Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and ...
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With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.Less
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.
Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter relates the story of the Nation and the empire from the early 17th century to the restoration of the kingdom of Portugal's political sovereignty in 1640. It tracks the critiques and ...
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This chapter relates the story of the Nation and the empire from the early 17th century to the restoration of the kingdom of Portugal's political sovereignty in 1640. It tracks the critiques and opposition that various groups and institutions within the Spanish empire built up against the Nation. Doing so helps illustrate how a relationship once founded on interdependence could be pushed toward fracture and how this movement led to the unraveling of the Nation as an Atlantic community.Less
This chapter relates the story of the Nation and the empire from the early 17th century to the restoration of the kingdom of Portugal's political sovereignty in 1640. It tracks the critiques and opposition that various groups and institutions within the Spanish empire built up against the Nation. Doing so helps illustrate how a relationship once founded on interdependence could be pushed toward fracture and how this movement led to the unraveling of the Nation as an Atlantic community.
Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses how leading members of the Nation entrenched themselves within the life of the royal court in Madrid. They allied themselves to key members of the aristocracy, including the ...
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This chapter discusses how leading members of the Nation entrenched themselves within the life of the royal court in Madrid. They allied themselves to key members of the aristocracy, including the count-duke of Olivares, favorite to Philip IV, and the leading statesman of imperial Spain. These alliances added a political dimension to the more economic affairs of the Portuguese Nation in Madrid, and opened the door to administrative offices, seats on the royal councils, and most especially, an opportunity to influence royal policy of trade in the Atlantic.Less
This chapter discusses how leading members of the Nation entrenched themselves within the life of the royal court in Madrid. They allied themselves to key members of the aristocracy, including the count-duke of Olivares, favorite to Philip IV, and the leading statesman of imperial Spain. These alliances added a political dimension to the more economic affairs of the Portuguese Nation in Madrid, and opened the door to administrative offices, seats on the royal councils, and most especially, an opportunity to influence royal policy of trade in the Atlantic.
D. R. M. Irving
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378269
- eISBN:
- 9780199864614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378269.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of ...
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This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.Less
This chapter explores the twin roles of Manila as a colonial capital and an important node in early modern global networks. It gives a historical overview of the Spanish conquest, the foundation of Manila, and the economic development of the colony (together with a consideration of the trans‐Pacific galleon trade), besides offering analyses of artistic representations of the Spanish Empire and Manila. In investigating the “contrapuntal” nature of the city's ethnically diverse society, it examines the social and political structures of the three principal ethnolinguistic groups: Filipinos, Chinese, and Spaniards. The presence of other diasporas in the metropolis is also discussed. Manila is described as a point of global convergence for travelers and migrants from Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Europe, acting as an attractive destination for merchants, missionaries, exiles, and explorers.
Thomas James Dandelet
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300089561
- eISBN:
- 9780300133776
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300089561.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. ...
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In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. This book tells the story of the meeting of these two great empires at a critical moment in European history. The author explores the close relationship between the Spanish Empire and Papal Rome that developed in the dynamic period of the Italian Renaissance and the Spanish Golden Age. He examines on the one hand the role the Spanish Empire played in shaping Roman politics, economics, culture, society, and religion, and on the other the role the papacy played in Spanish imperial politics and the development of Spanish absolutism and monarchical power. Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control. Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive “informal” imperialism that relied largely on patronage politics. As Spain's power grew, Rome enjoyed enormous gains as well, and the close relations they developed became a powerful influence on the political, social, economic, and religious life not only of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas but also of Catholic Reformation Europe as a whole.Less
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Rome was an aged but still vigorous power while Spain was a rising giant on track toward becoming the world's most powerful and first truly global empire. This book tells the story of the meeting of these two great empires at a critical moment in European history. The author explores the close relationship between the Spanish Empire and Papal Rome that developed in the dynamic period of the Italian Renaissance and the Spanish Golden Age. He examines on the one hand the role the Spanish Empire played in shaping Roman politics, economics, culture, society, and religion, and on the other the role the papacy played in Spanish imperial politics and the development of Spanish absolutism and monarchical power. Reconstructing the large Spanish community in Rome during this period, the book reveals the strategies used by the Spanish monarchs and their agents that successfully brought Rome and the papacy under their control. Spanish ambassadors, courtiers, and merchants in Rome carried out a subtle but effective conquest by means of a distinctive “informal” imperialism that relied largely on patronage politics. As Spain's power grew, Rome enjoyed enormous gains as well, and the close relations they developed became a powerful influence on the political, social, economic, and religious life not only of the Iberian and Italian peninsulas but also of Catholic Reformation Europe as a whole.
