Search Results

The evolution of the electricity industry in India has been supply oriented. Demand Side measures have been elaborated in detail in the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Energy Conservation together with the Electricity Act, 2003 provides the relevant statutory framework in this regard. The chapter explains this framework and also goes on to elaborate policy provision in this regard. Regulatory initiatives taken so far in this context, have also been touched upon. The chapter concludes by highlighting the future prospects on the Demand side Management.

This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged as a concept in the mid-’80s. It offers a typology that specifies different kinds of population movements and explores the different dimensions of the debate. It seeks to tread the complicated middle ground between alarmist anticipation of multitudes of desperate refugees at one extreme and dismissive criticisms of the concept on the other.

Clauses guaranteeing investor ‘full protection and security’ are included in most bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. They require not only abstention by the host State from physically damaging foreign investment, but also positive measures to protect foreign investment, in particular against harm caused by private actors. This chapter shows the importance of and need for a comparative legal approach in order to understand what a guarantee of ‘full protection and security’ means today, in customary international law, but also in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. It starts with an analysis of the origins of the clauses in customary international law and its importance for the understanding of their content under investment treaties, before analysing investment law jurisprudence on this basis. The applicable standard of protection in investment treaties is clarified in comparative perspective, in particular as regards human rights protection systems, with a view to developing general principles of law.

This chapter explores the focus on status, as opposed to conduct, in American antidiscrimination law. It argues that an expanding conception of gender as status is driving the current protection of gender nonconformists in contemporary sex discrimination jurisprudence. Moreover, the chapter contends that such protection, while important for individuals and groups, poses significant, and as yet largely unrecognized, dangers to women and men generally from increasingly entrenched, encompassing, and stereotypical gender categories.

This chapter discusses the restoration of the rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The planning for the restoration started on May 28, 1969 and the principal architects were confronted with a huge restoration challenge. This was the problem of recreating a setting that would convey the mystery of the Resurrection while at the same time remaining true to the original plan and within the iron grip of the Status Quo.

This chapter examines how historical antagonists managed to overcome their profound differences in order to complete the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Some of the obstacles to the restoration included contested possession of the church, deep-seated mistrust and differences of theology, language and culture. The chapter suggests that the complete breakdown of order in the Holy Sepulchre was prevented by the presence of the state, which performed peacekeeping or policing functions and the Status Quo which removed the underlying causes of conflict by ruling out access to the courts. It also explains Jean Trouvelot's thoughts on the success of the restoration project.

This chapter discusses the legal and ethical issues that arise in regulating embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It outlines three approaches Irish policy makers may take to the difficult ethical debate: a restrictive approach, a permissive approach or an intermediate approach. The chapter analyses the current status of embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It argues that although the Irish courts seem to support the intermediate approach, the lack of legislative guidance has left the embryo without legal protection. The chapter advocates a national discussion on the status of the embryo in order to develop a regulatory framework that both protects the embryo and accommodates embryonic stem cell research.

This chapter discusses imaginary societies: Forest Land, Status Land, Red Land, Contract Land, Wood Land, and Pink Land. In Forest Land the members of a tribe live together in a communal dwelling constructed of wood, grass, and leaves. Status Land resembles Forest Land, except that its inter-personal and environmental rules are structured and interpreted around an organizing idea which the Forestlanders lack — the notion of status. Red Land is a modern country committed to the uncompromising socialization of all resources. Contract Land is like Red Land, except that the discharge of obligations and the allocation of good are not exclusively governed by the goals of collective living to which the citizens are committed. Wood Land is similar to Forest Land, except that its population has expanded, and its members have begun to range over wider areas to collect food and kill game, and it has evolved techniques for manufacturing some types of artifacts — weapons, traps, skinning tools, and grass ropes. Pink Land is similar to Red Land, except that the licenses to use scarce items are in different terms.

By 1971, the year the shah celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy, the shah had achieved what no Iranian had achieved in recent memory. He was in a position to challenge the West and win. By 1975, the year of the Resurrection Party, the “Rastakhiz,” he seemed invincible. He had helped maneuver Mansur and the Iran Novin into power to administer his White Revolution. Rastakhiz was a stream many tributaries fed. One tributary may have been an analysis of Iran's political conditions made in late 1971 and early 1972 for the queen, and by extension for the shah, by a group of relatively young intellectuals drawn from the universities and mid-level government, who acted as an unofficial think tank for the queen.

This chapter tells the story of the NAACP's founding in a new way: by tracing the many bridges from past to future that the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century racial justice leaders discussed earlier in the book provided to the NAACP. It shows how these leaders offered formative ideas that propelled the NAACP through its infancy, including ideas about both organizing strategy and substantive issue agendas. It also documents the many lines of transmission of experienced activists from the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement to the local and national NAACP committees that provided this new organization with its growth and enduring strength.

