Alok Kumar and Sushanta K. Chatterjee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198082279
- eISBN:
- 9780199082063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198082279.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The evolution of the electricity industry in India has been supply oriented. Demand Side measures have been elaborated in detail in the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Energy Conservation ...
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The evolution of the electricity industry in India has been supply oriented. Demand Side measures have been elaborated in detail in the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Energy Conservation together with the Electricity Act, 2003 provides the relevant statutory framework in this regard. The chapter explains this framework and also goes on to elaborate policy provision in this regard. Regulatory initiatives taken so far in this context, have also been touched upon. The chapter concludes by highlighting the future prospects on the Demand side Management.Less
The evolution of the electricity industry in India has been supply oriented. Demand Side measures have been elaborated in detail in the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. The Energy Conservation together with the Electricity Act, 2003 provides the relevant statutory framework in this regard. The chapter explains this framework and also goes on to elaborate policy provision in this regard. Regulatory initiatives taken so far in this context, have also been touched upon. The chapter concludes by highlighting the future prospects on the Demand side Management.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged ...
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This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged as a concept in the mid-’80s. It offers a typology that specifies different kinds of population movements and explores the different dimensions of the debate. It seeks to tread the complicated middle ground between alarmist anticipation of multitudes of desperate refugees at one extreme and dismissive criticisms of the concept on the other.Less
This chapter introduces climate-induced migration as an “essentially contested concept.” It notes the definitional challenges and the evolution of a highly dynamic literature since CIM first emerged as a concept in the mid-’80s. It offers a typology that specifies different kinds of population movements and explores the different dimensions of the debate. It seeks to tread the complicated middle ground between alarmist anticipation of multitudes of desperate refugees at one extreme and dismissive criticisms of the concept on the other.
David Weissbrodt
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547821
- eISBN:
- 9780191720086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for ...
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This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for refugees, refugee populations around the world, the plight of refugees, and the vulnerability of refugee women and girls.Less
This chapter begins with discussion of the definition of ‘refugee’ under the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. It then discusses the rights of refugees, protections for refugees, refugee populations around the world, the plight of refugees, and the vulnerability of refugee women and girls.
Helge Elisabeth Zeitler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589104
- eISBN:
- 9780191595455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589104.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
Clauses guaranteeing investor ‘full protection and security’ are included in most bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. They require not only abstention by the host State from physically ...
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Clauses guaranteeing investor ‘full protection and security’ are included in most bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. They require not only abstention by the host State from physically damaging foreign investment, but also positive measures to protect foreign investment, in particular against harm caused by private actors. This chapter shows the importance of and need for a comparative legal approach in order to understand what a guarantee of ‘full protection and security’ means today, in customary international law, but also in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. It starts with an analysis of the origins of the clauses in customary international law and its importance for the understanding of their content under investment treaties, before analysing investment law jurisprudence on this basis. The applicable standard of protection in investment treaties is clarified in comparative perspective, in particular as regards human rights protection systems, with a view to developing general principles of law.Less
Clauses guaranteeing investor ‘full protection and security’ are included in most bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. They require not only abstention by the host State from physically damaging foreign investment, but also positive measures to protect foreign investment, in particular against harm caused by private actors. This chapter shows the importance of and need for a comparative legal approach in order to understand what a guarantee of ‘full protection and security’ means today, in customary international law, but also in bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. It starts with an analysis of the origins of the clauses in customary international law and its importance for the understanding of their content under investment treaties, before analysing investment law jurisprudence on this basis. The applicable standard of protection in investment treaties is clarified in comparative perspective, in particular as regards human rights protection systems, with a view to developing general principles of law.
Kimberly A. Yuracko
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300125856
- eISBN:
- 9780300217858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300125856.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter explores the focus on status, as opposed to conduct, in American antidiscrimination law. It argues that an expanding conception of gender as status is driving the current protection of ...