Peter J. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199640355
- eISBN:
- 9780191739279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640355.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland ...
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In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland colonies. The war had posed acute problems for the islands, but they quickly regained much of their prosperity through their slave‐worked plantation agriculture. Jamaica remained Britain's most valued colony. Although the Florida colonies had been surrendered to Spain at the peace, British governments were still interested in expanding Britain's stake in the Caribbean and around the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of loyalists from the southern colonies in the Bahamas was supported, trade with the Spanish colonies was encouraged and plans for disrupting the Spanish empire by inciting Indian and creole revolts were revived in 1790 at the prospect of war with Spain.Less
In the closing stages of the American war Britain gave priority to the defence of the West Indies, regarded as a British asset of the utmost national importance, over efforts to subdue the mainland colonies. The war had posed acute problems for the islands, but they quickly regained much of their prosperity through their slave‐worked plantation agriculture. Jamaica remained Britain's most valued colony. Although the Florida colonies had been surrendered to Spain at the peace, British governments were still interested in expanding Britain's stake in the Caribbean and around the Gulf of Mexico. The settlement of loyalists from the southern colonies in the Bahamas was supported, trade with the Spanish colonies was encouraged and plans for disrupting the Spanish empire by inciting Indian and creole revolts were revived in 1790 at the prospect of war with Spain.
Zvi Ben‐Dor Benite
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195307337
- eISBN:
- 9780199867868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307337.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through ...
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This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.Less
This chapter discusses the search for the ten tribes in the Americas. It shows how the possibility to find the tribes in the Americas was “there” even before the discovery of the Americas ” through telling the story of Canary Island’s discovery several decades before. It also shows how the Ten Tribes were “removed” by European cartographers from their “original” locations in Ethiopia and Central Asia and placed in northeastern Siberia. From there they crossed the water barriers to the Americas. The chapter also discusses how the reformation affected Christian thinking about the ten tribes and heightened the debates about them among Christian thinkers, such as Sebastian Munster, John Calvin, and others. The chapter also discusses how the ten tribes became central in Spanish thinking after the conquest of America. Finally, the chapter shows how the story of the ten tribes became briefly fused with the myth of Atlantis and the history of the Scythians.
Alison Games
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335545
- eISBN:
- 9780199869039
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335545.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over ...
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How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over the American continents, established new long-distance trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean and the East Indies, and emerged in the 17th century as an empire to reckon with. The book discusses such topics as the men and women who built the colonial enterprise, the political and fiscal factors that made such growth possible, and domestic politics that fueled commercial expansion. The cast of characters includes soldiers and diplomats, merchants and mariners, ministers and colonists, governors and tourists, revealing the surprising breath of foreign experiences ordinary English people had in this period. This book is also unusual in stretching outside Europe to include Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.Less
How did England go from a position of inferiority to the powerful Spanish empire to achieve global pre-eminence? This book explores the period from 1560 to 1660, when England challenged dominion over the American continents, established new long-distance trade routes in the eastern Mediterranean and the East Indies, and emerged in the 17th century as an empire to reckon with. The book discusses such topics as the men and women who built the colonial enterprise, the political and fiscal factors that made such growth possible, and domestic politics that fueled commercial expansion. The cast of characters includes soldiers and diplomats, merchants and mariners, ministers and colonists, governors and tourists, revealing the surprising breath of foreign experiences ordinary English people had in this period. This book is also unusual in stretching outside Europe to include Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain ...
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It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain lost the remnants of her old overseas empire after the Spanish–American War of 1898. The loss of all of Spain's mainland American Empire by the mid-1820s was the result of the fragility of her imperial system in a new age of national revolution. The paternalist bonds joining the Empire together were severely weakened by Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808 and after his defeat, by the domestic conflict in Spain between absolutism and liberalism. The imperial system, designed both for the glory of the monarch and the Church and for the economic benefit of the metropolis, disintegrated under the impact of war and civil war at its heart.Less
It could be said that Spain lost her Empire twice over. In the early 19th century she lost her colonies on mainland America after protracted wars of independence. And at the end of the century, Spain lost the remnants of her old overseas empire after the Spanish–American War of 1898. The loss of all of Spain's mainland American Empire by the mid-1820s was the result of the fragility of her imperial system in a new age of national revolution. The paternalist bonds joining the Empire together were severely weakened by Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808 and after his defeat, by the domestic conflict in Spain between absolutism and liberalism. The imperial system, designed both for the glory of the monarch and the Church and for the economic benefit of the metropolis, disintegrated under the impact of war and civil war at its heart.
