Lawrence Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by ...
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Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by international agreements to accept restraints on its exports; and in order to sustain growth, Hong Kong had to subject its largest industry — textiles — to a massive network of restrictions. Protecting Free Trade examines how Hong Kong handled, by negotiation, attempts by developed economies to limit international trade through protective measures. The central argument is that, far from stifling Hong Kong’s industry, restrictive international trade agreements were the stimulus for economic success by creating a sellers’ market in which Hong Kong was the dominant supplier. Lawrence Mills was deeply involved in many of the critical economic issues that Hong Kong faced in the 50 years leading up to its return to China in 1997. In Protecting Free Trade he examines the constitutional paradox of Britain's international responsibility for, but different trading interests from, Hong Kong. He explains why, for the strategic defence of its interests, Hong Kong depended on international trade arrangements and bilateral restraint agreements. Protecting Free Trade also examines the role of the Commerce and Industry Department, which Mills headed, and of its principal advisory boards. It details the bureaucratic systems, including controversial quota controls, that were necessary to give Hong Kong’s businessmen stability and room for manoeuvre in fast-evolving markets.Less
Protecting Free Trade is the story of a paradox that both limited and stimulated Hong Kong’s post-war economy. In order to preserve its access to open markets, Hong Kong was obligated by international agreements to accept restraints on its exports; and in order to sustain growth, Hong Kong had to subject its largest industry — textiles — to a massive network of restrictions. Protecting Free Trade examines how Hong Kong handled, by negotiation, attempts by developed economies to limit international trade through protective measures. The central argument is that, far from stifling Hong Kong’s industry, restrictive international trade agreements were the stimulus for economic success by creating a sellers’ market in which Hong Kong was the dominant supplier. Lawrence Mills was deeply involved in many of the critical economic issues that Hong Kong faced in the 50 years leading up to its return to China in 1997. In Protecting Free Trade he examines the constitutional paradox of Britain's international responsibility for, but different trading interests from, Hong Kong. He explains why, for the strategic defence of its interests, Hong Kong depended on international trade arrangements and bilateral restraint agreements. Protecting Free Trade also examines the role of the Commerce and Industry Department, which Mills headed, and of its principal advisory boards. It details the bureaucratic systems, including controversial quota controls, that were necessary to give Hong Kong’s businessmen stability and room for manoeuvre in fast-evolving markets.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Hong Kong enjoyed its greatest success with the implementation of the restraint agreements described in preceding chapters, and by maximising the opportunities within them. This chapter examines how ...
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Hong Kong enjoyed its greatest success with the implementation of the restraint agreements described in preceding chapters, and by maximising the opportunities within them. This chapter examines how the restrictions, including quotas on production, were implemented within Hong Kong through the Department of Commerce and Industry and on the advice of the Textiles Advisory Board.Less
Hong Kong enjoyed its greatest success with the implementation of the restraint agreements described in preceding chapters, and by maximising the opportunities within them. This chapter examines how the restrictions, including quotas on production, were implemented within Hong Kong through the Department of Commerce and Industry and on the advice of the Textiles Advisory Board.
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262029995
- eISBN:
- 9780262333719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029995.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay ...
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.Less
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.
Julian M. Pleasants
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054254
- eISBN:
- 9780813053028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054254.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Home Front tells about the extraordinary transformation of North Carolina as a result of World War II. Emphasis is on the large number of military bases; selective service; rationing and the sale of ...
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Home Front tells about the extraordinary transformation of North Carolina as a result of World War II. Emphasis is on the large number of military bases; selective service; rationing and the sale of war bonds; German submarine warfare off the coast; women in the war; racial issues; German prisoners of war in the state; North Carolina’s heroes; and the contributions made by the textile, tobacco, farming, shipbuilding, and lumber industries during the war.Less
Home Front tells about the extraordinary transformation of North Carolina as a result of World War II. Emphasis is on the large number of military bases; selective service; rationing and the sale of war bonds; German submarine warfare off the coast; women in the war; racial issues; German prisoners of war in the state; North Carolina’s heroes; and the contributions made by the textile, tobacco, farming, shipbuilding, and lumber industries during the war.
Jennifer Van Horn
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469629568
- eISBN:
- 9781469629582
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469629568.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Over the course of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans purchased an unprecedented number and array of goods. This book investigates these diverse artifacts—from portraits and city views to ...
