Duke and other BAT Co. directors consolidated the company's assets and integrated them into a coherent corporate structure. They established an export business, based on factories in America and Britain, and used a number of foreign-based affiliates to handle the company's key foreign investments. In addition, BAT Co. incorporated two leaf-purchasing subsidiaries in the U.S. to provide the primary raw material. Despite being a multinational corporation, BAT Co. remained a joint venture fully owned by ATC and Imperial Tobacco Co.
Howard Cox
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292210
- eISBN:
- 9780191684890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292210.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History, International Business
This chapter discusses the organization and operation of BAT Co.'s cigarette business in India. Unlike in other regions of the company's ...
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This chapter discusses the organization and operation of BAT Co.'s cigarette business in India. Unlike in other regions of the company's operations, the process of tobacco leaf cultivation and trade was given detailed attention in India. This included the formation of a subsidiary company called the Indian Lead Tobacco Development Co., which was responsible for providing advice and support to tobacco farmers, especially those in interested in growing the American Bright leaf tobacco. BAT Co. 's focus on leaf cultivation was in response to the changes in policy that stemmed from the Indian government's efforts to raise revenue. And in another response to the government's trade policy initiative, BAT Co. formed another subsidiary called Imperial Tobacco Co. in 1910.Less
This chapter discusses the organization and operation of BAT Co.'s cigarette business in India. Unlike in other regions of the company's operations, the process of tobacco leaf cultivation and trade was given detailed attention in India. This included the formation of a subsidiary company called the Indian Lead Tobacco Development Co., which was responsible for providing advice and support to tobacco farmers, especially those in interested in growing the American Bright leaf tobacco. BAT Co. 's focus on leaf cultivation was in response to the changes in policy that stemmed from the Indian government's efforts to raise revenue. And in another response to the government's trade policy initiative, BAT Co. formed another subsidiary called Imperial Tobacco Co. in 1910.
Leonard A. Jason
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199841851
- eISBN:
- 9780199315901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841851.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
In the first chapter, some first-hand accounts of how the current health system has failed people are featured. Too often, when tackling a difficult social issue, agents of change focus on a bandage ...
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In the first chapter, some first-hand accounts of how the current health system has failed people are featured. Too often, when tackling a difficult social issue, agents of change focus on a bandage approach to problem solving. The first social change principle is to determine whether the effort is cosmetic and short-term or transformational and a permanent changing of the system that caused the problem. I examine and compare interventions that have produced enduring changes and those that have not. As an example of a more permanent change, I detail the efforts of a suburban Chicago police chief to reduce underage tobacco use. The creation of non-smoking sections that make it more difficult for young people to obtain tobacco have had considerable effects on changing attitudes and behavior toward cigarettes. Although these changes took years to accomplish, the public’s attitude toward smoking has undergone a sea change over the past 40 years.Less
In the first chapter, some first-hand accounts of how the current health system has failed people are featured. Too often, when tackling a difficult social issue, agents of change focus on a bandage approach to problem solving. The first social change principle is to determine whether the effort is cosmetic and short-term or transformational and a permanent changing of the system that caused the problem. I examine and compare interventions that have produced enduring changes and those that have not. As an example of a more permanent change, I detail the efforts of a suburban Chicago police chief to reduce underage tobacco use. The creation of non-smoking sections that make it more difficult for young people to obtain tobacco have had considerable effects on changing attitudes and behavior toward cigarettes. Although these changes took years to accomplish, the public’s attitude toward smoking has undergone a sea change over the past 40 years.
Karl Raitz and Nancy O’Malley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780813136646
- eISBN:
- 9780813141343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813136646.003.0027
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The road crosses the transition between the Eden Shale Hills and the Outer Bluegrass. Burley tobacco was first grown across the Ohio River in southern Ohio and spread south into Kentucky after the ...
