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In April 2007, Californians United for a Responsible Budget (CURB) published a report entitled Reducing the Number of People in California's Women's Prisons: How “Gender Responsive Prisons” Harm Women, Children, and Families. The report was in response to the controversial policy that would expand the capacity of California's women's prison system—already the largest prison system for women in the world—by up to 40 percent in two years. The California prison expansion plan was first publicly proposed by the Gender Responsive Strategies Commission, established in February 2005 as an advisory committee to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). In response to overwhelming evidence of unaddressed violence, medical neglect, and abuse, the CDCR, federal courts, and watchdogs are working to centralize control of California's prison system to increase oversight, address the myriad scandals within it, and ensure that people are treated equally no matter where they are imprisoned. However, real prison reform involves reducing the number of people in women's prisons by discharging the 4,500 people CDCR identified as no longer needing to be in prison.

In both the worlds of sociology and psychotherapy, a crisis of masculinity can be seen in a number of very concerning trends in violence, mental health, education, media, and in wider social domains. Having explored the traditional representations of ‘superhero’ masculinity through the discussion of superheroes and villains in the previous sections, this chapter analyzes how Albus Dumbledore represents the old superhero masculine archetype by contrasting it with Harry Potter’s, who provides a newer and more hopeful model of masculine behavior based on friendship, connection, teamwork, and love. This chapter delves into how characters can model alternative masculinities as an effective strategy to combat the pervasiveness of toxic masculinity, and its effects on children and adults alike.

Chapter 2 provides a detailed analysis of the emergence and content of the homeless strategies in Denmark, Finland and Ireland. While all three countries had various homelessness policy statements and strategies prior to 2008, in all three cases, their 2008/09 strategies were the most ambitious, aiming to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. This chapter reviews the sequence of events that led to the radical shift in policy that aimed to end homelessness and the assumptions about the causes of homelessness in each strategy.

This chapter looks at the aftermath of the split between Officials and Privisionals in 1970, with an analysis of the different interpretations that were subsquently given for the split, and an assessment of its significance not only for the future of Sinn Féin but also for the values and meanings of Republicanism.

The introduction sets out the main themes to be addressed in the book and discusses the concepts of cultural trauma, collective resilience and resistance. The relevance of these concepts to understanding the position of Gypsies and Travellers in contemporary society is addressed. Specifically the importance of these concepts when explaining the settlement of formerly nomadic communities in conventional housing and the adaptive strategies that community members may adopt to mitigate the more culturally corrosive aspects of large scale and fundamental changes to accustomed modes of living is discussed.

The underlying principle for using user-led research in mental health has been widely documented. This type of research includes placing independent research that is designed and carried out by people with direct personal experience of emotional and mental distress within the framework of emancipatory research. It aims to increase knowledge as well as alter the status quo, and to influence and change relationships. In mental health, user-led research has developed in the context of a world where people using mental health services have been traditionally asked to respond to very personal questions by outside researchers without any influence on the sorts of questions that get asked or what happens to the information that they share with the researchers. In this sense, user-led research is about people with experience of distress taking control of their lives. This is the context in which the Strategies for Living Project based at the Mental Health Foundation have developed. This chapter describes the ethical issues that arose during Phase II of the Strategies for Living Project. These ethical issues centre on participation, transparency and honesty, consent, payment, safety and confidentiality, ethics committee approval and methodology. It also outlines in more detail the implications of each of these ethical issues as they emerged within the Strategies for Living projects.

This chapter uses interview data with American health care providers to examine clinicians’ strategies for negotiating with patients to elicit cooperation and participation in their own self-management. It argues that physicians in both countries switch between different models of the provider-patient relationship as they see fit to the situation. The American providers stressed that, ultimately, responsibility for managing the disease rested with the patient. However, they were markedly pessimistic about their patients’ capacity for change and likely course of disease progression. Providers’ low expectations and pessimism contributed to a preference for small, simple lifestyle changes in combination with medication rather than bold lifestyle change.

This chapter examines Japanese providers’ strategies for managing patients with diabetes using interview data and participant observation from full-time clinical shadowing of outpatient and inpatient exams at three major health centers, diabetes education classes, medical staff meetings, all-hospital assemblies, and dialysis center activities. While American health care providers spoke privately about diabetes and patients with diabetes in pessimistic terms, Japanese providers maintained high expectations and hopes for type 2 diabetes outcomes, even in private when they were not cheerleading patients. Providers in Japan imagined the origins and inevitable progression of diabetes differently from their peers in the United States, rendering them more optimistic about patients’ futures and more likely to favor lifestyle change.

Part 3 demonstrates that the entry of the United States into World War I changed the political landscape once again as suffrage activists balanced their demands for greater democracy at home with the war abroad. During the fall of 1916, suffrage speakers and organizers fanned out across the western states where women could vote to stump against Democrats. Having failed to keep President Wilson out of office, Alice Paul and her colleagues in the National Woman’s Party turned to publicly shaming him, organizing a vigil in front of the White House in 1917. But with the declaration of war, Washington D.C. immediately changed. America’s entry into the Great War shifted suffragists’ calculations as they reassessed their political strategies in light of the conflict in which their nation was now enmeshed. Despite the new demands on their time from aid or support work, and, for some, the emotional toll of having loved ones in the military, the women remained engaged in their political activism and continued to fight for suffrage and women’s rights.