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Over the course of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans purchased an unprecedented number and array of goods. This book investigates these diverse artifacts—from portraits and city views to gravestones, dressing furniture, and prosthetic devices—to explore how elite American consumers assembled objects to form a new civil society on the margins of the British Empire. In this interdisciplinary transatlantic study, artifacts emerge as key players in the formation of Anglo-American communities and, eventually, of American citizenship. Interweaving analysis of paintings and prints with furniture, architecture, textiles, and literary works, the book reconstructs the networks of goods that bound together consumers in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Charleston, S.C. Moving beyond emulation and the desire for social status as the primary motivators for consumption, this work illuminates that Anglo-Americans’ material choices were intimately bound up with their efforts to institute civility and to distance themselves from native Americans and African Americans. It also traces colonial women’s contested place in forging provincial culture in British America. As encountered through a woman’s application of makeup at her dressing table or an amputee’s donning of a wooden leg after the Revolutionary War, material artifacts were far from passive markers of rank or political identification. Instead, they actively participated in making Anglo-American society.Less
Over the course of the eighteenth century, Anglo-Americans purchased an unprecedented number and array of goods. This book investigates these diverse artifacts—from portraits and city views to gravestones, dressing furniture, and prosthetic devices—to explore how elite American consumers assembled objects to form a new civil society on the margins of the British Empire. In this interdisciplinary transatlantic study, artifacts emerge as key players in the formation of Anglo-American communities and, eventually, of American citizenship. Interweaving analysis of paintings and prints with furniture, architecture, textiles, and literary works, the book reconstructs the networks of goods that bound together consumers in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Charleston, S.C. Moving beyond emulation and the desire for social status as the primary motivators for consumption, this work illuminates that Anglo-Americans’ material choices were intimately bound up with their efforts to institute civility and to distance themselves from native Americans and African Americans. It also traces colonial women’s contested place in forging provincial culture in British America. As encountered through a woman’s application of makeup at her dressing table or an amputee’s donning of a wooden leg after the Revolutionary War, material artifacts were far from passive markers of rank or political identification. Instead, they actively participated in making Anglo-American society.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its impact on Hong Kong. The chapter explains how, under the GATT framework, Hong Kong ...
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This chapter discusses the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its impact on Hong Kong. The chapter explains how, under the GATT framework, Hong Kong obtained access for its industrial products – mainly textiles, garments, toys – in markets around the world. It also discusses growing trade protectionism in major markets in the 1950s and 1960s – much of it directed against Hong Kong products.Less
This chapter discusses the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and its impact on Hong Kong. The chapter explains how, under the GATT framework, Hong Kong obtained access for its industrial products – mainly textiles, garments, toys – in markets around the world. It also discusses growing trade protectionism in major markets in the 1950s and 1960s – much of it directed against Hong Kong products.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Commonwealth preference was a system of trade co-operation giving varying degrees of preference to products from members of the British Commonwealth. As a British colony, Hong Kong was eligible for ...
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Commonwealth preference was a system of trade co-operation giving varying degrees of preference to products from members of the British Commonwealth. As a British colony, Hong Kong was eligible for commonwealth preference through a certification system similar to that revolving on certificates of origin. However, Hong Kong’s participation in the system, and its application to a wide variety of Hong Kong products, came up increasingly against protectionist sentiment in the UK domestic market. In the end, Hong Kong, along with some other Commonwealth members, was forced into voluntary restraints on its exports, particularly for garments and textiles. This required a system within Hong Kong for administering quotas to factories.Less
Commonwealth preference was a system of trade co-operation giving varying degrees of preference to products from members of the British Commonwealth. As a British colony, Hong Kong was eligible for commonwealth preference through a certification system similar to that revolving on certificates of origin. However, Hong Kong’s participation in the system, and its application to a wide variety of Hong Kong products, came up increasingly against protectionist sentiment in the UK domestic market. In the end, Hong Kong, along with some other Commonwealth members, was forced into voluntary restraints on its exports, particularly for garments and textiles. This required a system within Hong Kong for administering quotas to factories.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter describes some of the international trade negotiations in which the author participated, particularly in Europe and the USA. It explains how increasingly the USA sought to impose ...
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This chapter describes some of the international trade negotiations in which the author participated, particularly in Europe and the USA. It explains how increasingly the USA sought to impose restraints on textile and other imports from Hong Kong, and how, despite this, Hong Kong negotiators were able, through tactical negotiation, to advance its interest. At the same time, Hong Kong industrialists were upgrading their products to work within the quotas imposed by importing countries.Less
This chapter describes some of the international trade negotiations in which the author participated, particularly in Europe and the USA. It explains how increasingly the USA sought to impose restraints on textile and other imports from Hong Kong, and how, despite this, Hong Kong negotiators were able, through tactical negotiation, to advance its interest. At the same time, Hong Kong industrialists were upgrading their products to work within the quotas imposed by importing countries.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines Hong Kong’s participation in the Multi-Fibre Arrangement, a system under the auspices of the GATT originating in the early 1970s. Originally intended to be merely temporary, the ...