Javier Krauel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846319761
- eISBN:
- 9781781380963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846319761.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It ...
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The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It argues that the Spanish Empire was an overdetermined cultural emblem with an ambivalent presence in the turn-of-the-century cultural scene, and it suggests that such emblem was the object of a number of contradictory emotions that have gone largely unnoticed. It also claims that the essay, because of its generic and rhetorical particularities, is a genre distinctly suited for understanding how empire became an object of national emotions (as opposed to national affects).Less
The introduction clarifies the terms of the discussion about the emotional attachments to Spain’s imperial past present in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century national imaginaries. It argues that the Spanish Empire was an overdetermined cultural emblem with an ambivalent presence in the turn-of-the-century cultural scene, and it suggests that such emblem was the object of a number of contradictory emotions that have gone largely unnoticed. It also claims that the essay, because of its generic and rhetorical particularities, is a genre distinctly suited for understanding how empire became an object of national emotions (as opposed to national affects).
NICOLÁS SÁNCHEZ-ALBORNOZ
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204190
- eISBN:
- 9780191676147
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204190.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
While sailing back to Spain in December 1492, the flagship Santa Maria ran into the white coral reefs facing the coast of Hispaniola. Lacking space in the two remaining caravels of his fleet, ...
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While sailing back to Spain in December 1492, the flagship Santa Maria ran into the white coral reefs facing the coast of Hispaniola. Lacking space in the two remaining caravels of his fleet, Christopher Columbus left behind the crew of the wrecked ship. A few months later, when he returned with 1,500 men, the fort he had built had been razed, and its occupants killed. Ever since, Spaniards have moved unrelentingly across the Atlantic. These abandoned seamen were definitively the forerunners of the first large-scale transoceanic migration. Following their path, millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians subsequently entered the Western Hemisphere. After a few decades of intense exploration and conquest, the Spanish empire attained the dimensions that it was to keep for the next three centuries. This empire covered Meso-America, the Andean region, and the Caribbean, and included what was then the largest, the richest, and the most populated area of the New World.Less
While sailing back to Spain in December 1492, the flagship Santa Maria ran into the white coral reefs facing the coast of Hispaniola. Lacking space in the two remaining caravels of his fleet, Christopher Columbus left behind the crew of the wrecked ship. A few months later, when he returned with 1,500 men, the fort he had built had been razed, and its occupants killed. Ever since, Spaniards have moved unrelentingly across the Atlantic. These abandoned seamen were definitively the forerunners of the first large-scale transoceanic migration. Following their path, millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians subsequently entered the Western Hemisphere. After a few decades of intense exploration and conquest, the Spanish empire attained the dimensions that it was to keep for the next three centuries. This empire covered Meso-America, the Andean region, and the Caribbean, and included what was then the largest, the richest, and the most populated area of the New World.
Paul W. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833957
- eISBN:
- 9781469600987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807833957.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of ...
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This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of western geographic ideas properly begins. From the vantage point of the early twenty-first century, with the results of the last two and a half centuries of geographic investigation close at hand, it is remarkable how little early- and mid-eighteenth-century Spanish officials knew about the North American continent their empire had been colonizing since 1519. The effects of their uncertainty can be more completely and easily understood if the extent of and reasons for this Spanish geographic ignorance gets more attention.Less
This chapter discusses early modern Europe's engagement with western North American geography. Since Spain initiated the engagement, it is with the Spanish Empire that a study of the influence of western geographic ideas properly begins. From the vantage point of the early twenty-first century, with the results of the last two and a half centuries of geographic investigation close at hand, it is remarkable how little early- and mid-eighteenth-century Spanish officials knew about the North American continent their empire had been colonizing since 1519. The effects of their uncertainty can be more completely and easily understood if the extent of and reasons for this Spanish geographic ignorance gets more attention.
Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the unraveling of the core transatlantic networks of the Portuguese Nation. The end of the Nation engendered the beginning of new communities, each following ...
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This chapter discusses the aftermath of the unraveling of the core transatlantic networks of the Portuguese Nation. The end of the Nation engendered the beginning of new communities, each following its own trajectory in the broader evolution of the Atlantic.Less
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the unraveling of the core transatlantic networks of the Portuguese Nation. The end of the Nation engendered the beginning of new communities, each following its own trajectory in the broader evolution of the Atlantic.
