Owen Chadwick
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269229
- eISBN:
- 9780191600456
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269226.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of ...
More
This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of whether the pope could hold political power and the relations of the papacy with the Catholic states of Europe. The major themes of the book are therefore the causes and consequences of the end of the Papal State as an independent power in Italy and the conflicts between the popes and the forces of the Risorgimento, fighting for the unification of Italy under the Piedmontese monarchy. At the same time it discusses the connected challenge of liberal movements in France, Spain and Portugal, and the separate question of the oppression of Catholic Poland by the Russian Empire. It shows how the popes opposed liberalism, democracy, socialism and ’the modern world’ in general, but how this intransigence served to strengthen papal authority among Catholic believers, with mostly unfortunate political consequences. The nuances in the attitude of each individual pope are traced through such major events as the revolutions of 1848, the First Vatican Council, the taking of Rome by Italian nationalists, the Kulturkampf in Germany, and the separation of Church and State in France. Catholic authority became more centralized, demonstrated by the Syllabus of Errors and the doctrine of papal infallibility and the moral demands made by the papacy over such issues as labour relations, marriage and divorce, and religious toleration. Separate chapters discuss the question of religion and national identity in Poland, Spain and Portugal; the fortunes of the religious orders; Catholic universities; the idea of reunion of the Churches; and the making of saints.Less
This history of the ninteenth‐century popes covers the papacies of Gregory XVI, Pius IX, Leo XIII and Pius X in their religious and political aspects. The period was dominated by the question of whether the pope could hold political power and the relations of the papacy with the Catholic states of Europe. The major themes of the book are therefore the causes and consequences of the end of the Papal State as an independent power in Italy and the conflicts between the popes and the forces of the Risorgimento, fighting for the unification of Italy under the Piedmontese monarchy. At the same time it discusses the connected challenge of liberal movements in France, Spain and Portugal, and the separate question of the oppression of Catholic Poland by the Russian Empire. It shows how the popes opposed liberalism, democracy, socialism and ’the modern world’ in general, but how this intransigence served to strengthen papal authority among Catholic believers, with mostly unfortunate political consequences. The nuances in the attitude of each individual pope are traced through such major events as the revolutions of 1848, the First Vatican Council, the taking of Rome by Italian nationalists, the Kulturkampf in Germany, and the separation of Church and State in France. Catholic authority became more centralized, demonstrated by the Syllabus of Errors and the doctrine of papal infallibility and the moral demands made by the papacy over such issues as labour relations, marriage and divorce, and religious toleration. Separate chapters discuss the question of religion and national identity in Poland, Spain and Portugal; the fortunes of the religious orders; Catholic universities; the idea of reunion of the Churches; and the making of saints.
Thomas Albert Howard
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198729198
- eISBN:
- 9780191795893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198729198.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter discusses the early career of Döllinger, situating his intellectual development in the context of Southern German Catholicism during a time of immense crisis and transition: the collapse ...
More
This chapter discusses the early career of Döllinger, situating his intellectual development in the context of Southern German Catholicism during a time of immense crisis and transition: the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, and the Restoration as a result of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). The chapter makes clear the ultramontane commitments of Döllinger in his early career, even as it shows him gradually drifting from Rome in the 1850s and 1860s. The chapter attributes particular significance to two lectures that he gave in 1861 on the Pope’s temporal power and to his involvement in a Congress of German Catholic scholars in Munich in 1863. The 1861 lectures and the Congress of 1863 make clear the difficulty of maintaining concurrent loyalties to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and to modern historical scholarship. This difficulty is seen as adumbrating his later break with Rome.Less
This chapter discusses the early career of Döllinger, situating his intellectual development in the context of Southern German Catholicism during a time of immense crisis and transition: the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire (1806), the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, and the Restoration as a result of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). The chapter makes clear the ultramontane commitments of Döllinger in his early career, even as it shows him gradually drifting from Rome in the 1850s and 1860s. The chapter attributes particular significance to two lectures that he gave in 1861 on the Pope’s temporal power and to his involvement in a Congress of German Catholic scholars in Munich in 1863. The 1861 lectures and the Congress of 1863 make clear the difficulty of maintaining concurrent loyalties to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and to modern historical scholarship. This difficulty is seen as adumbrating his later break with Rome.
Carol E. Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801452451
- eISBN:
- 9780801470592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801452451.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the demise of the Papal States and the Roman Question—the Italian Risorgimento's threat to the territorial sovereignty of the papacy in the 1850s and 1860s. It first considers ...
More
This chapter examines the demise of the Papal States and the Roman Question—the Italian Risorgimento's threat to the territorial sovereignty of the papacy in the 1850s and 1860s. It first considers the lives and the friendship of Pauline Craven and Charles de Montalembert, with particular emphasis on their views regarding the Roman Question. It then explores how Pius IX's growing intransigence forced Craven and Montalembert both to reassess their relationship to the Roman leadership of their church. It also discusses Pius's 1864 Syllabus of Errors, which laid the groundwork for the proclamation of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Finally, it analyzes Craven and Montalembert's attitudes toward ultramontanism.Less
This chapter examines the demise of the Papal States and the Roman Question—the Italian Risorgimento's threat to the territorial sovereignty of the papacy in the 1850s and 1860s. It first considers the lives and the friendship of Pauline Craven and Charles de Montalembert, with particular emphasis on their views regarding the Roman Question. It then explores how Pius IX's growing intransigence forced Craven and Montalembert both to reassess their relationship to the Roman leadership of their church. It also discusses Pius's 1864 Syllabus of Errors, which laid the groundwork for the proclamation of papal infallibility at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Finally, it analyzes Craven and Montalembert's attitudes toward ultramontanism.