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This chapter explores the focus on status, as opposed to conduct, in American antidiscrimination law. It argues that an expanding conception of gender as status is driving the current protection of gender nonconformists in contemporary sex discrimination jurisprudence. Moreover, the chapter contends that such protection, while important for individuals and groups, poses significant, and as yet largely unrecognized, dangers to women and men generally from increasingly entrenched, encompassing, and stereotypical gender categories.Less
This chapter explores the focus on status, as opposed to conduct, in American antidiscrimination law. It argues that an expanding conception of gender as status is driving the current protection of gender nonconformists in contemporary sex discrimination jurisprudence. Moreover, the chapter contends that such protection, while important for individuals and groups, poses significant, and as yet largely unrecognized, dangers to women and men generally from increasingly entrenched, encompassing, and stereotypical gender categories.
Stephen G. Craft
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166353
- eISBN:
- 9780813166629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166353.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
On May 23, 1957, U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Reynolds was acquitted of murdering Chinese officer Liu Ziran in Taiwan. Reynolds did not deny shooting Liu but claimed self-defense and, like all members ...
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On May 23, 1957, U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Reynolds was acquitted of murdering Chinese officer Liu Ziran in Taiwan. Reynolds did not deny shooting Liu but claimed self-defense and, like all members of U.S. Military Assistance and Advisory Groups, was protected under diplomatic immunity. Reynolds's acquittal sparked a series of riots across Taiwan that became an international crisis for the Eisenhower administration and raised serious questions about the legal status of U.S. military forces positioned around the world. In American Justice in Taiwan, Stephen G. Craft provides the first comprehensive study of the causes and consequences of the Reynolds trial and the ensuing protests. After a century of unfair treaties imposed by Western nations, the Taiwanese regarded the special legal status of resident American personnel with extreme distrust. While Eisenhower and his advisers considered Taiwan to be a vital ally against China, the United States believed that the Taiwanese government had instigated the unrest to protest the verdict and demand legal jurisdiction over GIs. The events that transpired exposed the enormous difficulty of applying the U.S. military's Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) across cultures. Employing meticulous research in both Western and Chinese archives, Craft demonstrates that the riots were only anti-American in that the Taiwanese rejected the UCMJ, the affording of diplomatic immunity to occupying U.S. forces, and the military courts' interpretation of self-defense. His compelling study provides a new lens through which to examine U.S.-Taiwan relations in the 1950s, U.S. policy in Asia, and the charged and complex question of the legal status of U.S. troops on foreign soil.Less
On May 23, 1957, U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Reynolds was acquitted of murdering Chinese officer Liu Ziran in Taiwan. Reynolds did not deny shooting Liu but claimed self-defense and, like all members of U.S. Military Assistance and Advisory Groups, was protected under diplomatic immunity. Reynolds's acquittal sparked a series of riots across Taiwan that became an international crisis for the Eisenhower administration and raised serious questions about the legal status of U.S. military forces positioned around the world. In American Justice in Taiwan, Stephen G. Craft provides the first comprehensive study of the causes and consequences of the Reynolds trial and the ensuing protests. After a century of unfair treaties imposed by Western nations, the Taiwanese regarded the special legal status of resident American personnel with extreme distrust. While Eisenhower and his advisers considered Taiwan to be a vital ally against China, the United States believed that the Taiwanese government had instigated the unrest to protest the verdict and demand legal jurisdiction over GIs. The events that transpired exposed the enormous difficulty of applying the U.S. military's Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) across cultures. Employing meticulous research in both Western and Chinese archives, Craft demonstrates that the riots were only anti-American in that the Taiwanese rejected the UCMJ, the affording of diplomatic immunity to occupying U.S. forces, and the military courts' interpretation of self-defense. His compelling study provides a new lens through which to examine U.S.-Taiwan relations in the 1950s, U.S. policy in Asia, and the charged and complex question of the legal status of U.S. troops on foreign soil.
Ciara Staunton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099465
- eISBN:
- 9781526104410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099465.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter discusses the legal and ethical issues that arise in regulating embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It outlines three approaches Irish policy makers may take to the difficult ...