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This chapter examines Hong Kong’s participation in the Multi-Fibre Arrangement, a system under the auspices of the GATT originating in the early 1970s. Originally intended to be merely temporary, the arrangement lasted for 30 years and sought to bring existing international trade agreements relating to textiles and garments under a single umbrella and to provide limited scope for liberalisation. The chapter argues that this arrangement created the intriguing paradox, captured in the title of the book, of enabling Hong Kong to emerge as the world’s largest exporter of garments, prospering while upholding its free trade principles through the acceptance of increasing restrictions on it most important industry.Less
This chapter examines Hong Kong’s participation in the Multi-Fibre Arrangement, a system under the auspices of the GATT originating in the early 1970s. Originally intended to be merely temporary, the arrangement lasted for 30 years and sought to bring existing international trade agreements relating to textiles and garments under a single umbrella and to provide limited scope for liberalisation. The chapter argues that this arrangement created the intriguing paradox, captured in the title of the book, of enabling Hong Kong to emerge as the world’s largest exporter of garments, prospering while upholding its free trade principles through the acceptance of increasing restrictions on it most important industry.
Lawrence W. R. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083985
- eISBN:
- 9789882209084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083985.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines repeated renewals and extensions of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement – a system that was originally intended to be only temporary. The author describes his experiences as Hong Kong’s ...
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This chapter examines repeated renewals and extensions of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement – a system that was originally intended to be only temporary. The author describes his experiences as Hong Kong’s chief trade negotiator in the late 1970s, and the tactics used in international trade negotiations. Several examples and interesting anecdotes are given.Less
This chapter examines repeated renewals and extensions of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement – a system that was originally intended to be only temporary. The author describes his experiences as Hong Kong’s chief trade negotiator in the late 1970s, and the tactics used in international trade negotiations. Several examples and interesting anecdotes are given.
Katherine Rye Jewell
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813036847
- eISBN:
- 9780813043999
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813036847.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter argues that changes in foreign trade during the 1950s pushed conservative southern industrialists (traditionally Democrats) into close cooperation with northern Republicans increasingly ...
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This chapter argues that changes in foreign trade during the 1950s pushed conservative southern industrialists (traditionally Democrats) into close cooperation with northern Republicans increasingly dedicated to trade protectionism. And, the chapter argues, this newfound closeness on trade actually allowed for stronger congruence with Republicans than was offered by solidarity on racial segregation. It confirmed southern and northern industrialist suspicions of the dangers in centralized bureaucratic government operating free from legislative or judicial oversight—though internationalists justified such power as key in the fight against the spread of communism. Foreign trade issues in the mid-1950s built on the centrifugal pressure of the Dixiecrat Movement and helped push southern industrialists into greater cooperation with congressional Republicans. Thus, while the breaks with the Democratic Party formed over the issue of states' rights, economic issues like trade protectionism helped exacerbate those cracks while also building bridges to the GOP.Less
This chapter argues that changes in foreign trade during the 1950s pushed conservative southern industrialists (traditionally Democrats) into close cooperation with northern Republicans increasingly dedicated to trade protectionism. And, the chapter argues, this newfound closeness on trade actually allowed for stronger congruence with Republicans than was offered by solidarity on racial segregation. It confirmed southern and northern industrialist suspicions of the dangers in centralized bureaucratic government operating free from legislative or judicial oversight—though internationalists justified such power as key in the fight against the spread of communism. Foreign trade issues in the mid-1950s built on the centrifugal pressure of the Dixiecrat Movement and helped push southern industrialists into greater cooperation with congressional Republicans. Thus, while the breaks with the Democratic Party formed over the issue of states' rights, economic issues like trade protectionism helped exacerbate those cracks while also building bridges to the GOP.
Angela T. Gobbi Estrella and Gary N. Horlick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199206995
- eISBN:
- 9780191695674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206995.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the ruling of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body on the Turkey-Textiles case concerning import restrictions on imports textile and clothing products. It suggests ...