Paul W. Mapp
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807833957
- eISBN:
- 9781469600987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9780807833957.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen ...
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This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen vied to bring in line with their own objectives. To contemporary French observers, and to later imperial and diplomatic historians, this policy has presented something of a riddle. In particular, Spanish relations with Britain were warmer and Spanish relations with France more distant than circumstances would seem to dictate. Between 1748 and 1756, while France and Britain tottered from tension to hostility to war, Spain stood largely apart from Anglo-French conflict, maintaining civil relations with both powers but following the lead of neither. Not only did Spain avoid allying with France until 1761 but, in a century marked by six Anglo-Spanish wars and countless skirmishes, Anglo-Spanish relations between 1750 and 1757 were remarkably cordial.Less
This chapter focuses on the Spanish Empire, the policies of which—because of its geographic position, lingering power, and manifest potential—rival mid-eighteenth-century French and British statesmen vied to bring in line with their own objectives. To contemporary French observers, and to later imperial and diplomatic historians, this policy has presented something of a riddle. In particular, Spanish relations with Britain were warmer and Spanish relations with France more distant than circumstances would seem to dictate. Between 1748 and 1756, while France and Britain tottered from tension to hostility to war, Spain stood largely apart from Anglo-French conflict, maintaining civil relations with both powers but following the lead of neither. Not only did Spain avoid allying with France until 1761 but, in a century marked by six Anglo-Spanish wars and countless skirmishes, Anglo-Spanish relations between 1750 and 1757 were remarkably cordial.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last ...
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The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last remnants of the Empire provoked a severe post-imperial crisis among sections of Spanish society, one that had been delayed since the early 19th century. Spain's political system, its national character, and Spanish nationhood itself now began to be widely questioned. This crisis was all the more acute because it occurred at the highest point in the age of empire, when the possession of colonies was seen as the bench-mark of a nation's fitness to survive. As the nation-state became consolidated in many other European countries, the nation-state in Spain was increasingly being weakened by centrifugal forces, as a result of the unevenness of modernization. Parts of Spain were undergoing a rapid process of social and economic transformation while vast areas of the country remained unmodernized. The widening economic gap between the two generated increasing political and cultural contradictions which made any resolution of the crisis of the political system even more difficult to achieve.Less
The Disaster exposed as a terrible delusion the belief that Spain was at least a middle-ranking world power — a belief that was a central component of the national culture. The loss of the last remnants of the Empire provoked a severe post-imperial crisis among sections of Spanish society, one that had been delayed since the early 19th century. Spain's political system, its national character, and Spanish nationhood itself now began to be widely questioned. This crisis was all the more acute because it occurred at the highest point in the age of empire, when the possession of colonies was seen as the bench-mark of a nation's fitness to survive. As the nation-state became consolidated in many other European countries, the nation-state in Spain was increasingly being weakened by centrifugal forces, as a result of the unevenness of modernization. Parts of Spain were undergoing a rapid process of social and economic transformation while vast areas of the country remained unmodernized. The widening economic gap between the two generated increasing political and cultural contradictions which made any resolution of the crisis of the political system even more difficult to achieve.
Sebastian Balfour
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205074
- eISBN:
- 9780191676482
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205074.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the ...
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The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the archetype of military grievances and a mythical reference-point for the right in general. The end of the Spanish Empire as an organizing myth can be said to have occurred only when the dictatorship abandoned its bankrupt policy of autarky and Spain completed her long cycle of modernization in an accelerated burst of development in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of imperial nostalgia was concomitant with the almost universal spread of democratic and secular values that accompanied this modernization. It was then that Spain shed her last colony, the Spanish Sahara, in 1973, embraced democracy in 1976 and joined the European Community in 1986.Less
The Disaster of 1898 and the loss of the remnants of the Spanish Empire cast a long shadow over the history of 20th-century Spain. For several decades after the event, the Disaster remained the archetype of military grievances and a mythical reference-point for the right in general. The end of the Spanish Empire as an organizing myth can be said to have occurred only when the dictatorship abandoned its bankrupt policy of autarky and Spain completed her long cycle of modernization in an accelerated burst of development in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of imperial nostalgia was concomitant with the almost universal spread of democratic and secular values that accompanied this modernization. It was then that Spain shed her last colony, the Spanish Sahara, in 1973, embraced democracy in 1976 and joined the European Community in 1986.
Rebecca Cole Heinowitz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748638680
- eISBN:
- 9780748651702
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748638680.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter discusses the protection program of the Spanish empire, which effectively replaced the previous annexation plans of Britain. It notes that during the Peninsular War, British writing ...