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This chapter discusses the legal and ethical issues that arise in regulating embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It outlines three approaches Irish policy makers may take to the difficult ethical debate: a restrictive approach, a permissive approach or an intermediate approach. The chapter analyses the current status of embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It argues that although the Irish courts seem to support the intermediate approach, the lack of legislative guidance has left the embryo without legal protection. The chapter advocates a national discussion on the status of the embryo in order to develop a regulatory framework that both protects the embryo and accommodates embryonic stem cell research.Less
This chapter discusses the legal and ethical issues that arise in regulating embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It outlines three approaches Irish policy makers may take to the difficult ethical debate: a restrictive approach, a permissive approach or an intermediate approach. The chapter analyses the current status of embryonic stem cell research in Ireland. It argues that although the Irish courts seem to support the intermediate approach, the lack of legislative guidance has left the embryo without legal protection. The chapter advocates a national discussion on the status of the embryo in order to develop a regulatory framework that both protects the embryo and accommodates embryonic stem cell research.
Raymond Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189667
- eISBN:
- 9780199851645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189667.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter discusses the restoration of the rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The planning for the restoration started on May 28, 1969 and the principal architects were confronted with a ...
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This chapter discusses the restoration of the rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The planning for the restoration started on May 28, 1969 and the principal architects were confronted with a huge restoration challenge. This was the problem of recreating a setting that would convey the mystery of the Resurrection while at the same time remaining true to the original plan and within the iron grip of the Status Quo.Less
This chapter discusses the restoration of the rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The planning for the restoration started on May 28, 1969 and the principal architects were confronted with a huge restoration challenge. This was the problem of recreating a setting that would convey the mystery of the Resurrection while at the same time remaining true to the original plan and within the iron grip of the Status Quo.
Raymond Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195189667
- eISBN:
- 9780199851645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189667.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter examines how historical antagonists managed to overcome their profound differences in order to complete the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Some of the obstacles to the ...
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This chapter examines how historical antagonists managed to overcome their profound differences in order to complete the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Some of the obstacles to the restoration included contested possession of the church, deep-seated mistrust and differences of theology, language and culture. The chapter suggests that the complete breakdown of order in the Holy Sepulchre was prevented by the presence of the state, which performed peacekeeping or policing functions and the Status Quo which removed the underlying causes of conflict by ruling out access to the courts. It also explains Jean Trouvelot's thoughts on the success of the restoration project.Less
This chapter examines how historical antagonists managed to overcome their profound differences in order to complete the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Some of the obstacles to the restoration included contested possession of the church, deep-seated mistrust and differences of theology, language and culture. The chapter suggests that the complete breakdown of order in the Holy Sepulchre was prevented by the presence of the state, which performed peacekeeping or policing functions and the Status Quo which removed the underlying causes of conflict by ruling out access to the courts. It also explains Jean Trouvelot's thoughts on the success of the restoration project.
Sonja Tiernan
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526145994
- eISBN:
- 9781526152145
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526146007.00010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
Discussing the background of the gay rights movement in Ireland, this chapter opens on 24 July 1975, when David Norris, Chairman of the first national gay rights organisation, appeared on national ...
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Discussing the background of the gay rights movement in Ireland, this chapter opens on 24 July 1975, when David Norris, Chairman of the first national gay rights organisation, appeared on national television to discuss why gay people should have equality. This chapter describes how Ireland was then the last remaining member of the European Economic Community to retain criminal penalties against male homosexual activity.Less
Discussing the background of the gay rights movement in Ireland, this chapter opens on 24 July 1975, when David Norris, Chairman of the first national gay rights organisation, appeared on national television to discuss why gay people should have equality. This chapter describes how Ireland was then the last remaining member of the European Economic Community to retain criminal penalties against male homosexual activity.
