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This chapter discusses muckraking journalist Lincoln Steffens's 1926 book Moses in Red in relation to developments in historical criticism, and social gospel Christianity. It also looks at Steffens's identification of Moses with Lenin, and the Promised Land with Soviet Russia. It discusses the difficulties surrounding the publication and promotion of the book, particularly in relation to similar, yet popular competitors such as Bruce Barton's The Man Nobody Knows, and argues that Moses in Red (from its author's standpoint) unexpectedly failed because it breached the cultural agreement about the meanings of the Exodus story in 1920s America.

In 1899, the Royal Baking Powder Trust bribed the Missouri state senate to pass a law that made alum baking powder poison. People were arrested for selling baking powder. Royal introduced this legislation across the U.S. but the American Baking Powder Association fought successfully. Through repeated bribery, the law stood until 1905, after Lincoln Steffens exposed it in a seminal article against lobbying called “Business as Treason.” Missouri indicted Royal’s William Ziegler but the governor of New York refused to extradite. Finally, charges were dropped or the “boodlers” were acquitted. At the same time, the U.S. Congress conducted hearings on the Pure Food law, passed in 1906.

Schelling’s Naturphilosophie provided a powerful theoretical support system for the innovations in physiology that established biology as a special science in the early nineteenth century. He clearly undertook – and was taken to be undertaking – a supercession of Kant’s philosophy of science in order to open the way for the “daring adventure of reason” necessary to create an empirical science of biology as a historical-developmental understanding of life forms. This chapter demonstrates the problematic relation of Kant to empirical physiology and medicine in this period and why the latter community of inquiry turned from him to Schelling. The crucial advocacy of Henrik Steffens marks this transition. Then the chapter explores Schelling’s engagement with Brownian medicine at the Bamberg General Hospital and then the University of Würzburg, culminating in the key journal Jahrbücher der Medizin als Wissenschaft. It concludes with a consideration of Ignaz Döllinger as a key mediator between the eighteenth-century gestation of biology, culminating in its embrace of Naturphilosophie, and the early nineteenth-century figures recognized as eminently engaged in a special science of biology, like Karl Ernst von Baer.

Ritter's reaction to the fiasco in Paris was calm. He married and encouraged Ørsted to make girlfriends. Two of Ørsted's fellow-countrymen reported not only the defeat he suffered in the National Institute, but also the ridicule he was subjected to by the Irish chemist Chenevix for taking Winterl's theory seriously. During his long absence abroad Ørsted had seemingly lost his friend Oehlenschläger to Steffens, whose lectures on Naturphilosophie had furthermore seduced numerous people in Copenhagen. Ørsted resumes close contact with his father, whose pharmacy had been fraudulently mortgaged by Jacob, one of Hans Christian's three younger brothers. Ørsted decides to give lectures on physics and chemistry as free-lancer and is endowed with a significant collection of instruments.

Professor Ørsted now lived with his father, his mentally deranged stepmother, and his half-siblings. Against his and Anders's splendid merits the rest of the brothers looked like black sheep. After Jacob's fraud Niels is charged with murdering his superior army officer, but is acquitted for lack of proof and exiled. Oehlenschläger had accompanied Steffens abroad, but eventually comes to dislike his character and philosophy and resumes his friendship with Hans Christian, whom he had in the meantime treated as his errand boy. Oehlenschläger sends his devastating notes on Steffens's shortcomings, but although pleased to have regained his friendship Ørsted was somewhat baffled by the sudden conversion. The two friends engage themselves in a discussion of Schelling's and Steffens's Naturphilosophie and meet in Madam Gyllenbourg's salon to attend Heiberg's Don Juan.

Some Scandinavian scientists are inspired by the GDNÄ and the BAAS to establish a Scandinavian counterpart. While Ørsted favours the idea, Hansteen and Berzelius are skeptical at first. The first Scandinavian Science Conference opens in Gothenburg in 1838, and subsequently conferences are held in Copenhagen, Stockholm, Christiania, and Copenhagen a second time. The outbreak of war in Schleswig-Holstein in 1848 stops them. Organization, lecture topics, and social events of each conference are described, and so are the favourable attitudes and contributions of two kings. The anointment of King Christian Frederik in the presence of Scandinavian scientist is recounted. Steffens lectures on Naturphilosophie and defers to Ørsted's authority, Hansteen runs into trouble. The Copenhagen conference in 1847 is favoured by social events in Casino and Tivoli, and by the opening of the railway to Roskilde.

Molbech is assigned to write the jubilee publication of the Royal Danish Society. The chapters on Ørsted's epoch are seen as predominantly critical by Ørsted, who is hurt. He is reprimanded for his omission to give an obituary in honour of Bugge. Secondly, whereas Ørsted considers his transactions a great improvement, Molbech sees them as a mess paying too little attention to his own hobbyhorse, the Danish Dictionary.—The international scientific cooperation in the Magnetischer Verein involves observatories in Copenhagen, Christiania, Göttingen, Leipzig, Milan, and London. The lucky mishap of observations of magnetic storms in Milan and Copenhagen is explained.—Ørsted reviews Steffens's ‘Polemical Papers’ and once again he expresses an oppositional, though balanced, view on Naturphilosophie and incorporates the theory into his philosophy of the history of science.—Colding becomes Ørsted's assistant to measure the compressibility of liquids. Inspired by Ørsted's dynamical theory Colding proceeds with experiments leading to his theory on the imperishability of forces. The historiographical differences about Ørsted's failure to appreciate Colding's discovery from the outset are discussed, especially with Caneva.