This chapter examines the significance of the tactic of hunger strike for politically motivated prisoners during the most recent phase of conflict in Northern Ireland. It suggests that for prisoners who had been through the harrowing ordeal of the blanket and dirty protest between 1976 and 1980 following the removal of Special Category Status, and who were well cognisant of their prison history, recourse to the tactic of hunger strike was a logical and pragmatic step in resistance to the policy of criminalisation. In addition, the chapter analyses the little reported phenomena of Loyalist hunger strikes during the years in question. While it is true that generally Loyalist prisoners have appeared less willing to use the tactic of hunger strike until death, a number of significant developments have arisen from Loyalist hunger strikes and threats to hunger strike. The structure of this chapter is as follows: a brief discussion on the notion of hunger strike as a means of protest; the historical context of hunger striking for Republicans; the dirty protest 1976-80, the 1980-1 hunger strikes and their social and political consequences; and an analysis of the protests of Loyalists and some discussion as to why these tend to be compared unfavourably to those of Republicans.

This chapter proposes a model referred to as reactive containment which characterised the management of prisons until 1976 in Northern Ireland. Reactive containment is described as a relatively crude military model for the management of paramilitary prisoners and, to an extent, the broader conflict in Northern Ireland. The British authorities reacted to the loss of control by the Unionist government by dispatching troops to regain control, and seeking to contain levels of violence and violent perpetrators while a political solution was found. Internment, Special Category Status, and the Diplock Courts are all examined as ways of detaining and processing large numbers of terrorists and terrorist suspects. It is argued that this style of prison management was characterised by a recognition of the political character of the inmates; the facilitation of negotiations between the prison authorities and paramilitary commanders; and no real efforts being made to deny the prisoners' assertion of their political status.

This chapter arises from the reading of J. M. Coetzee's memoir Boyhood and a fascination with its problematic relation to fiction. John Searle argues that the writer of fiction is ‘pretending’ to make assertions rather than actually making them, and in so doing is not committing himself or herself to the truth of the expressed propositions (‘The Logical Status’). Fiction could be considered a branch or type of irony, one in which the context informs the reader that the sentences are to be taken as referring to an imaginary reality. Speech is revealed as subject to the same mediations as writing, in spite of the illusion of immediacy and presence. Fictional language both refers and deploys referentiality; it may, for instance, demonstrate the immense power of the referential drive, or it may expose the frailty of the systems of referring.

By the end of the nineteenth century, the great majority of the civilians living in Gibraltar had, legally, a secure right of residence. But home-grown civilian ministers had to face the challenge of determining who had and who had not unconditional rights of residence, and who else might be let in and on what terms. There was also a siege: the impediments to open access across the frontier with Spain beginning in 1954, and then the closing of the gates in 1969. This plunged relations across the isthmus back to a state not seen since the worst years of the eighteenth century, with serious effects on demographic flows and civilians' sense of their identity. This chapter deals with demography and aliens in Gibraltar during the twentieth century, first describing the Aliens Order Extension Order-in-Council of 1900 and then statutory aliens, British Indians and the Alien Traders Ordinances of the 1920s to 1950s. It also examines the Right of Residence in Gibraltar Ordinance of 1955, the Immigration Control Ordinance, and the Gibraltarian Status Ordinance of 1962 and after.

Karakhamun held ten titles—both ranking and laudatory titles—which suggest he was a person of high status. However, the titles provide little information on his role in Thebes, or from what he derived his status. This chapter argues that this suggests he earned his status outside the existing Egyptian administration and thus was given titles that did not entail specific roles or responsibilities, but confirmed just his high status.

Patient self reports of their health status and quality of life have become central to the evaluation of health care interventions and provision. Patient reported outcome measures (PROs, or PROMs) are now regularly used to systematically gain meaningful subjective accounts from those receiving care. This is in stark contrast to the prevailing approach adopted to outcomes measurement throughout most of the 20th century and before: namely, that outcomes should be assessed by professionals, such as clinicians and researchers. Reports from patients were, traditionally, viewed as subjective, and consequently unreliable. However, evidence has accumulated that patient reports are not only a reliable source of information, but also one of the most important. This chapter outlines the principles of measurement adopted in this field of research, and the uses to which such information is put in contemporary health-care.

This chapter illustrates the decisive role of outsider interest and mobility in the development, evolution, and reconfiguration of French Louisiana music. Beginning with professionals, collectors, and fans in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in Northern California, the chapter describes how the development of a network of fans eventually laid the foundations for a migratory wave of transplants to Louisiana that began in earnest in the early 2000s. By examining the intersecting itineraries of some of these “transplants,” the chapter portrays the changes in status and new hierarchies created within the music and among musicians. It also describes relational networks and the ways in which they overlap and extend. The process by which the mobility of French Louisiana music contributes to its reconfiguration is the focus of this chapter.