J. W. HARRIS
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199251407
- eISBN:
- 9780191681998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251407.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter discusses imaginary societies: Forest Land, Status Land, Red Land, Contract Land, Wood Land, and Pink Land. In Forest Land the members of a tribe live together in a communal dwelling ...
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This chapter discusses imaginary societies: Forest Land, Status Land, Red Land, Contract Land, Wood Land, and Pink Land. In Forest Land the members of a tribe live together in a communal dwelling constructed of wood, grass, and leaves. Status Land resembles Forest Land, except that its inter-personal and environmental rules are structured and interpreted around an organizing idea which the Forestlanders lack — the notion of status. Red Land is a modern country committed to the uncompromising socialization of all resources. Contract Land is like Red Land, except that the discharge of obligations and the allocation of good are not exclusively governed by the goals of collective living to which the citizens are committed. Wood Land is similar to Forest Land, except that its population has expanded, and its members have begun to range over wider areas to collect food and kill game, and it has evolved techniques for manufacturing some types of artifacts — weapons, traps, skinning tools, and grass ropes. Pink Land is similar to Red Land, except that the licenses to use scarce items are in different terms.Less
This chapter discusses imaginary societies: Forest Land, Status Land, Red Land, Contract Land, Wood Land, and Pink Land. In Forest Land the members of a tribe live together in a communal dwelling constructed of wood, grass, and leaves. Status Land resembles Forest Land, except that its inter-personal and environmental rules are structured and interpreted around an organizing idea which the Forestlanders lack — the notion of status. Red Land is a modern country committed to the uncompromising socialization of all resources. Contract Land is like Red Land, except that the discharge of obligations and the allocation of good are not exclusively governed by the goals of collective living to which the citizens are committed. Wood Land is similar to Forest Land, except that its population has expanded, and its members have begun to range over wider areas to collect food and kill game, and it has evolved techniques for manufacturing some types of artifacts — weapons, traps, skinning tools, and grass ropes. Pink Land is similar to Red Land, except that the licenses to use scarce items are in different terms.
Gholam R. Afkhami
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520253285
- eISBN:
- 9780520942165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520253285.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, Middle East History
By 1971, the year the shah celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy, the shah had achieved what no Iranian had achieved in recent memory. He was in a position to ...
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By 1971, the year the shah celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy, the shah had achieved what no Iranian had achieved in recent memory. He was in a position to challenge the West and win. By 1975, the year of the Resurrection Party, the “Rastakhiz,” he seemed invincible. He had helped maneuver Mansur and the Iran Novin into power to administer his White Revolution. Rastakhiz was a stream many tributaries fed. One tributary may have been an analysis of Iran's political conditions made in late 1971 and early 1972 for the queen, and by extension for the shah, by a group of relatively young intellectuals drawn from the universities and mid-level government, who acted as an unofficial think tank for the queen.Less
By 1971, the year the shah celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy, the shah had achieved what no Iranian had achieved in recent memory. He was in a position to challenge the West and win. By 1975, the year of the Resurrection Party, the “Rastakhiz,” he seemed invincible. He had helped maneuver Mansur and the Iran Novin into power to administer his White Revolution. Rastakhiz was a stream many tributaries fed. One tributary may have been an analysis of Iran's political conditions made in late 1971 and early 1972 for the queen, and by extension for the shah, by a group of relatively young intellectuals drawn from the universities and mid-level government, who acted as an unofficial think tank for the queen.
Frances Smith
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474413091
- eISBN:
- 9781474438452
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474413091.003.0004
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The high school is one of the most recognisable features of the Hollywood teen movie, one whose setting itself usually guarantees a focus on its teenage inhabitants rather than on the adults that ...
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The high school is one of the most recognisable features of the Hollywood teen movie, one whose setting itself usually guarantees a focus on its teenage inhabitants rather than on the adults that attend to them. However, prior to the mid- 1980s, the genre largely focused on its protagonists’ activities outside of the school, in youth-oriented spaces such as the drive-in cinema and, latterly, the mall. Even Grease, ostensibly set at Rydell High, has one of its narrative’s key junctures – the final reunion between Danny and Sandy – occur at the carnival, an event staged to celebrate the conclusion of the characters’ schooling.