Acting in the world in the situation that the agent is aware of requires command of decision options. Basic decision can be handled with barrier models, but social decisions require Game Theory. Simple games can be handled with fixed strategies, but most games require that the players use fractional strategies to be successful. Even more difficult interaction games such as iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma require additional formulations to avoid the worst-case Nash equilibrium.

The aim of this chapter is twofold: highlighting the formal strategies meant to produce dread, terror and horror, and showing how the style of the 2000s remakes confirm the intensification of “intensified continuity” described by David Bordwell. Because they privilege the danger factor, the 2000s remakes deploy slasher strategies that emphasize violence and build up a progression that typically evolves from dread to terror to horror. Conversely, the slowness of the aggressor in the 1970s films leaves time to contemplate both the horrific and the horrified, to struggle with the absence of a framework capable of explaining the horror. These longer moments of contemplation seem to lead, inevitably, to a more ambivalent perception of the “monstrous,” so that a figure of horror is not necessarily limited to a specific category like terror or horror. The style of the 2000s remakes also confirms Bordwell’s argument concerning the narrow spectrum of techniques in contemporary Hollywood cinema, the strategies deployed forming a familiar and fairly homogeneous arsenal.

When asked about risk and stress, controllers accounts contradict their emotion-laden narratives of Chapter 7. “Risky? No, no, why do you think it’s risky?” “Stressful? My drive into work is more stressful than this.” Some people distance themselves by redefining the situation: “It’s like the high you get when you’re coming down a ski slope.” “I think of it as pushing tin, or it’s just me and the pilot. If I thought there were 300 people on a plane, I couldn’t do the job.” The concluding section of the chapter, “The Social and Cultural Transformation of Risky Work,” reconciles this contradiction. It reveals how culture and cognition work to normalize risk and stress. Also in response to the pressures of the job, controllers’ individually and collectively create strategies that become cultural, easing their emotional labor. Gallows humor. Drawing analogies: “It’s like the high we get working out,” These strategies distance controllers from the experience of risk and stress. Similarly, objects act – architecture, devices, and technologies, routines, rules and procedures – stabilizing the inside world, giving controllers the opportunity to redefine their experiences and they do, mediating the experience of risk and stress so they can do the job.

Ending the Fossil Fuel Era means beginning a delegitimization, or reconceptualization and revalorization of fossil fuels or, to be precise, humans’ relations with fossil fuels. The authors argue for a shift from fossil fuels as a constructive substance. To do this, a pragmatic, realist politics of the 21^st Century toward starting to stop is needed. In this chapter, the authors outline the biophysical, cultural, ethical, and material reasons why only mitigating the impacts of carbon, rather than going to its source in the ground is denying the real issues and opportunities for this and the next centuries. They challenge readers to use a politics of imaginative realism to undertake an urgent transition.

Gender is linked to deviance, both with regard to women as victims, that is, the recipient of the unwanted actions of others, and as perpetrators, as the actors of behaviour others consider wrongful. Even the very occupation of a given space by women may be regarded as unacceptable by certain male audiences; sometimes, males may blame unwanted attention on the woman for appearing in public, or in a particular public place, on her unwanted presence in such spaces. Men are more likely to be crime victims than women but women fear being victimized in public more, developing a “geography of fear.” Men are more likely to be in singletons than women, and as the size of the unit increases, women increasingly predominate. Even among men, with respect to numbers, men are more likely to be in a social group than alone; this tendency is greater for women. The patterns of gender socializing may influence the park’s relative safety. Still, women are significantly more likely to socialize in the fountain area, which is safe, than in the perimeter walkway; men are much more likely to be in the perimeter walkway than women.

Colonial commentators, aware of the impossibility of dominating the consciousness of slaves, testify to the use of auxiliary strategies to circumscribe them in place or time. Forms of surveillance were essential to power, but hint at exacerbated visibility in the plantation context. A scriptural, patristic and humanistic tradition furnished precedents for the discipline of slaves, but French commentators illustrate that limits to physical violence were prescribed for diverse reasons. Concerns about plantation security centred on the proportion of slave to settler, and on the illusory relationships between slaveowners and their slaves. It is in the script, hidden from the eyes of slaves, that one can find overt avowals of the risk they were thought to pose. There were interrogations about the sexual coercion of enslaved women. Colonial-era narratives also illustrate the use of strategies to control the bodies of slaves; some of these strategies testify to moral limits to the complete possession of other human beings.

This chapter examines the concept of politeness in the context of the Arab Spring, with a particular focus on politeness strategies in different speeches, statements and slogans, examining shifts in these strategies and discourses. Apart from identifying key politeness strategies and shifts, this chapter provides an explanation for these changes by contextualising them in the wider social, political and cultural context.

This chapter examines the Islamic parties discourse during and post Arab Spring. The landslide victory of most Islamic parties in post Arab Spring elections in Egypt and Tunisia took many observers by surprise and revealed the popularity of the parties in these countries. The study of their discourse offers a good understanding of the dialectical relationship between these parties and the wider public. It also examines their discourses in the context of conflict and social change. The focus in this chapter is on Al-Nahda and the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) in Tunisia and Egypt respectively. A CDA approach, mainly Fairclough’s framework of language and social change, has been adopted for the analysis of the data, which has been collected from speeches, statements and slogans made by leaders of the two parties.