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The road crosses the transition between the Eden Shale Hills and the Outer Bluegrass. Burley tobacco was first grown across the Ohio River in southern Ohio and spread south into Kentucky after the Civil War. Tobacco was intensively grown here and tobacco curing barns still stand on area farms. Maysville became a major tobacco auction market.Less
The road crosses the transition between the Eden Shale Hills and the Outer Bluegrass. Burley tobacco was first grown across the Ohio River in southern Ohio and spread south into Kentucky after the Civil War. Tobacco was intensively grown here and tobacco curing barns still stand on area farms. Maysville became a major tobacco auction market.
Evan P. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060149
- eISBN:
- 9780813050591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060149.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing ...
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This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing tobacco; the arrangement of workers; and the cultural meaning of labor—the book argues that the predominance of family labor in tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont in the twentieth century was an accident of the arrangement of labor following emancipation that was then reified in federal policy. This reification, however, was not accidental, but a product of farm families’ advocacy of that particular model of tobacco agriculture. Their advocacy, in turn, was driven by a culture that esteemed small-scale, artisanal production over large-scale, industrial capitalist production. It concludes with the dissolution of this labor-centered culture and the growing prestige of large-scale, industrial agriculture as a result of political changes, technological modernization, and neoliberal market and labor ideologies.Less
This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing tobacco; the arrangement of workers; and the cultural meaning of labor—the book argues that the predominance of family labor in tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont in the twentieth century was an accident of the arrangement of labor following emancipation that was then reified in federal policy. This reification, however, was not accidental, but a product of farm families’ advocacy of that particular model of tobacco agriculture. Their advocacy, in turn, was driven by a culture that esteemed small-scale, artisanal production over large-scale, industrial capitalist production. It concludes with the dissolution of this labor-centered culture and the growing prestige of large-scale, industrial agriculture as a result of political changes, technological modernization, and neoliberal market and labor ideologies.
Ann K. Ferrell
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813142333
- eISBN:
- 9780813142562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813142333.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter provides descriptions, based on ethnographic research, of the steps of burley tobacco production from getting ready to cut tobacco through preparing the cured leaf for market. It ...
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This chapter provides descriptions, based on ethnographic research, of the steps of burley tobacco production from getting ready to cut tobacco through preparing the cured leaf for market. It includes discussion and description of the continued practice of cutting burley by hand (in contrast to the mechanized cutting practices of other types of tobacco), hanging tobacco in the barn (“housing”), curing, stripping the leaves from the stalk, and baling the cured crop in preparation for sale. Descriptions of major changes include the reliance on Latino workers, scarcity of barn space, tobacco grades and styles, the movement from tying tobacco in “hands” to baling tobacco in small bales in the early 1980s, and the current move to large bales.Less
This chapter provides descriptions, based on ethnographic research, of the steps of burley tobacco production from getting ready to cut tobacco through preparing the cured leaf for market. It includes discussion and description of the continued practice of cutting burley by hand (in contrast to the mechanized cutting practices of other types of tobacco), hanging tobacco in the barn (“housing”), curing, stripping the leaves from the stalk, and baling the cured crop in preparation for sale. Descriptions of major changes include the reliance on Latino workers, scarcity of barn space, tobacco grades and styles, the movement from tying tobacco in “hands” to baling tobacco in small bales in the early 1980s, and the current move to large bales.
Tricia Starks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501722059
- eISBN:
- 9781501722066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501722059.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to ...
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Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.Less
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.
Sara Rzeszutek Haviland
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166254
- eISBN:
- 9780813166735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166254.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by ...
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James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by engaging with the tobacco workers in his community, whom he later organized into a union, and by protesting segregation in the Boy Scouts of America. Esther was active in college organizations dedicated to supporting the opposition in the Spanish American War and then worked in a segregated Methodist settlement house in Nashville, Tennessee, where she was exposed to extreme poverty. They each attended college during the Great Depression and joined the Communist Party before meeting. They met in 1939 and worked with the Southern Negro Youth Congress, which Jack founded, before marrying in 1941.Less
James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by engaging with the tobacco workers in his community, whom he later organized into a union, and by protesting segregation in the Boy Scouts of America. Esther was active in college organizations dedicated to supporting the opposition in the Spanish American War and then worked in a segregated Methodist settlement house in Nashville, Tennessee, where she was exposed to extreme poverty. They each attended college during the Great Depression and joined the Communist Party before meeting. They met in 1939 and worked with the Southern Negro Youth Congress, which Jack founded, before marrying in 1941.