That teenagers are now more often portrayed within high school can largely be attributed to the work of John Hughes, who wrote, directed and produced a significant number of teen movies in the 1980s. Chief among these was The Breakfast Club, which established a set of archetypal figures that have remained largely intact to this day.Less
The high school is one of the most recognisable features of the Hollywood teen movie, one whose setting itself usually guarantees a focus on its teenage inhabitants rather than on the adults that attend to them. However, prior to the mid- 1980s, the genre largely focused on its protagonists’ activities outside of the school, in youth-oriented spaces such as the drive-in cinema and, latterly, the mall. Even Grease, ostensibly set at Rydell High, has one of its narrative’s key junctures – the final reunion between Danny and Sandy – occur at the carnival, an event staged to celebrate the conclusion of the characters’ schooling.
That teenagers are now more often portrayed within high school can largely be attributed to the work of John Hughes, who wrote, directed and produced a significant number of teen movies in the 1980s. Chief among these was The Breakfast Club, which established a set of archetypal figures that have remained largely intact to this day.
Kieran McEvoy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299073
- eISBN:
- 9780191685590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299073.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter examines the significance of the tactic of hunger strike for politically motivated prisoners during the most recent phase of conflict in Northern Ireland. It suggests that for prisoners ...
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This chapter examines the significance of the tactic of hunger strike for politically motivated prisoners during the most recent phase of conflict in Northern Ireland. It suggests that for prisoners who had been through the harrowing ordeal of the blanket and dirty protest between 1976 and 1980 following the removal of Special Category Status, and who were well cognisant of their prison history, recourse to the tactic of hunger strike was a logical and pragmatic step in resistance to the policy of criminalisation. In addition, the chapter analyses the little reported phenomena of Loyalist hunger strikes during the years in question. While it is true that generally Loyalist prisoners have appeared less willing to use the tactic of hunger strike until death, a number of significant developments have arisen from Loyalist hunger strikes and threats to hunger strike. The structure of this chapter is as follows: a brief discussion on the notion of hunger strike as a means of protest; the historical context of hunger striking for Republicans; the dirty protest 1976-80, the 1980-1 hunger strikes and their social and political consequences; and an analysis of the protests of Loyalists and some discussion as to why these tend to be compared unfavourably to those of Republicans.Less
This chapter examines the significance of the tactic of hunger strike for politically motivated prisoners during the most recent phase of conflict in Northern Ireland. It suggests that for prisoners who had been through the harrowing ordeal of the blanket and dirty protest between 1976 and 1980 following the removal of Special Category Status, and who were well cognisant of their prison history, recourse to the tactic of hunger strike was a logical and pragmatic step in resistance to the policy of criminalisation. In addition, the chapter analyses the little reported phenomena of Loyalist hunger strikes during the years in question. While it is true that generally Loyalist prisoners have appeared less willing to use the tactic of hunger strike until death, a number of significant developments have arisen from Loyalist hunger strikes and threats to hunger strike. The structure of this chapter is as follows: a brief discussion on the notion of hunger strike as a means of protest; the historical context of hunger striking for Republicans; the dirty protest 1976-80, the 1980-1 hunger strikes and their social and political consequences; and an analysis of the protests of Loyalists and some discussion as to why these tend to be compared unfavourably to those of Republicans.
Kieran McEvoy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198299073
- eISBN:
- 9780191685590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299073.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter proposes a model referred to as reactive containment which characterised the management of prisons until 1976 in Northern Ireland. Reactive containment is described as a relatively crude ...