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This chapter discusses the ruling of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body on the Turkey-Textiles case concerning import restrictions on imports textile and clothing products. It suggests that this represents the Appellate Body's first foray into the controversial interpretative issues involving the provisions governing customs unions and free trade areas (FTA) in Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The ruling on the case provide meaningful guidance on whether section 8 of Article XXIV should be interpreted as mandating or allowing elimination of trade remedies in RTA.Less
This chapter discusses the ruling of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body on the Turkey-Textiles case concerning import restrictions on imports textile and clothing products. It suggests that this represents the Appellate Body's first foray into the controversial interpretative issues involving the provisions governing customs unions and free trade areas (FTA) in Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The ruling on the case provide meaningful guidance on whether section 8 of Article XXIV should be interpreted as mandating or allowing elimination of trade remedies in RTA.
Ellen Israel Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233362
- eISBN:
- 9780520928572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233362.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter reviews the history of the U.S. retail industry and the role it played in the U.S. textile and apparel trade agenda. It also explains the links between the industry's corporate growth in ...
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This chapter reviews the history of the U.S. retail industry and the role it played in the U.S. textile and apparel trade agenda. It also explains the links between the industry's corporate growth in the 1980s and its dependence on further liberalization of global trade. The growth of private-label clothing blurred the lines between different segments of the apparel industry. The success of discounting intensified the profit crisis facing the perhaps too rapidly expanding U.S. apparel retailing industry. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing had made it easier for fashion producers to access new sites for the export processing of apparel. Trade liberalization and technological developments in transport and communication have allowed apparel retailers access to low-wage sourcing on a global basis. The limits of global retail expansion are ultimately a function of the demand for consumer goods produced by U.S. textile, apparel, and retail transnationals.Less
This chapter reviews the history of the U.S. retail industry and the role it played in the U.S. textile and apparel trade agenda. It also explains the links between the industry's corporate growth in the 1980s and its dependence on further liberalization of global trade. The growth of private-label clothing blurred the lines between different segments of the apparel industry. The success of discounting intensified the profit crisis facing the perhaps too rapidly expanding U.S. apparel retailing industry. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing had made it easier for fashion producers to access new sites for the export processing of apparel. Trade liberalization and technological developments in transport and communication have allowed apparel retailers access to low-wage sourcing on a global basis. The limits of global retail expansion are ultimately a function of the demand for consumer goods produced by U.S. textile, apparel, and retail transnationals.
Ellen Israel Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233362
- eISBN:
- 9780520928572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233362.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter demonstrates that the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) renewed the threat of low-wage competition by Asian firms. It is also shown that the China is a major competitor to the ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) renewed the threat of low-wage competition by Asian firms. It is also shown that the China is a major competitor to the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) countries and Mexico for access to the U.S. apparel market. A rapid acceleration of textile and apparel production for export in Asian countries has intensified competition in the U.S. textile, apparel, and retail complex. China's state-owned textile and apparel industries are now being closed, as the government promotes the construction of a more modern and efficient privatized textile industry in anticipation of increasing its exports. Trade liberalization has facilitated new levels of global concentration in the textile and apparel industries. Both Latin America and Asia are now poised to compete in the U.S. market, and there soon may be new competition from African export-processing zones.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) renewed the threat of low-wage competition by Asian firms. It is also shown that the China is a major competitor to the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) countries and Mexico for access to the U.S. apparel market. A rapid acceleration of textile and apparel production for export in Asian countries has intensified competition in the U.S. textile, apparel, and retail complex. China's state-owned textile and apparel industries are now being closed, as the government promotes the construction of a more modern and efficient privatized textile industry in anticipation of increasing its exports. Trade liberalization has facilitated new levels of global concentration in the textile and apparel industries. Both Latin America and Asia are now poised to compete in the U.S. market, and there soon may be new competition from African export-processing zones.
Jessica Yirush Stern
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631486
- eISBN:
- 9781469631509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631486.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
Purchasers have total control over how they consume commodities. The British did not attempt to control the consumption habits of their Native American trade partners, nor the Native Americans ...
More
Purchasers have total control over how they consume commodities. The British did not attempt to control the consumption habits of their Native American trade partners, nor the Native Americans theirs. Both parties consumed cross-cultural goods according to their taste, detaching objects from their natal culture.Less
Purchasers have total control over how they consume commodities. The British did not attempt to control the consumption habits of their Native American trade partners, nor the Native Americans theirs. Both parties consumed cross-cultural goods according to their taste, detaching objects from their natal culture.
Julian M. Pleasants (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054254
- eISBN:
- 9780813053028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054254.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The state made major contributions to the war effort through its textiles industries—blankets, uniforms, socks, tents, etc., and a large increase in farm products. The shipbuilding industry was ...