Marcus Milwright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623105
- eISBN:
- 9780748671298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623105.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. ...
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This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.Less
This chapter assesses the archaeological evidence from the fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries, focusing upon the political, economic, and social changes occurring within the Islamic world. The first section looks at the appearance of two new commodities, coffee and tobacco, and their impact upon material culture in urban and rural areas. This section also deals with the growing influence of European industrially manufactured goods upon the economy and craft sector of the Middle East. The second section considers the archaeology of colonialism with case studies devoted to Portuguese colonies in Morocco and Bahrain, and Ottoman expansion into Greece and the Balkans. This evidence is compared to archaeological studies concerned with Frankish occupation of rural areas of Greater Syria during the Crusader period.
Allan M. Brandt
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.21
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This ...
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The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.Less
The Surgeon General's Report of 1964 marks a watershed in the history of public health. Following its publication, both the science and the practice of public health were visibly transformed. This chapter traces the clinical and epidemiological progress in knowledge about smoking and health harm, and the institutional history of the Report. In establishing cigarette smoking as the preeminent public health issue of the second half of the 20th century, the federal government established new responsibilities and authority for science and health in the consumer culture. Surgeons General since have used the authority of their office to shape the policy context of subsequent tobacco regulation.
Derek Yach, Heather Wipfli, Ross Hammond, and Stanton Glantz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195172997
- eISBN:
- 9780199865659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172997.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews the evolving economic and social system sustaining the growing tobacco epidemic in order to identify how globalization is affecting the industry, governments, and tobacco control ...
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This chapter reviews the evolving economic and social system sustaining the growing tobacco epidemic in order to identify how globalization is affecting the industry, governments, and tobacco control advocates. It is divided into four main sections. The first section recalls key historical events that led to the worldwide prominence of tobacco use and the global rise of tobacco-related death and disease. The second section examines scientific evidence regarding the health effects of active and passive smoking and reviews the globalization of the public health response to the tobacco epidemic. The third section describes the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) negotiating process and final treaty text. The fourth section analyzes some of the remaining major challenges resulting from working within a global system, in particular, those challenges associated with developing coherent domestic and international policies and the permanent need to anticipate the unintended consequences of national and global regulations. The chapter concludes by identifying new directions and resources for global tobacco control and predicting some of the main challenges that lie ahead.Less
This chapter reviews the evolving economic and social system sustaining the growing tobacco epidemic in order to identify how globalization is affecting the industry, governments, and tobacco control advocates. It is divided into four main sections. The first section recalls key historical events that led to the worldwide prominence of tobacco use and the global rise of tobacco-related death and disease. The second section examines scientific evidence regarding the health effects of active and passive smoking and reviews the globalization of the public health response to the tobacco epidemic. The third section describes the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) negotiating process and final treaty text. The fourth section analyzes some of the remaining major challenges resulting from working within a global system, in particular, those challenges associated with developing coherent domestic and international policies and the permanent need to anticipate the unintended consequences of national and global regulations. The chapter concludes by identifying new directions and resources for global tobacco control and predicting some of the main challenges that lie ahead.
Nan Enstad
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226533285
- eISBN:
- 9780226533452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226533452.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Lewis Ginter’s innovation has mistakenly been attributed to James B. Duke, who eventually gained control of the American Tobacco Company. This chapter tells a new story of the rise of the cigarette ...