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This chapter proposes a model referred to as reactive containment which characterised the management of prisons until 1976 in Northern Ireland. Reactive containment is described as a relatively crude military model for the management of paramilitary prisoners and, to an extent, the broader conflict in Northern Ireland. The British authorities reacted to the loss of control by the Unionist government by dispatching troops to regain control, and seeking to contain levels of violence and violent perpetrators while a political solution was found. Internment, Special Category Status, and the Diplock Courts are all examined as ways of detaining and processing large numbers of terrorists and terrorist suspects. It is argued that this style of prison management was characterised by a recognition of the political character of the inmates; the facilitation of negotiations between the prison authorities and paramilitary commanders; and no real efforts being made to deny the prisoners' assertion of their political status.Less
This chapter proposes a model referred to as reactive containment which characterised the management of prisons until 1976 in Northern Ireland. Reactive containment is described as a relatively crude military model for the management of paramilitary prisoners and, to an extent, the broader conflict in Northern Ireland. The British authorities reacted to the loss of control by the Unionist government by dispatching troops to regain control, and seeking to contain levels of violence and violent perpetrators while a political solution was found. Internment, Special Category Status, and the Diplock Courts are all examined as ways of detaining and processing large numbers of terrorists and terrorist suspects. It is argued that this style of prison management was characterised by a recognition of the political character of the inmates; the facilitation of negotiations between the prison authorities and paramilitary commanders; and no real efforts being made to deny the prisoners' assertion of their political status.
Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076350
- eISBN:
- 9781781702048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076350.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
By the end of the nineteenth century, the great majority of the civilians living in Gibraltar had, legally, a secure right of residence. But home-grown civilian ministers had to face the challenge of ...
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By the end of the nineteenth century, the great majority of the civilians living in Gibraltar had, legally, a secure right of residence. But home-grown civilian ministers had to face the challenge of determining who had and who had not unconditional rights of residence, and who else might be let in and on what terms. There was also a siege: the impediments to open access across the frontier with Spain beginning in 1954, and then the closing of the gates in 1969. This plunged relations across the isthmus back to a state not seen since the worst years of the eighteenth century, with serious effects on demographic flows and civilians' sense of their identity. This chapter deals with demography and aliens in Gibraltar during the twentieth century, first describing the Aliens Order Extension Order-in-Council of 1900 and then statutory aliens, British Indians and the Alien Traders Ordinances of the 1920s to 1950s. It also examines the Right of Residence in Gibraltar Ordinance of 1955, the Immigration Control Ordinance, and the Gibraltarian Status Ordinance of 1962 and after.Less
By the end of the nineteenth century, the great majority of the civilians living in Gibraltar had, legally, a secure right of residence. But home-grown civilian ministers had to face the challenge of determining who had and who had not unconditional rights of residence, and who else might be let in and on what terms. There was also a siege: the impediments to open access across the frontier with Spain beginning in 1954, and then the closing of the gates in 1969. This plunged relations across the isthmus back to a state not seen since the worst years of the eighteenth century, with serious effects on demographic flows and civilians' sense of their identity. This chapter deals with demography and aliens in Gibraltar during the twentieth century, first describing the Aliens Order Extension Order-in-Council of 1900 and then statutory aliens, British Indians and the Alien Traders Ordinances of the 1920s to 1950s. It also examines the Right of Residence in Gibraltar Ordinance of 1955, the Immigration Control Ordinance, and the Gibraltarian Status Ordinance of 1962 and after.
Menachem Klein
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- February 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190087586
- eISBN:
- 9780190099626
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190087586.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This landmark volume presents vivid and intimate portraits of Palestinian Presidents Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas, revealing the impact these different personalities have had on the struggle for ...