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This chapter discusses the protection program of the Spanish empire, which effectively replaced the previous annexation plans of Britain. It notes that during the Peninsular War, British writing about Spanish America seemed to turn away from previous works that had expressed sympathy for the Spanish American natives with British imperialism. It then studies several works that concealed Britain's unabated interest in starting commercial dominance in Spanish America. The chapter also considers the question of how to present Britain's emancipation efforts as consistent with their promise to protect the Spanish empire.Less
This chapter discusses the protection program of the Spanish empire, which effectively replaced the previous annexation plans of Britain. It notes that during the Peninsular War, British writing about Spanish America seemed to turn away from previous works that had expressed sympathy for the Spanish American natives with British imperialism. It then studies several works that concealed Britain's unabated interest in starting commercial dominance in Spanish America. The chapter also considers the question of how to present Britain's emancipation efforts as consistent with their promise to protect the Spanish empire.
Daniela Bleichmar
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226058535
- eISBN:
- 9780226058559
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226058559.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which ...
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This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which pursued multiple and interconnected objectives and brought together European and American naturalists, artists, administrators, and various local inhabitants. It also highlights the role of visual materials in the investigation of New World nature.Less
This chapter examines the natural history expeditions of the Spanish Empire and outlines the mode of work. It explains that the expeditions were part of ambitious program of imperial science which pursued multiple and interconnected objectives and brought together European and American naturalists, artists, administrators, and various local inhabitants. It also highlights the role of visual materials in the investigation of New World nature.
Javier Krauel
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781846319761
- eISBN:
- 9781781380963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846319761.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The historical events central to Chapter Five, “The Politics of Imperial Pride and Shame,” concern the cultural and political impact of Catalan nationalism in Spain. At the beginning of the twentieth ...
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The historical events central to Chapter Five, “The Politics of Imperial Pride and Shame,” concern the cultural and political impact of Catalan nationalism in Spain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, this movement sought to achieve the Catalan bourgeoisie’s hegemony within the Spanish state, greatly impacting the Spanish élites. Chapter Five looks at the work of Enric Prat de la Riba, and particularly at his essay La nacionalitat catalana (1906), trying to account for Prat’s silence regarding Spain’s American empire—a silence that is all the more telling when one realizes that Catalonia was deeply involved in Spanish imperialism during the nineteenth century. It argues that such silence depends upon a previous characterization of the Spanish empire as a source of shame, and that such shameful characterization is a condition for the expression of collective pride in Catalonia’s imperial prospects.Less
The historical events central to Chapter Five, “The Politics of Imperial Pride and Shame,” concern the cultural and political impact of Catalan nationalism in Spain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, this movement sought to achieve the Catalan bourgeoisie’s hegemony within the Spanish state, greatly impacting the Spanish élites. Chapter Five looks at the work of Enric Prat de la Riba, and particularly at his essay La nacionalitat catalana (1906), trying to account for Prat’s silence regarding Spain’s American empire—a silence that is all the more telling when one realizes that Catalonia was deeply involved in Spanish imperialism during the nineteenth century. It argues that such silence depends upon a previous characterization of the Spanish empire as a source of shame, and that such shameful characterization is a condition for the expression of collective pride in Catalonia’s imperial prospects.
Wayne E. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814753088
- eISBN:
- 9780814765272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814753088.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the role of local people in the success or failure of imperial expansion. Far from being mere victims, these people found ways to ...
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This chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the role of local people in the success or failure of imperial expansion. Far from being mere victims, these people found ways to profit from imperial maneuverings: they could find employment and profit as allies, or they might direct the interests and energies of imperial powers against their traditional enemies. Indeed, imperial “expansion” was very often illusory, and Europeans' ability to project power actually depended entirely on local cooperation. The remainder of the chapter discusses the model set by the Spanish empire to which other European powers aspired; and the importance of intercultural alliances in the success of imperial expansion, which in turn resulted in new forms of warfare.Less
This chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the role of local people in the success or failure of imperial expansion. Far from being mere victims, these people found ways to profit from imperial maneuverings: they could find employment and profit as allies, or they might direct the interests and energies of imperial powers against their traditional enemies. Indeed, imperial “expansion” was very often illusory, and Europeans' ability to project power actually depended entirely on local cooperation. The remainder of the chapter discusses the model set by the Spanish empire to which other European powers aspired; and the importance of intercultural alliances in the success of imperial expansion, which in turn resulted in new forms of warfare.