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Lewis Ginter’s innovation has mistakenly been attributed to James B. Duke, who eventually gained control of the American Tobacco Company. This chapter tells a new story of the rise of the cigarette corporation that breaks free from the undue influence of the theories of Joseph Schumpeter. Duke’s triumph was due not to disruptive innovation with the new technology, the cigarette machine, as is commonly believed, but to his ability to align his personal fate to a remarkable legal, financial and social empowerment of the corporation. Chapter two focuses on the rise of the American Tobacco Company and the legal battles against the ATC’s radical business methods to argue that the corporation took on enhanced powers related to corporate personhood. The ATC benefitted from the new powers granted corporations by New Jersey’s lax incorporation laws, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the stock market. The Duke-controlled ATC soon formed the British American Tobacco Company, a multinational company dedicated to overseas trade, and set its imperial sites on China. As the US waged the War of 1898, the empowered corporation played a new role in imperialism, masked by its private status.Less
Lewis Ginter’s innovation has mistakenly been attributed to James B. Duke, who eventually gained control of the American Tobacco Company. This chapter tells a new story of the rise of the cigarette corporation that breaks free from the undue influence of the theories of Joseph Schumpeter. Duke’s triumph was due not to disruptive innovation with the new technology, the cigarette machine, as is commonly believed, but to his ability to align his personal fate to a remarkable legal, financial and social empowerment of the corporation. Chapter two focuses on the rise of the American Tobacco Company and the legal battles against the ATC’s radical business methods to argue that the corporation took on enhanced powers related to corporate personhood. The ATC benefitted from the new powers granted corporations by New Jersey’s lax incorporation laws, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the stock market. The Duke-controlled ATC soon formed the British American Tobacco Company, a multinational company dedicated to overseas trade, and set its imperial sites on China. As the US waged the War of 1898, the empowered corporation played a new role in imperialism, masked by its private status.
Amandine Garde
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695706
- eISBN:
- 9780191741302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695706.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores the basic principles of the internal market and EU law. The discussion centres on how the European Court of Justice used the principle of proportionality in the Tobacco ...
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This chapter explores the basic principles of the internal market and EU law. The discussion centres on how the European Court of Justice used the principle of proportionality in the Tobacco Advertising proceedings. It compares the Court's approach to advertising restrictions with the approach used by the U.S. Supreme Court. This chapter also considers the argument that neither court has created an appropriate balance between the need to guarantee that courts to do not replace their assessment with that of the legislature when using their powers of judicial review, and the need for public authorities to provide proper proof to help justify the limits on the freedom of commercial operators to advertise their goods and services.Less
This chapter explores the basic principles of the internal market and EU law. The discussion centres on how the European Court of Justice used the principle of proportionality in the Tobacco Advertising proceedings. It compares the Court's approach to advertising restrictions with the approach used by the U.S. Supreme Court. This chapter also considers the argument that neither court has created an appropriate balance between the need to guarantee that courts to do not replace their assessment with that of the legislature when using their powers of judicial review, and the need for public authorities to provide proper proof to help justify the limits on the freedom of commercial operators to advertise their goods and services.
Evan P. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060149
- eISBN:
- 9780813050591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060149.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter argues that the Federal Tobacco Program provided the higher prices tobacco farm families had long sought, but failed to deliver the stability they hoped these would provide. Its primary ...
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This chapter argues that the Federal Tobacco Program provided the higher prices tobacco farm families had long sought, but failed to deliver the stability they hoped these would provide. Its primary weakness was its dependence on across-the-board acreage reductions to keep production in line with demand which effectively undermined the small fam families it had been designed to protect. By the 1960s, thousands of small farm families had been forced to take work off farms in order to subsidize their incomes or quit farming tobacco altogether. Despite this, they clung ever tighter to the Federal Tobacco Program—voting to continue its controls via referenda—because of its predictability and the protections it offered from the increasing demands of tobacco manufacturers made regarding cultural practices in the fields.Less
This chapter argues that the Federal Tobacco Program provided the higher prices tobacco farm families had long sought, but failed to deliver the stability they hoped these would provide. Its primary weakness was its dependence on across-the-board acreage reductions to keep production in line with demand which effectively undermined the small fam families it had been designed to protect. By the 1960s, thousands of small farm families had been forced to take work off farms in order to subsidize their incomes or quit farming tobacco altogether. Despite this, they clung ever tighter to the Federal Tobacco Program—voting to continue its controls via referenda—because of its predictability and the protections it offered from the increasing demands of tobacco manufacturers made regarding cultural practices in the fields.