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This landmark volume presents vivid and intimate portraits of Palestinian Presidents Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas, revealing the impact these different personalities have had on the struggle for national self-determination. Arafat and Abbas lived in Palestine as young children. Uprooted by the 1948 war, they returned in 1994 to serve as the first and second presidents of the Palestinian Authority, the establishment of which has been the Palestine Liberation Organization’s greatest step towards self-determination for the Palestinian nation. Both Arafat and Abbas were shaped by earlier careers in the PLO, and each adopted their own controversial leadership methods and decision-making styles. Drawing on primary sources in Arabic, Hebrew and English, Klein gives special attention to the lesser-known Abbas: his beliefs and his disagreements with Israeli and American counterparts. The book uncovers new details about Abbas’ peace talks and US foreign policy towards Palestine, and analyses the political evolution of Hamas and Abbas’ succession struggle. Klein also highlights the tension between the ageing leader and his society. Arafat and Abbas offers a comprehensive and balanced account of the Palestinian Authority’s achievements and failures over its twenty-five years of existence. What emerges is a Palestinian nationalism that refuses to disappear.Less
This landmark volume presents vivid and intimate portraits of Palestinian Presidents Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas, revealing the impact these different personalities have had on the struggle for national self-determination. Arafat and Abbas lived in Palestine as young children. Uprooted by the 1948 war, they returned in 1994 to serve as the first and second presidents of the Palestinian Authority, the establishment of which has been the Palestine Liberation Organization’s greatest step towards self-determination for the Palestinian nation. Both Arafat and Abbas were shaped by earlier careers in the PLO, and each adopted their own controversial leadership methods and decision-making styles. Drawing on primary sources in Arabic, Hebrew and English, Klein gives special attention to the lesser-known Abbas: his beliefs and his disagreements with Israeli and American counterparts. The book uncovers new details about Abbas’ peace talks and US foreign policy towards Palestine, and analyses the political evolution of Hamas and Abbas’ succession struggle. Klein also highlights the tension between the ageing leader and his society. Arafat and Abbas offers a comprehensive and balanced account of the Palestinian Authority’s achievements and failures over its twenty-five years of existence. What emerges is a Palestinian nationalism that refuses to disappear.
Susan D. Carle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199945740
- eISBN:
- 9780199369843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199945740.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century, Social History
This chapter tells the story of the NAACP's founding in a new way: by tracing the many bridges from past to future that the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century racial justice leaders ...
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This chapter tells the story of the NAACP's founding in a new way: by tracing the many bridges from past to future that the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century racial justice leaders discussed earlier in the book provided to the NAACP. It shows how these leaders offered formative ideas that propelled the NAACP through its infancy, including ideas about both organizing strategy and substantive issue agendas. It also documents the many lines of transmission of experienced activists from the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement to the local and national NAACP committees that provided this new organization with its growth and enduring strength.Less
This chapter tells the story of the NAACP's founding in a new way: by tracing the many bridges from past to future that the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century racial justice leaders discussed earlier in the book provided to the NAACP. It shows how these leaders offered formative ideas that propelled the NAACP through its infancy, including ideas about both organizing strategy and substantive issue agendas. It also documents the many lines of transmission of experienced activists from the Afro-American Council and the Niagara Movement to the local and national NAACP committees that provided this new organization with its growth and enduring strength.
Derek Attridge
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748640089
- eISBN:
- 9780748652112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640089.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter arises from the reading of J. M. Coetzee's memoir Boyhood and a fascination with its problematic relation to fiction. John Searle argues that the writer of fiction is ‘pretending’ to ...
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This chapter arises from the reading of J. M. Coetzee's memoir Boyhood and a fascination with its problematic relation to fiction. John Searle argues that the writer of fiction is ‘pretending’ to make assertions rather than actually making them, and in so doing is not committing himself or herself to the truth of the expressed propositions (‘The Logical Status’). Fiction could be considered a branch or type of irony, one in which the context informs the reader that the sentences are to be taken as referring to an imaginary reality. Speech is revealed as subject to the same mediations as writing, in spite of the illusion of immediacy and presence. Fictional language both refers and deploys referentiality; it may, for instance, demonstrate the immense power of the referential drive, or it may expose the frailty of the systems of referring.Less
This chapter arises from the reading of J. M. Coetzee's memoir Boyhood and a fascination with its problematic relation to fiction. John Searle argues that the writer of fiction is ‘pretending’ to make assertions rather than actually making them, and in so doing is not committing himself or herself to the truth of the expressed propositions (‘The Logical Status’). Fiction could be considered a branch or type of irony, one in which the context informs the reader that the sentences are to be taken as referring to an imaginary reality. Speech is revealed as subject to the same mediations as writing, in spite of the illusion of immediacy and presence. Fictional language both refers and deploys referentiality; it may, for instance, demonstrate the immense power of the referential drive, or it may expose the frailty of the systems of referring.