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The state made major contributions to the war effort through its textiles industries—blankets, uniforms, socks, tents, etc., and a large increase in farm products. The shipbuilding industry was essential to getting supplies to the front and tobacco factories provided smokes to the GI’s. Other key industries were lumber, minerals, and constructions. There were significant increases in retail sales and transportation.Less
The state made major contributions to the war effort through its textiles industries—blankets, uniforms, socks, tents, etc., and a large increase in farm products. The shipbuilding industry was essential to getting supplies to the front and tobacco factories provided smokes to the GI’s. Other key industries were lumber, minerals, and constructions. There were significant increases in retail sales and transportation.
Julian M. Pleasants (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054254
- eISBN:
- 9780813053028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054254.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
North Carolina hosted some 3,000 Italian and 10,000 German POWs in the state. There were eighteen camps for Germans, where the men worked at farming, textiles, lumber, tobacco, and saw mills. Taking ...
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North Carolina hosted some 3,000 Italian and 10,000 German POWs in the state. There were eighteen camps for Germans, where the men worked at farming, textiles, lumber, tobacco, and saw mills. Taking the place of American men who had gone off to war, the POWs were good workers with very few escapes and were able to make some lifelong friends with their employers.Less
North Carolina hosted some 3,000 Italian and 10,000 German POWs in the state. There were eighteen camps for Germans, where the men worked at farming, textiles, lumber, tobacco, and saw mills. Taking the place of American men who had gone off to war, the POWs were good workers with very few escapes and were able to make some lifelong friends with their employers.
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262029995
- eISBN:
- 9780262333719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029995.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, the second sector-specific agreement that remained outside the GATT and was introduced to the WTO discipline following the end of the ...
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This chapter focuses on the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, the second sector-specific agreement that remained outside the GATT and was introduced to the WTO discipline following the end of the Uruguay round of negotiations. The history of a system of national quotas which segmented markets for nearly four decades is discussed. It traces the Multifiber Arrangement which exposed exports of textiles to import quotas as well as the Transition Period between the MFA and ATC.Less
This chapter focuses on the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, the second sector-specific agreement that remained outside the GATT and was introduced to the WTO discipline following the end of the Uruguay round of negotiations. The history of a system of national quotas which segmented markets for nearly four decades is discussed. It traces the Multifiber Arrangement which exposed exports of textiles to import quotas as well as the Transition Period between the MFA and ATC.
Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503602007
- eISBN:
- 9781503604124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602007.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
While the creation of a dynamic agricultural economy was explained by the extraordinary quality of the soils of the state and their excellent conditions for the growth of coffee, the same was not the ...
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While the creation of a dynamic agricultural economy was explained by the extraordinary quality of the soils of the state and their excellent conditions for the growth of coffee, the same was not the case with industry. But how such industrial capital was generated and the role of native and foreign capital explains how this occurred. The existence of an educated foreign born labor force was another factor. The chapter covers all the primary industries created before 1950 and how the state’s industries came to control a large share of the nation’s industrial work force.Less
While the creation of a dynamic agricultural economy was explained by the extraordinary quality of the soils of the state and their excellent conditions for the growth of coffee, the same was not the case with industry. But how such industrial capital was generated and the role of native and foreign capital explains how this occurred. The existence of an educated foreign born labor force was another factor. The chapter covers all the primary industries created before 1950 and how the state’s industries came to control a large share of the nation’s industrial work force.
R. J. M. Blackett
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780813049229
- eISBN:
- 9780813050058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813049229.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter by R. J. M. Blackett represents the new social history, with its insistence that scholars study the past from the “bottom up.” Author R. J. M. Blackett considers the story of former ...
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This chapter by R. J. M. Blackett represents the new social history, with its insistence that scholars study the past from the “bottom up.” Author R. J. M. Blackett considers the story of former southern slaves who gave anti-Confederate public lectures during the Civil War and the thousands of workers in Britain's cotton district who attended meetings to consider British policy regarding the Civil War. Blackett argues that though there is no proof British policy toward the Civil War would have been different had public opinion taken a different course than it did, these black orators did help sway the mood in England's cotton districts against intervention.Less
This chapter by R. J. M. Blackett represents the new social history, with its insistence that scholars study the past from the “bottom up.” Author R. J. M. Blackett considers the story of former southern slaves who gave anti-Confederate public lectures during the Civil War and the thousands of workers in Britain's cotton district who attended meetings to consider British policy regarding the Civil War. Blackett argues that though there is no proof British policy toward the Civil War would have been different had public opinion taken a different course than it did, these black orators did help sway the mood in England's cotton districts against intervention.