J. Eric Ahlskog
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199977567
- eISBN:
- 9780197563342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199977567.003.0005
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Neurology
This book has a combined focus on two neurodegenerative conditions: dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. While patients with ...
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This book has a combined focus on two neurodegenerative conditions: dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. While patients with either disorder experience quite variable problems, these two disorders have striking similarities when viewed in the aggregate. Thus, the symptoms of these two conditions are much the same, and so are the treatment strategies. Before addressing treatment, it is crucial to define the relevant terms, broaden our understanding, and discuss how these diagnoses are made. We will start with some basics. These disorders typically start in middle age and later, where selected brain circuits deteriorate for unknown reasons. Common neurodegenerative conditions include Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig’s disease). Such conditions involve limited regions of the brain or spinal cord, slowly progressing and leading to disability. Each is clinically identified by the specific neurologic deficits unique to that condition. Why each affects certain brain regions, sparing others, is a crucial but unanswered question. Although much has been learned about degenerative syndromes, we do not know the causes of any of them. Dementia implies a loss of intellectual abilities sufficient to compromise activities of daily living. Most often the term dementia is used in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Mild thinking and memory problems that do not substantially interfere with daily routines fall into the category of mild cognitive impairment (MCI; see below). Doctors diagnosing dementia rely on the history from the patient and family, plus cognitive tests. Short tests assessing memory, attention, and calculation, among other things, can be done in the doctor’s office. Such tests include the so-called Mini-Mental State Examination and the Short Test of Mental Status. More refined and informative tests, termed psychometric testing, are done under the auspices of psychologists; these typically require 2 to 4 hours. Clinicians addressing dementia must also look for treatable causes before concluding that the problem is a neurodegenerative dementia. This assessment typically includes a brain scan, blood tests, and a review of the patient’s medical history and medication list, which may indicate the need for additional testing.
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This book has a combined focus on two neurodegenerative conditions: dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease with dementia. While patients with either disorder experience quite variable problems, these two disorders have striking similarities when viewed in the aggregate. Thus, the symptoms of these two conditions are much the same, and so are the treatment strategies. Before addressing treatment, it is crucial to define the relevant terms, broaden our understanding, and discuss how these diagnoses are made. We will start with some basics. These disorders typically start in middle age and later, where selected brain circuits deteriorate for unknown reasons. Common neurodegenerative conditions include Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig’s disease). Such conditions involve limited regions of the brain or spinal cord, slowly progressing and leading to disability. Each is clinically identified by the specific neurologic deficits unique to that condition. Why each affects certain brain regions, sparing others, is a crucial but unanswered question. Although much has been learned about degenerative syndromes, we do not know the causes of any of them. Dementia implies a loss of intellectual abilities sufficient to compromise activities of daily living. Most often the term dementia is used in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Mild thinking and memory problems that do not substantially interfere with daily routines fall into the category of mild cognitive impairment (MCI; see below). Doctors diagnosing dementia rely on the history from the patient and family, plus cognitive tests. Short tests assessing memory, attention, and calculation, among other things, can be done in the doctor’s office. Such tests include the so-called Mini-Mental State Examination and the Short Test of Mental Status. More refined and informative tests, termed psychometric testing, are done under the auspices of psychologists; these typically require 2 to 4 hours. Clinicians addressing dementia must also look for treatable causes before concluding that the problem is a neurodegenerative dementia. This assessment typically includes a brain scan, blood tests, and a review of the patient’s medical history and medication list, which may indicate the need for additional testing.
